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The Lysine Requirement of White Chinese Goslings
324
R. L. WESLEY, A. R. STEMP, B. J. LISKA AND W. J. STADELMAN
other body substances. Further work is planned to determine the manner in which the DDT is bound to the fat. SUMMARY
REFERENCES Liska, B. J., B. E. Longlois, G. C. Mostert and W. J. Stadelman, 1964. Residues in eggs and tissues of chickens on rations containing low levels of DDT. Poultry Sci. 43: 982-984. Naber, E. C , and G. W. Ware, 1961. Effect of BHC or lindane ingestion on its occurrence in eggs and body tissues. Poultry Sci. 40: 1435. Stadelman, W. J., B. J. Liska, B. E. Longlois, G. C. Mostert and A. R. Stemp, 1965. Persistence of chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide residues in chicken tissues and eggs. Poultry Sci. 4 4 : 4 3 5 ^ 3 7 . Stemp, A. R., B. J. Liska, B. E. Longlois and W. J. Stadelman, 1964. Analyses of egg yolk and poultry tissues for chlorinated insecticide residues. Poultry Sci. 43: 273-274. U.S.D.A. Handbook 290, 1965. Suggested guide for the use of insecticides to control insects affecting crops, livestock and households. ARS Entomology Research Div. Washington State Poultry Council, 1947. Summer forced molting of hens for commercial egg production. Poultry Pointer No. 21, Agric. Extension Bull. 323.
The Lysine Requirement of White Chinese Goslings R . H . ROBERSON AND D . W . FRANCIS Agricultural Experiment Station, New Mexico State University, University Park, New Mexico (Received for publication September 13, 1965)
AIKENS et al. (1954) suggested that a •L\- protein level of 21% was adequate for Pilgrim goslings. Snyder (1959) reported that a ration containing approximately 20% protein was optimum for Pilgrim Journal Article 222, Agricultural Experiment Station, New Mexico State University, University Park, New Mexico.
goslings. Yacowitz et al. (1954) and Waibel (1958) observed that goslings grew most rapidly on protein levels higher than 20% of the ration. Roberson and Francis (1963) reported that White Chinese goslings grew more rapidly on 24% protein level than on lower levels, but the advantage was lost when the
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on April 7, 2015
Three groups of SO Leghorn laying hens in single cages were administered DDT by capsule at IS p.p.m. (calculated on feed intake) for five consecutive days. Group 1 was fed only the Purdue standard laying ration. Group 2 and 3 were starved for 48 hours following final administration of DDT. Group 2 received \5 normal intake of a ration consisting of a complete pre-mix of all necessary vitamins and minerals plus soybean oil meal (50% protein), for 4 weeks, and then returned to full-feed. Group 3 received \5 their normal intake for two weeks; then 3 lbs. cracked corn plus 3 lbs. of the standard laying ration for two more weeks and then returned to full-feed. At weekly intervals 3 birds were selected at random from each group and sacrificed until each group was depleted. One-gram samples of abdominal fat were analyzed for DDT using florisil clean-up and electron capture gas chromatography. The yolks of eggs laid by each group prior to slaughter were analyzed for DDT using the same method.
Residual DDT in abdominal fat declined from 9.37, 9.55, and 9.75 p.p.m. to 1.53, .35, and .80 p.p.m. in groups 1, 2, 3, respectively in 13 weeks. Residual DDT in egg yolks declined from a peak of 4.54, 4.60 and 4.78 p.p.m. to only .81, .15 and .38 p.p.m. in groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively, in 17 weeks.
325
LYSINE REQUIREMENT OF GOSLINGS TABLE 1.—Composition of basal diets Experiment 1 (percent)
Calculated analysis: Protein % Productive energy (Cal./kg.) Calcium % Available phosphorus % Arginine % Lysine % Tryptophane % Cystine % Methionine % Glycine %
Experiments 3 & 4 (percent)
3.00 20.00 36.62 14.00
3.00 15.00 44.10 15.00
5.00
—
5.00 3.00 10.00 1.25 1.00 .25 .04 .25 .11 3.00
—
1.25 1.00 .25 .04 .25 .05 3.00 3.00
20.75 2,141 1.00 .41 1.19 .60 .20 .36 .45 .64
20.32 2,123 1.00 .45 1.19 .72 .23 .35 .45 .64
20.00 1,934 1.17 .48 1.21 .62 .22 .35 .46 .69
3.00 20.00 37.00
— 17.00 2.00 16.00 1.50 1.25 .50 .04 .25 .07 2.00
10.00
—
* Supplied per pound of diet: 40.8 mg. manganese, 30.6 mg. zinc, 13.6 mg. iron, 1.7 mg. copper and 1.4 mg. iodine. t Supplied per pound of diet: vitamin A 2,000 I.U.; vitamin D3 1,000 I. C.U.; vitamin E 2.5 I.U.; d-pantothenic acid 3.0 mg.; choline 200 mg.; riboflavin 1.5 mg.; niacin 20 mg.; vitamin B12 .003 mg.; menadione sodium bisulfate complex 0.5 mg; folic acid .075 mg.; penicillin 1 mg. and bacitracin 2.5 mg.
geese were raised beyond the stage of rapid growth. Although the protein requirement of goslings has been estimated, the requirement for individual amino acids has not been estimated. PROCEDURE White Chinese goslings of both sexes or sexed were received from the hatchery and wingbanded. The goslings in three of the experiments were placed on a practical starting ration (Roberson and Francis, 1963) for the first seven days, and those in the other experiment were on the starting ration for ten days. At the end of the pretest period, the goslings were weighed and distributed according to body weight to the experimental pens.
Graded levels of a lysine premix which contained 100 grams of L-lysine monohydrochloride (80 grams L-lysine) per pound in a corn oil meal carrier were added to the basal rations (Table 1) at the expense of milo. The L-lysine content of each of the experimental rations including the lysine of the corn oil meal carrier was calculated from the tabular average analysis of the feed ingredients. A test period of twenty one days was used in Experiments 1 and 4, nineteen days in Experiment 3, and fifteen days in Experiment 2. The goslings were housed in alternate decks of electrically heated starting battery brooders with raised wire floors. Feed was supplied ad libitum in galvanized steel feed troughs. Water was supplied ad libitum in
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on April 7, 2015
Dehydrated Alfalfa Meal (17% protein) Ground Yellow Corn Ground Milo Linseed Oil Meal (36% protein) Cottonseed Oil Meal degossypolized (42% protein) Meat and Bone Scrap (50% protein) Corn Gluten Meal (42% protein) Defluorinated Rock Phosphate (18% P, 32% Ca) Ground Limestone Salt Trace mineral* Vitam'n Mixf DL Methionine Soybean Oil Herring Fish Meal (70% protein)
Experiment 2 (percent)
326
R. H . ROBERSON AND D . W . FRANCIS
TABLE 2.—Effect of graded levels of lysine on body weight gains, gain]feed and liability of White Chinese goslings {Experiment 1) Number started
vivors
Total lysine (percent)
20 20 20 20 20
20 20 20 19 20
0.72 0.80 0.88 0.97 1.05
^in/feed 0.60 0.76 0.93 1.09 1.26
fl£
0.27a 0.34b 0.43d 0.39c 0.38c
473a 670b 776c 700bc 703bc
Num-
TABLE 3.—Effect of graded levels of lysine on body weight gains, gain/feed and Inability of White Chinese goslings {Experiment 2)
£
* 10 males and 10 females per treatment in separate pens.
Body
EJUS (gm.) 194a 391b 628c 645c 664c
Number Number lings* started
Gai feed gos
"/
0.26a 0.39b 0.49c 0.48c 0.53c
"
27 27 27 27 27
27 27 27 27 27
* Males, three replicates of nine goslings. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results of Experiment 1 are in Table 2. There was a significant increase in growth of the goslings when the total lysine content of the ration was increased from 0.6 percent to 0.76 percent and 0.93 percent. There was a non-significant reduction in growth of the goslings when the lysine content was increased above 0.93 percent. The analysis of variance of the data in Experiment 1 indicated a lysine requirement of 0.93 percent or less of a ration containing twenty percent protein. A plot of the percent daily gain and the log of the milligrams percent of lysine in the ration (Figure 1) does not give a distinct plateau. The lysine requirement was estimated to be ap-
B«
2.9
3.0
LOO LYSINE MG. PERCENT
FIG. 1. The effect of lysine level of the ration on growth of White Chinese goslings.
2.9 3.0 LOG LYSINE MG. PERCENT
FIG. 2. The effect of lysine level of the ration on growth of White Chinese goslings.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on April 7, 2015
galvanized steel water troughs and in one gallon cans. Feed consumption and individual body weight gains were determined at the end of the test period. No attempt was made to determine the amount of feed lost in the water troughs. The data were examined statistically by the analysis of variance (Snedecor, 1956) and differences between means were determined by Duncan's (1955) multiple range and multiple F test. The percent daily gain for the test period and log of the milligram percent total L-lysine in the ration were plotted in each of the experiments to determine the lysine requirement.
327
LYSINE REQUIREMENT OF GOSLINGS T A B L E 4.—Effect of graded levels of lysine on body weight gains, gain/feed, and Inability of White Chinese goslings (Experiment 3) Total lysine (percent)
T A B L E 5.—Effect of graded levels of lysine on body •weight gains, gain/feed and livability of White Chinese goslings (Experiment 4)
Number NumBody ber goswt. gain Gain/feed surlings* 21 days started vivors (gm.) 377a 477ab 558b 617b 778c
0.62 0.70 0.78 0.87 0.9S
0.32 ' 0.38 0.42 0.42 0.40
indicated by the decline in efficiency of feed utilization. The results of Experiment 2 are in Table 3. A significant improvement in body weight gains and gain/feed ratio resulted when the total lysine content of the ration was increased from 0.72 to 0.88 percent. There was a non-significant improvement in growth with each increase of the lysine content of the ration to 1.05 percent. A definite plateau was not revealed when the percent daily gain or gain/feed and the log of the milligram percent lysine were plotted (Figures 2 and 6) but the lysine requirement appeared to be approximately 0.90 percent of the ration. An amino acid imbalance was not revealed when the lysine con-
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FIG. 3. The effect of lysine level of the ration on growth of White Chinese goslings.
2.7
• 1 2.8
1
1
1
»
2.9
3.0
3.1
3.2
LOG LYSINE MG. PERCENT
FIG. 4. The effect of lysine level of the ration on growth of White Chinese goslings.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on April 7, 2015
proximately 0.90 percent of the ration. There appeared to be a possible imbalance of amino acids when the lysine level of the ration was increased above 0.93 percent as shown by a decline in growth. Analysis of variance of the gain/feed ratio indicated a significant improvement with increases in lysine to 0.93 percent of the diet with a significant decline thereafter. The plot of milligram percent lysine of the ration and the gain/feed ratio (Figure S), does not reveal a definite plateau. The lysine requirement appeared to be 0.93 percent or less of a ration containing twenty percent protein. There was possibly an imbalance of amino acids when the lysine level was increased above 0.93 percent as
3 310. •
19 17 19 19 20
20 20 20 20 20
0.21a 0.33b 0.41bc 0.43c 0.47c
* Both sexes, two replicates of ten goslings.
* Both sexes, two replicates of five goslings.
I*.
110a 326b 382bc 418bc 504c
0.62 0.69 0.75 0.82 0.89
10 9 9 10 9
10 10 10 10 10
Number NumBody ber goswt. gain Gain/feed surlings* 21 days started vivors (gm.)
lysine (percent)
R. H. ROBERSON AND D. W. FRANCIS
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LOG LYSINE MG. PERCENT
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T h e effe
tent of the basal ration was increased above 0.88 percent as growth increased to the highest lysine level. This could indicate that the amino acid balance of the basal ration for Experiment 2 was superior to the amino acid balance of the basal ration for Experiment 1. The results of Experiment 3 are in Table 4. A significant increase in body weight gains occurred when the lysine level was increased to 0.95 percent of the ration. Feed consumption was determined on a treatment basis rather than a replicate
basis, therefore, the gain/feed ratio for Experiment 3 was not analyzed statistically. The plot of the percent daily gain and the log of the milligram percent of lysine (Figure 3) does not reveal a plateau. A lysine requirement cannot be determined from the growth data from Experiment 3, but the requirement appears to exceed 0.9S percent of the ration. The plot of the gain/ feed and the log of the milligram percent of lysine (Figure 7) reveals a lysine requirement of approximately 0.78 percent of the ration.
rati
5.5 •
5.5
"
5.0 •
5.0
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ct of lysine level on the gain/feed ° of White Chinese goslings.
4.5 • •
4.5 • .
I ^4.0
3 J4.0 ••
SB
s
E S3.5
2.9 3.0 LOG LYSINE MG. PERCENT
3.1
FIG. 6. The effect of lysine level on the gain/feed ratio of White Chinese goslings.
2.9 3.0 LOG LYSINE MG. PERCENT
FIG. 8. The effect of lysine level on the gain/feed ratio of White Chinese goslings.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on April 7, 2015
FIG. S. The effect of lysine level on the gain/feed ratio of White Chinese goslings.
LYSINE REQUIREMENT OF GOSLINGS
SUMMARY Goslings on a standard ration for 7 to 10 days were used in a series of experiments to determine their lysine requirement. Graded levels of total dietary lysine from 0.60 to 1.26 percent of 20 percent protein diets were fed to growing goslings. An analysis of variance of body weight gains indicated a lysine requirement ranging from 0.88 to 0.93 percent of the ration. A plot of the percent daily gain and log of lysine content of the ration revealed a lysine requirement which ranged from 0.90 to 0.93 percent. Analysis of variance of gain/feed revealed a lysine requirement which ranged from 0.88 to 0.93 percent. A plot of the gain/feed and log of lysine content of the diet revealed a requirement of 0.90 to 0.93 percent of the
diet. In one experiment the requirement of the goslings for lysine appeared to be in excess of 0.95 percent of the diet. These experiments indicate that the lysine requirement of goslings was approximately 0.90 percent of a 20 percent protein diet. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study was supported in part by a grant from Stahmann Farms, Inc., Las Cruces, New Mexico. Vitamins were supplied through the courtesy of the Ray Ewing Company, Division of Hoffman-LaRoche Co., Pasadena, California. Lysine was supplied through the courtesy of the Charles Pfizer Co. Appreciation is extended to Dr. Morris Finkner for assistance in the statistical analysis. REFERENCES Aikens, J. R., W. G. Hunsaker, A. B. Morrison and H. S. Gutteridge, 1954. The protein requirements of Pilgrim goslings. Tenth World's Poultry Congress, Sec. Papers 35: 110-121. Duncan, D. B., 1955. Multiple range and multiple F test. Biometrics, 11: 1-42. Ousterhout, L. E., and D. G. Snyder, 1962. Effects of processing on the nutritive value of fish products in animal nutrition. Fish in Nutrition—Fishing News (Books) Ltd: 303-309. Roberson, R. H., and D. W. Francis, 1963. The effect of energy and protein levels of the ration on the performance of White Chinese geese. Poultry Sci. 42:867-871. Smith, R. E., and H. M. Scott, 1965. Measurement of the amino acid content of fish meal protein by chick growth assay. 1. Estimation of amino acid availability in fish meal protein before and after heat treatment. Poultry Sci. 44: 401-408. Snedecor, G. W., 1956. Statistical Methods. 5th ed., The Iowa State College Press, Ames, Iowa. Snyder, E. S., 1959. Duck and goose raising. Ontario Department of Agriculture, Bull. 432. Waibel, P. E., 1958. The feeding of geese and their potential in meat production. Feedstuff, 30(15) :18. Yacowitz, H., H. Bayes and E. L. Dakan, 1954. As Cited by Waibel, 1958.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on April 7, 2015
Results of Experiment 4 (Table 5) indicate an improvement in body weight gains and gain/feed ratio when the lysine level is increased to 0.89 percent of the ration. The plot of the percent daily gain or gain/feed and the log of the milligram percent lysine in the ration (Figures 4 and 8) does not reveal a plateau. The lysine requirement for the goslings in Experiment 4 is equal to or exceeds 0.89 percent. Mortality was not exceptionally high in any of the experiments, but feather pulling occurred in isolated pens in some experiments. Some of the variability in the data in these experiments could have been attributed to differences in availability of lysine from the several protein sources used to formulate the rations. All the lysine in the rations except that added as the free amino acid to adjust the lysine content was from intact protein. Ousterhout and Snyder (1962) and Smith and Scott (1965) have shown that the treatment a protein receives prior to feeding affects the availability of the lysine for the chick.
329
R. L. WESLEY, A. R. STEMP, B. J. LISKA AND W. J. STADELMAN
other body substances. Further work is planned to determine the manner in which the DDT is bound to the fat. SUMMARY
REFERENCES Liska, B. J., B. E. Longlois, G. C. Mostert and W. J. Stadelman, 1964. Residues in eggs and tissues of chickens on rations containing low levels of DDT. Poultry Sci. 43: 982-984. Naber, E. C , and G. W. Ware, 1961. Effect of BHC or lindane ingestion on its occurrence in eggs and body tissues. Poultry Sci. 40: 1435. Stadelman, W. J., B. J. Liska, B. E. Longlois, G. C. Mostert and A. R. Stemp, 1965. Persistence of chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide residues in chicken tissues and eggs. Poultry Sci. 4 4 : 4 3 5 ^ 3 7 . Stemp, A. R., B. J. Liska, B. E. Longlois and W. J. Stadelman, 1964. Analyses of egg yolk and poultry tissues for chlorinated insecticide residues. Poultry Sci. 43: 273-274. U.S.D.A. Handbook 290, 1965. Suggested guide for the use of insecticides to control insects affecting crops, livestock and households. ARS Entomology Research Div. Washington State Poultry Council, 1947. Summer forced molting of hens for commercial egg production. Poultry Pointer No. 21, Agric. Extension Bull. 323.
The Lysine Requirement of White Chinese Goslings R . H . ROBERSON AND D . W . FRANCIS Agricultural Experiment Station, New Mexico State University, University Park, New Mexico (Received for publication September 13, 1965)
AIKENS et al. (1954) suggested that a •L\- protein level of 21% was adequate for Pilgrim goslings. Snyder (1959) reported that a ration containing approximately 20% protein was optimum for Pilgrim Journal Article 222, Agricultural Experiment Station, New Mexico State University, University Park, New Mexico.
goslings. Yacowitz et al. (1954) and Waibel (1958) observed that goslings grew most rapidly on protein levels higher than 20% of the ration. Roberson and Francis (1963) reported that White Chinese goslings grew more rapidly on 24% protein level than on lower levels, but the advantage was lost when the
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on April 7, 2015
Three groups of SO Leghorn laying hens in single cages were administered DDT by capsule at IS p.p.m. (calculated on feed intake) for five consecutive days. Group 1 was fed only the Purdue standard laying ration. Group 2 and 3 were starved for 48 hours following final administration of DDT. Group 2 received \5 normal intake of a ration consisting of a complete pre-mix of all necessary vitamins and minerals plus soybean oil meal (50% protein), for 4 weeks, and then returned to full-feed. Group 3 received \5 their normal intake for two weeks; then 3 lbs. cracked corn plus 3 lbs. of the standard laying ration for two more weeks and then returned to full-feed. At weekly intervals 3 birds were selected at random from each group and sacrificed until each group was depleted. One-gram samples of abdominal fat were analyzed for DDT using florisil clean-up and electron capture gas chromatography. The yolks of eggs laid by each group prior to slaughter were analyzed for DDT using the same method.
Residual DDT in abdominal fat declined from 9.37, 9.55, and 9.75 p.p.m. to 1.53, .35, and .80 p.p.m. in groups 1, 2, 3, respectively in 13 weeks. Residual DDT in egg yolks declined from a peak of 4.54, 4.60 and 4.78 p.p.m. to only .81, .15 and .38 p.p.m. in groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively, in 17 weeks.
325
LYSINE REQUIREMENT OF GOSLINGS TABLE 1.—Composition of basal diets Experiment 1 (percent)
Calculated analysis: Protein % Productive energy (Cal./kg.) Calcium % Available phosphorus % Arginine % Lysine % Tryptophane % Cystine % Methionine % Glycine %
Experiments 3 & 4 (percent)
3.00 20.00 36.62 14.00
3.00 15.00 44.10 15.00
5.00
—
5.00 3.00 10.00 1.25 1.00 .25 .04 .25 .11 3.00
—
1.25 1.00 .25 .04 .25 .05 3.00 3.00
20.75 2,141 1.00 .41 1.19 .60 .20 .36 .45 .64
20.32 2,123 1.00 .45 1.19 .72 .23 .35 .45 .64
20.00 1,934 1.17 .48 1.21 .62 .22 .35 .46 .69
3.00 20.00 37.00
— 17.00 2.00 16.00 1.50 1.25 .50 .04 .25 .07 2.00
10.00
—
* Supplied per pound of diet: 40.8 mg. manganese, 30.6 mg. zinc, 13.6 mg. iron, 1.7 mg. copper and 1.4 mg. iodine. t Supplied per pound of diet: vitamin A 2,000 I.U.; vitamin D3 1,000 I. C.U.; vitamin E 2.5 I.U.; d-pantothenic acid 3.0 mg.; choline 200 mg.; riboflavin 1.5 mg.; niacin 20 mg.; vitamin B12 .003 mg.; menadione sodium bisulfate complex 0.5 mg; folic acid .075 mg.; penicillin 1 mg. and bacitracin 2.5 mg.
geese were raised beyond the stage of rapid growth. Although the protein requirement of goslings has been estimated, the requirement for individual amino acids has not been estimated. PROCEDURE White Chinese goslings of both sexes or sexed were received from the hatchery and wingbanded. The goslings in three of the experiments were placed on a practical starting ration (Roberson and Francis, 1963) for the first seven days, and those in the other experiment were on the starting ration for ten days. At the end of the pretest period, the goslings were weighed and distributed according to body weight to the experimental pens.
Graded levels of a lysine premix which contained 100 grams of L-lysine monohydrochloride (80 grams L-lysine) per pound in a corn oil meal carrier were added to the basal rations (Table 1) at the expense of milo. The L-lysine content of each of the experimental rations including the lysine of the corn oil meal carrier was calculated from the tabular average analysis of the feed ingredients. A test period of twenty one days was used in Experiments 1 and 4, nineteen days in Experiment 3, and fifteen days in Experiment 2. The goslings were housed in alternate decks of electrically heated starting battery brooders with raised wire floors. Feed was supplied ad libitum in galvanized steel feed troughs. Water was supplied ad libitum in
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on April 7, 2015
Dehydrated Alfalfa Meal (17% protein) Ground Yellow Corn Ground Milo Linseed Oil Meal (36% protein) Cottonseed Oil Meal degossypolized (42% protein) Meat and Bone Scrap (50% protein) Corn Gluten Meal (42% protein) Defluorinated Rock Phosphate (18% P, 32% Ca) Ground Limestone Salt Trace mineral* Vitam'n Mixf DL Methionine Soybean Oil Herring Fish Meal (70% protein)
Experiment 2 (percent)
326
R. H . ROBERSON AND D . W . FRANCIS
TABLE 2.—Effect of graded levels of lysine on body weight gains, gain]feed and liability of White Chinese goslings {Experiment 1) Number started
vivors
Total lysine (percent)
20 20 20 20 20
20 20 20 19 20
0.72 0.80 0.88 0.97 1.05
^in/feed 0.60 0.76 0.93 1.09 1.26
fl£
0.27a 0.34b 0.43d 0.39c 0.38c
473a 670b 776c 700bc 703bc
Num-
TABLE 3.—Effect of graded levels of lysine on body weight gains, gain/feed and Inability of White Chinese goslings {Experiment 2)
£
* 10 males and 10 females per treatment in separate pens.
Body
EJUS (gm.) 194a 391b 628c 645c 664c
Number Number lings* started
Gai feed gos
"/
0.26a 0.39b 0.49c 0.48c 0.53c
"
27 27 27 27 27
27 27 27 27 27
* Males, three replicates of nine goslings. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results of Experiment 1 are in Table 2. There was a significant increase in growth of the goslings when the total lysine content of the ration was increased from 0.6 percent to 0.76 percent and 0.93 percent. There was a non-significant reduction in growth of the goslings when the lysine content was increased above 0.93 percent. The analysis of variance of the data in Experiment 1 indicated a lysine requirement of 0.93 percent or less of a ration containing twenty percent protein. A plot of the percent daily gain and the log of the milligrams percent of lysine in the ration (Figure 1) does not give a distinct plateau. The lysine requirement was estimated to be ap-
B«
2.9
3.0
LOO LYSINE MG. PERCENT
FIG. 1. The effect of lysine level of the ration on growth of White Chinese goslings.
2.9 3.0 LOG LYSINE MG. PERCENT
FIG. 2. The effect of lysine level of the ration on growth of White Chinese goslings.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on April 7, 2015
galvanized steel water troughs and in one gallon cans. Feed consumption and individual body weight gains were determined at the end of the test period. No attempt was made to determine the amount of feed lost in the water troughs. The data were examined statistically by the analysis of variance (Snedecor, 1956) and differences between means were determined by Duncan's (1955) multiple range and multiple F test. The percent daily gain for the test period and log of the milligram percent total L-lysine in the ration were plotted in each of the experiments to determine the lysine requirement.
327
LYSINE REQUIREMENT OF GOSLINGS T A B L E 4.—Effect of graded levels of lysine on body weight gains, gain/feed, and Inability of White Chinese goslings (Experiment 3) Total lysine (percent)
T A B L E 5.—Effect of graded levels of lysine on body •weight gains, gain/feed and livability of White Chinese goslings (Experiment 4)
Number NumBody ber goswt. gain Gain/feed surlings* 21 days started vivors (gm.) 377a 477ab 558b 617b 778c
0.62 0.70 0.78 0.87 0.9S
0.32 ' 0.38 0.42 0.42 0.40
indicated by the decline in efficiency of feed utilization. The results of Experiment 2 are in Table 3. A significant improvement in body weight gains and gain/feed ratio resulted when the total lysine content of the ration was increased from 0.72 to 0.88 percent. There was a non-significant improvement in growth with each increase of the lysine content of the ration to 1.05 percent. A definite plateau was not revealed when the percent daily gain or gain/feed and the log of the milligram percent lysine were plotted (Figures 2 and 6) but the lysine requirement appeared to be approximately 0.90 percent of the ration. An amino acid imbalance was not revealed when the lysine con-
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FIG. 3. The effect of lysine level of the ration on growth of White Chinese goslings.
2.7
• 1 2.8
1
1
1
»
2.9
3.0
3.1
3.2
LOG LYSINE MG. PERCENT
FIG. 4. The effect of lysine level of the ration on growth of White Chinese goslings.
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proximately 0.90 percent of the ration. There appeared to be a possible imbalance of amino acids when the lysine level of the ration was increased above 0.93 percent as shown by a decline in growth. Analysis of variance of the gain/feed ratio indicated a significant improvement with increases in lysine to 0.93 percent of the diet with a significant decline thereafter. The plot of milligram percent lysine of the ration and the gain/feed ratio (Figure S), does not reveal a definite plateau. The lysine requirement appeared to be 0.93 percent or less of a ration containing twenty percent protein. There was possibly an imbalance of amino acids when the lysine level was increased above 0.93 percent as
3 310. •
19 17 19 19 20
20 20 20 20 20
0.21a 0.33b 0.41bc 0.43c 0.47c
* Both sexes, two replicates of ten goslings.
* Both sexes, two replicates of five goslings.
I*.
110a 326b 382bc 418bc 504c
0.62 0.69 0.75 0.82 0.89
10 9 9 10 9
10 10 10 10 10
Number NumBody ber goswt. gain Gain/feed surlings* 21 days started vivors (gm.)
lysine (percent)
R. H. ROBERSON AND D. W. FRANCIS
32S
5.5
5.5
5.0-
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a J4.0-.
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3.0 • •
2,5 • 2.0 •
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i
, 2.9
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2.0
2.7
2.9 3.0 LOG LYSINE MG. PERCENT
LOG LYSINE MG. PERCENT
FlG
- 7-
T h e effe
tent of the basal ration was increased above 0.88 percent as growth increased to the highest lysine level. This could indicate that the amino acid balance of the basal ration for Experiment 2 was superior to the amino acid balance of the basal ration for Experiment 1. The results of Experiment 3 are in Table 4. A significant increase in body weight gains occurred when the lysine level was increased to 0.95 percent of the ration. Feed consumption was determined on a treatment basis rather than a replicate
basis, therefore, the gain/feed ratio for Experiment 3 was not analyzed statistically. The plot of the percent daily gain and the log of the milligram percent of lysine (Figure 3) does not reveal a plateau. A lysine requirement cannot be determined from the growth data from Experiment 3, but the requirement appears to exceed 0.9S percent of the ration. The plot of the gain/ feed and the log of the milligram percent of lysine (Figure 7) reveals a lysine requirement of approximately 0.78 percent of the ration.
rati
5.5 •
5.5
"
5.0 •
5.0
"
ct of lysine level on the gain/feed ° of White Chinese goslings.
4.5 • •
4.5 • .
I ^4.0
3 J4.0 ••
SB
s
E S3.5
2.9 3.0 LOG LYSINE MG. PERCENT
3.1
FIG. 6. The effect of lysine level on the gain/feed ratio of White Chinese goslings.
2.9 3.0 LOG LYSINE MG. PERCENT
FIG. 8. The effect of lysine level on the gain/feed ratio of White Chinese goslings.
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FIG. S. The effect of lysine level on the gain/feed ratio of White Chinese goslings.
LYSINE REQUIREMENT OF GOSLINGS
SUMMARY Goslings on a standard ration for 7 to 10 days were used in a series of experiments to determine their lysine requirement. Graded levels of total dietary lysine from 0.60 to 1.26 percent of 20 percent protein diets were fed to growing goslings. An analysis of variance of body weight gains indicated a lysine requirement ranging from 0.88 to 0.93 percent of the ration. A plot of the percent daily gain and log of lysine content of the ration revealed a lysine requirement which ranged from 0.90 to 0.93 percent. Analysis of variance of gain/feed revealed a lysine requirement which ranged from 0.88 to 0.93 percent. A plot of the gain/feed and log of lysine content of the diet revealed a requirement of 0.90 to 0.93 percent of the
diet. In one experiment the requirement of the goslings for lysine appeared to be in excess of 0.95 percent of the diet. These experiments indicate that the lysine requirement of goslings was approximately 0.90 percent of a 20 percent protein diet. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study was supported in part by a grant from Stahmann Farms, Inc., Las Cruces, New Mexico. Vitamins were supplied through the courtesy of the Ray Ewing Company, Division of Hoffman-LaRoche Co., Pasadena, California. Lysine was supplied through the courtesy of the Charles Pfizer Co. Appreciation is extended to Dr. Morris Finkner for assistance in the statistical analysis. REFERENCES Aikens, J. R., W. G. Hunsaker, A. B. Morrison and H. S. Gutteridge, 1954. The protein requirements of Pilgrim goslings. Tenth World's Poultry Congress, Sec. Papers 35: 110-121. Duncan, D. B., 1955. Multiple range and multiple F test. Biometrics, 11: 1-42. Ousterhout, L. E., and D. G. Snyder, 1962. Effects of processing on the nutritive value of fish products in animal nutrition. Fish in Nutrition—Fishing News (Books) Ltd: 303-309. Roberson, R. H., and D. W. Francis, 1963. The effect of energy and protein levels of the ration on the performance of White Chinese geese. Poultry Sci. 42:867-871. Smith, R. E., and H. M. Scott, 1965. Measurement of the amino acid content of fish meal protein by chick growth assay. 1. Estimation of amino acid availability in fish meal protein before and after heat treatment. Poultry Sci. 44: 401-408. Snedecor, G. W., 1956. Statistical Methods. 5th ed., The Iowa State College Press, Ames, Iowa. Snyder, E. S., 1959. Duck and goose raising. Ontario Department of Agriculture, Bull. 432. Waibel, P. E., 1958. The feeding of geese and their potential in meat production. Feedstuff, 30(15) :18. Yacowitz, H., H. Bayes and E. L. Dakan, 1954. As Cited by Waibel, 1958.
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Results of Experiment 4 (Table 5) indicate an improvement in body weight gains and gain/feed ratio when the lysine level is increased to 0.89 percent of the ration. The plot of the percent daily gain or gain/feed and the log of the milligram percent lysine in the ration (Figures 4 and 8) does not reveal a plateau. The lysine requirement for the goslings in Experiment 4 is equal to or exceeds 0.89 percent. Mortality was not exceptionally high in any of the experiments, but feather pulling occurred in isolated pens in some experiments. Some of the variability in the data in these experiments could have been attributed to differences in availability of lysine from the several protein sources used to formulate the rations. All the lysine in the rations except that added as the free amino acid to adjust the lysine content was from intact protein. Ousterhout and Snyder (1962) and Smith and Scott (1965) have shown that the treatment a protein receives prior to feeding affects the availability of the lysine for the chick.
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