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The Mange, by Sarcoptes Precose Canestrini, on the Rabbits
The
V d C1' il1a7Y
Jou rnal.
e xperiments which h ave b een described; and that, judgin g from the statistics of F ayrer and Wall, in 75 per cent. of fatal cases in ma n death does not occur until from three to twentyfour h ours after the infliction of the bite. This latter fact .appear s to indicate that in th e g r eat majority of the fatal cases the dose of venom does not much ex ceed the a ctual minimum lethal; and, therefo re, is not so large as the d oses whose leth al action h as b een prevented from occurrin g iri the experiments that h ave been described; in which, further, the conditions for su ccess in preventin g death were not th e most favour ble that could have been a dopted. It appears t o me, however, th at an inter est and importance as g reat as that which can b e derived from this practical application of the facts which I have brought b efore the Society , is to be found in their r elation to the cause and treatm ent of man y of the most fatal of diseases-those, nam ely, which are produced by organism s that h ave found their way into the body. The evidence in favo ur of the curative value of the antitoxines derived from anim als immunized against the tox ines of these diseases, seems to receive an additional confirmation from these facts. They also brin g distinctly before us the fact that there are limits to this curative power, dependent on the dose of the toxine to b e counteracted, on the s pecial antidotal a ctivity of the antitoxine tha t is used, a nd on the duration of the tim e durin g which the tox ine has had an opportunity of ex erting its p oisonous action b efore the antitoxine is administered. If these and other conditions interfering with successful treatment are not d etermin ed and recog nised, unmerited discredit is likely to be attached to remedies which alone of all remedies may be capable of preventing death in these diseases, by counteracting the effects of rpinimum lethal and larger doses of the toxine. THE MANGE, BY SARCOPTES PRECOSE CANESTRINI, ON THE RABBITS. BY BRUNO GALLI-VALE RIO, M.D.V.S. , PATHOLOGICA L I NSTITUTE OF THE ROYAL VETERI NARY SCH OOL OF MILAN.
As far as the year 1892 but a sing le species of mange ,:vas described on the rabbit: the mange by Notsedrus cumcult", R oull. In this year Professor N eumann· discovered in the rabbit another sp ecies of mange. It was characterised by the following symptoms : * Revue Veterinaire,
1892, p. 141.
17
The Mange, by Sarcoptes Precose, etc.
Beginning at the apex of the nose, lips, chin, and root of the nails; extending to the posterior face of the paws, and up to the knees and apex of the tail. On the adults, it can extend itself to the forehead, ears, and different parts of the body. It causes the formation of gray scales, thin on the ears, forehead, and back; but on the apex of the nose, root of the nails, and on the horns can assume the thickness of one centimetre. The scales b eing detached, remain a bloodish surface; and the animal manifests great pain. This mange is very little itching, but the animals die in a month or six weeks. The parasite that provokes this m ange is a mite like to the Sarcoptes scabz·ez". De Geer., and Neumann named it: S . scabt"ez' var. cttntcuH. The samples examined by Neumann had the following dimensions :-
t
~
length, mm., 0'23. breadth, mm., 0'17. ovigera length, mm., 0'41. breadth, mm., 0'32.
An important particular of this mite is the presence of a d eveloped embryo in the eggs still lying in the body of the female. In the year 1893 Professor Roillet.o found also the S. scabzei var. cunzcttlz" on the rabbits, and gave the following dimensions : -
t
~
length, breadth, ovigera length, breadth,
f' f' f' f'
210-228. 155- 178. 340-400. 260-300.
They state that the t were very numerous. Professor Canestrini, studying this mite in the year 18 94 t, gave it the name of S arcoptes preco~e,. and the following characters as different from the S. scabzez :.Numerous dorsal scales in the form of an equilateral triangle. They are closed to each other and extend back between the iliac spines. These are coarse, broad at the base, and rather sharp-pointed. Epimera of second pair III the t, with the distal extremity turned outside. Professor Canestrini gave the following dimensions : t length, mm., 0'23- 0 '25. ~
breadth, ovigera length, breadth, larva len gth, breadth,
mm., 0 · I7-Q· Il:l. mm., 0'41-0'44. mm., 0'32-0'34. mm. , O · I~ -O· I / . mm., 0·II-0·I4.
• C. R. S. de Bisl., I 893, I5 Zu illet.
t Prospetro deli'oscarofauna Italia 10, Parte vi.. T adover, VOL. XLI.
I 89~ .
B
18
The Veterinary /ournal.
In the year 1894 I first found this mange on the Italian rabbits, near Milan.'" In the samples studied by me, I found the characters described by Professor Canestrini. The presence of very good developed embryos in the eggs lying in the body of the !I, were very frequent. The dimen sions were as follows :t length,
f'
23 0 •
breadth , I-' 160. !I ovigera length, f' 435. breadth, I-' 335· larva, length, I-' 167. breadth, I-' 134· larva into the egg, length, f' 150. breadth, I-' 100. egg-le ngth, f' 150 - 16 0 . breadth, I-' 88-110.
The lesions determined on the rabbits that I examined were like th at described by Professor Neumann; the nose was elon g ated in a horn, made by the co-glutination of scales . The lips, paws, and particularly the interdigital s paces, were covered by scales which were arranged as a thimble on the fin gers. Microscopical lesions provoked by thi s mite on the skin wer e described the first time by me : mi crotomic sections of scales app ear dotted by mites, and crossed with h airs. In some parts are found heaps of mite's e xcrements. Little films of blood glueing the scales leading to the form ation of horns or those on the nose. In perpendicular section s, the mites appear inclosed in little depressions covered by the plaits of epidermis. In the points where the lesions are more advanced, these depressions d eepen more and more, pa rticularly there where three to four hairs' follicles come together. In this case, frequently, the mites invade th e follicle. In e very section it is possible to observe a lesion like that described by Professor Piana t in the mange of rabbits caused by N . cunzculz'. It is a succession of depressions in the derma which represent a true atrophy of the tissue. But the main point of view, under which I will study here this .mange of rabbits, is that of the contagion. Professor Neumann put five young rabbits in a cage with scabby rabbits, and three died of that disease, and stated that Todes saw a fa mily of 30 rabbits quickly die of it. Professor R oillet states that he succeeded to infect in from eight days to a month rabbits living together with scabby * Moderno Zosiatio. 1894 . No. 22. t Ann. R. Sc. Med . Vet. Milanno, 188$=86.
The Mange, by Sarcoptes P1'ecose, efc.
19
ra~ b it s,
or for only staying in cages where these had lived. D eath happened from three to six weeks. T he epizooty that I h ave studied near Milan, was caused by a scab by rabbit put among the family. In a month, all the animals were infected and other rabbits put during the year were also infected. All of them died. In October I ordered disinfectants, and the cessation of the breeding for several months. But in spring 1895, new rabbits were put in th e warren, and all contracted the mange, and the owner had to cease the breeding. Is this mange tran s missible to other animals? P rofessor N eumann inocul ated two dogs, a sheep, a cow, a pig- and a horse, but with no result. P rofessor 'Roillet observed the transmission to g uinea-pigs and ferrets by livin g in cages, infected with scales of scabby rabbit". I n th e year 1894, I observed the natural transmission to a pregnant guinea-p ig. The mites taken on this a nimal had the followin g dimensions:S length f'
241.
breadth f' 180. ~ ovigera, length f' 325. breadth f' 268. Larva, length f' 174· breadth f' 1 27 ·
Another g uinea-pig that I put in a cage infected with scales, \yas not infected. I also m ade in oculations on the dog, but with no result. I observed a lso that m en, poultry, and a dog who cohabited with scabby rabbits were not infected. To assure myself of the impossibility of transmiss ion of this mange to man, I exp erimented on m yself. I scraped the . ski n on the wrist an d rubbed the place with the scales, which I left 11Z stilt with a bandage. Notwithstanding that this place was left bandage d for two week s, there was no appearance of the mange. These observations and experime nts on the contagiousness of this rabbit's ma nge h ave, I think, a g reat importance under the point of view of rabbits' destruction with Sarcoptes Ploccose. In fact, while the rabbit's mange by iVofosdrus Clt1Z1CuH is very little contagious for rabbits," the mange by S. precose is endowed with a g reat power of contagiousness * P~ofessor Rouillet stntes, in fact: .. ~ous n'avons per la transmcUre a de loipieus par ,Ie deeot de nom breaux sure. ptes sur la peau rasee, ni meme par une cohabitation de onez Jours (33 ZOJ!. MM., 1893) .
20
Th e Veter£nary /our1zal.
for rabbits. In a shorttiine many, very many of these animals are struck, particularly the young, and all th e infected die. At the same time, it is difficult to infect guinea-pigs, ferrets, and other animals; and, what ' is more important, man is refractory to this infection. Therefore it is not dangerous to employ Sarcoptes precose for the destruction of rabbits in the lands where they .are too numerous. It is sufficient to introduce one scabby rabbit in the lairs to infect all the colony.
V d C1' il1a7Y
Jou rnal.
e xperiments which h ave b een described; and that, judgin g from the statistics of F ayrer and Wall, in 75 per cent. of fatal cases in ma n death does not occur until from three to twentyfour h ours after the infliction of the bite. This latter fact .appear s to indicate that in th e g r eat majority of the fatal cases the dose of venom does not much ex ceed the a ctual minimum lethal; and, therefo re, is not so large as the d oses whose leth al action h as b een prevented from occurrin g iri the experiments that h ave been described; in which, further, the conditions for su ccess in preventin g death were not th e most favour ble that could have been a dopted. It appears t o me, however, th at an inter est and importance as g reat as that which can b e derived from this practical application of the facts which I have brought b efore the Society , is to be found in their r elation to the cause and treatm ent of man y of the most fatal of diseases-those, nam ely, which are produced by organism s that h ave found their way into the body. The evidence in favo ur of the curative value of the antitoxines derived from anim als immunized against the tox ines of these diseases, seems to receive an additional confirmation from these facts. They also brin g distinctly before us the fact that there are limits to this curative power, dependent on the dose of the toxine to b e counteracted, on the s pecial antidotal a ctivity of the antitoxine tha t is used, a nd on the duration of the tim e durin g which the tox ine has had an opportunity of ex erting its p oisonous action b efore the antitoxine is administered. If these and other conditions interfering with successful treatment are not d etermin ed and recog nised, unmerited discredit is likely to be attached to remedies which alone of all remedies may be capable of preventing death in these diseases, by counteracting the effects of rpinimum lethal and larger doses of the toxine. THE MANGE, BY SARCOPTES PRECOSE CANESTRINI, ON THE RABBITS. BY BRUNO GALLI-VALE RIO, M.D.V.S. , PATHOLOGICA L I NSTITUTE OF THE ROYAL VETERI NARY SCH OOL OF MILAN.
As far as the year 1892 but a sing le species of mange ,:vas described on the rabbit: the mange by Notsedrus cumcult", R oull. In this year Professor N eumann· discovered in the rabbit another sp ecies of mange. It was characterised by the following symptoms : * Revue Veterinaire,
1892, p. 141.
17
The Mange, by Sarcoptes Precose, etc.
Beginning at the apex of the nose, lips, chin, and root of the nails; extending to the posterior face of the paws, and up to the knees and apex of the tail. On the adults, it can extend itself to the forehead, ears, and different parts of the body. It causes the formation of gray scales, thin on the ears, forehead, and back; but on the apex of the nose, root of the nails, and on the horns can assume the thickness of one centimetre. The scales b eing detached, remain a bloodish surface; and the animal manifests great pain. This mange is very little itching, but the animals die in a month or six weeks. The parasite that provokes this m ange is a mite like to the Sarcoptes scabz·ez". De Geer., and Neumann named it: S . scabt"ez' var. cttntcuH. The samples examined by Neumann had the following dimensions :-
t
~
length, mm., 0'23. breadth, mm., 0'17. ovigera length, mm., 0'41. breadth, mm., 0'32.
An important particular of this mite is the presence of a d eveloped embryo in the eggs still lying in the body of the female. In the year 1893 Professor Roillet.o found also the S. scabzei var. cunzcttlz" on the rabbits, and gave the following dimensions : -
t
~
length, breadth, ovigera length, breadth,
f' f' f' f'
210-228. 155- 178. 340-400. 260-300.
They state that the t were very numerous. Professor Canestrini, studying this mite in the year 18 94 t, gave it the name of S arcoptes preco~e,. and the following characters as different from the S. scabzez :.Numerous dorsal scales in the form of an equilateral triangle. They are closed to each other and extend back between the iliac spines. These are coarse, broad at the base, and rather sharp-pointed. Epimera of second pair III the t, with the distal extremity turned outside. Professor Canestrini gave the following dimensions : t length, mm., 0'23- 0 '25. ~
breadth, ovigera length, breadth, larva len gth, breadth,
mm., 0 · I7-Q· Il:l. mm., 0'41-0'44. mm., 0'32-0'34. mm. , O · I~ -O· I / . mm., 0·II-0·I4.
• C. R. S. de Bisl., I 893, I5 Zu illet.
t Prospetro deli'oscarofauna Italia 10, Parte vi.. T adover, VOL. XLI.
I 89~ .
B
18
The Veterinary /ournal.
In the year 1894 I first found this mange on the Italian rabbits, near Milan.'" In the samples studied by me, I found the characters described by Professor Canestrini. The presence of very good developed embryos in the eggs lying in the body of the !I, were very frequent. The dimen sions were as follows :t length,
f'
23 0 •
breadth , I-' 160. !I ovigera length, f' 435. breadth, I-' 335· larva, length, I-' 167. breadth, I-' 134· larva into the egg, length, f' 150. breadth, I-' 100. egg-le ngth, f' 150 - 16 0 . breadth, I-' 88-110.
The lesions determined on the rabbits that I examined were like th at described by Professor Neumann; the nose was elon g ated in a horn, made by the co-glutination of scales . The lips, paws, and particularly the interdigital s paces, were covered by scales which were arranged as a thimble on the fin gers. Microscopical lesions provoked by thi s mite on the skin wer e described the first time by me : mi crotomic sections of scales app ear dotted by mites, and crossed with h airs. In some parts are found heaps of mite's e xcrements. Little films of blood glueing the scales leading to the form ation of horns or those on the nose. In perpendicular section s, the mites appear inclosed in little depressions covered by the plaits of epidermis. In the points where the lesions are more advanced, these depressions d eepen more and more, pa rticularly there where three to four hairs' follicles come together. In this case, frequently, the mites invade th e follicle. In e very section it is possible to observe a lesion like that described by Professor Piana t in the mange of rabbits caused by N . cunzculz'. It is a succession of depressions in the derma which represent a true atrophy of the tissue. But the main point of view, under which I will study here this .mange of rabbits, is that of the contagion. Professor Neumann put five young rabbits in a cage with scabby rabbits, and three died of that disease, and stated that Todes saw a fa mily of 30 rabbits quickly die of it. Professor R oillet states that he succeeded to infect in from eight days to a month rabbits living together with scabby * Moderno Zosiatio. 1894 . No. 22. t Ann. R. Sc. Med . Vet. Milanno, 188$=86.
The Mange, by Sarcoptes P1'ecose, efc.
19
ra~ b it s,
or for only staying in cages where these had lived. D eath happened from three to six weeks. T he epizooty that I h ave studied near Milan, was caused by a scab by rabbit put among the family. In a month, all the animals were infected and other rabbits put during the year were also infected. All of them died. In October I ordered disinfectants, and the cessation of the breeding for several months. But in spring 1895, new rabbits were put in th e warren, and all contracted the mange, and the owner had to cease the breeding. Is this mange tran s missible to other animals? P rofessor N eumann inocul ated two dogs, a sheep, a cow, a pig- and a horse, but with no result. P rofessor 'Roillet observed the transmission to g uinea-pigs and ferrets by livin g in cages, infected with scales of scabby rabbit". I n th e year 1894, I observed the natural transmission to a pregnant guinea-p ig. The mites taken on this a nimal had the followin g dimensions:S length f'
241.
breadth f' 180. ~ ovigera, length f' 325. breadth f' 268. Larva, length f' 174· breadth f' 1 27 ·
Another g uinea-pig that I put in a cage infected with scales, \yas not infected. I also m ade in oculations on the dog, but with no result. I observed a lso that m en, poultry, and a dog who cohabited with scabby rabbits were not infected. To assure myself of the impossibility of transmiss ion of this mange to man, I exp erimented on m yself. I scraped the . ski n on the wrist an d rubbed the place with the scales, which I left 11Z stilt with a bandage. Notwithstanding that this place was left bandage d for two week s, there was no appearance of the mange. These observations and experime nts on the contagiousness of this rabbit's ma nge h ave, I think, a g reat importance under the point of view of rabbits' destruction with Sarcoptes Ploccose. In fact, while the rabbit's mange by iVofosdrus Clt1Z1CuH is very little contagious for rabbits," the mange by S. precose is endowed with a g reat power of contagiousness * P~ofessor Rouillet stntes, in fact: .. ~ous n'avons per la transmcUre a de loipieus par ,Ie deeot de nom breaux sure. ptes sur la peau rasee, ni meme par une cohabitation de onez Jours (33 ZOJ!. MM., 1893) .
20
Th e Veter£nary /our1zal.
for rabbits. In a shorttiine many, very many of these animals are struck, particularly the young, and all th e infected die. At the same time, it is difficult to infect guinea-pigs, ferrets, and other animals; and, what ' is more important, man is refractory to this infection. Therefore it is not dangerous to employ Sarcoptes precose for the destruction of rabbits in the lands where they .are too numerous. It is sufficient to introduce one scabby rabbit in the lairs to infect all the colony.