- Email: [email protected]
The photolysis of nitrosyl chloride and the storage of solar energy
has been observed for the purpose of estimating the useful life of such power sources in the environment of the i. G. Y. earth satellite. Results yielded an estimated minimuln of about 1()a years until the output of such cells on ,~ satellite drops to 75 per cent of the initial value. Possible modifications of these estimates based on tentative data acquired from satellite flights have been considered. The decay of the cells ix associated with changes in minority-carrier lifetime. N o detiifite decay was observed during the limited exposure lime o[' this study for the ultraviolet radiation between 2200 A and 3.100 A or tq~r x-rays from machines operated ,~t 50-20(X) kv. (:t.u~h e r s ' abst rtlet )
The elements of a fiat-plate al)sorl,er and the factors influencing its design a n d operalion are reviewed. The lhermal characteristics of energy received, losses, efficiency, and the heat t r a n s f e r to the circulating fluid are dealt with in the light. of design considerations. The effect of o r i e n t a t i o n and its influence on the e v a h r t t i o n of energy incident (,n inclined sur f%ces, the o p t i m u m angle of inclination, a n d *he effecl of changes in a z i m u t h is considered. Iust'dlation and operating problems such as the p r e v e n t i o n of damage by freezing, protection from hail, the location of an .d)sorber and its materials
M e Q u i g g , . l a m e s D . ; l ) e e k e r , W a y n e L., " S o l . t r e n e r g y : a s u m m a r y ()f re<',ords a t C o l u m b i ' t , M i s s o u r i . " :llis-
N e u w i r t h , ( ) t i t ) S., " T h e 1)hot()lysis of n i t r o s y l c h i t ) r i d e a n d t h e s t ( ) r a g e of sol'u' e n e r g y . " ./. l'h!ts. (turn. 1 3 ( 1 ) : 17 19, J n n . 1959. Illus.
o f c ( H l s t r ) l e t i o n , a n d ecol/olni(~ f:tcl<)rs a r e ({isetlssed. ( H l l | h o r s '
al)sl r'tel )
s,,ur:, (:,b'. A W. Exp. SIa. Rcs. Bull. 671, J u l y 1(.158. 27 p. Illus.
Nilrosyl ehhwide, dissolved in cal'bO() letrachloride, is 1)hotochenfic:dly deconq)ose(I by l ighl J)elow 6400 A inl o nil ric oxide and chlorine. T h e q u a n t u m yield is re(hwed /)y lhe reverse reaction, and v:tlues of 0.75 or less up 1o :q)proxim a t e l y 1.0 are obtained. Exlmrimenls using sunlight wilh a fh>wing system are. described. The nil ric oxide is insohll>le, an
t',ives hourly a n d daily (olals of sol:~r radiation received, fur I he period 1!)44 to 1956.
Mn<',ris, ( , e o l g ,"e .lac, " S o l a l e n e r g y and sunshine hours a t A t h e n s , ( , o c t ( . ' M+mthlg Weather Rev. 8 7 ( 1 ) : ~, 99 ,3o~ .l:m. 195(.). Illus. M e a s u r e m e n t s of the a m o u n t of solar energy in langleys •rod the n u m b e r of slmshine h()urs, :tt the N a t i o n a l ()bserv:ll(,ry, At hens. li)5:'~56.
N . y e s , l¢ich:trd M . , " K i n e t i c ( u m q ) l i c : t l i ( m s : l s s o c i a t e d w i t h p h o i ( m h e m i c a l s t o r a g e ()t" e n e r g y . " .I. l>/qls. ('hem. 63( 1): 1!)=22, , h m . 1!)5!L
M a t . h u t , K. N . ; K h a m m , M . L.,• l ) a v e y , T . N . ; S, a n ," S. I)., " l ) o m e s t i c s o l a r w a t e r h e - t t e r . " ,l. Nci. Ind. h'e.+. 1 8 A : 31 58, F e b . 1!)5!). Illus.
[f el(ergy i~ 1o I)e stored in :t I>h(,to('henlic:d pr(mess, the inili:d act of :d)S(Wl)tion (d a I>hot.tbs.rbing species nmsl reacl (,it her wil h the exciled absorl)er <)r with :t fragnwnl formed from ils dis so(,ial ion. Because of t he ('oml)r(,ssed lime scale in ,, hi<,h m a . v of ! hese :l(hli! ional rea<'l ious musl (w<'ur, I he kinet i(' I real men'l requires c(msi(ter:ltio)l of the special l)roldems asso('ialed wilh very f:lsl r(,a(.ti(~t)s. I:l,lllhl)F'S :l}lslr:lcl I
Arrangemenl for healing wal er with solar energy for SUl)l)lying the donwslic needs of a small fanfily "tt Delhi, using easily a~ailal~h' aml inexpensive c o n s l r u c t i o n materi.fls (galwmized iron sheets). 1)etails of eonsl ru('tion are given a n d observ.tl ions using heat <,olleclor mill with "~ single layer of glass t a k e n during ()ct.-Nov. 1955. Trials indic.tie domestic unit will re cover inilial ('<>st in less t h a n one year. (authors' al)slr%et)
( ) l ~ y a y , A l a ( t a r ; T e l k e s , X I a r i a , ' % ) l a r h ( ' a t i l l ~ l'()r [ m u s e s . " l'ro#..Ire/d/. ~ I a r . 1 9 5 9 : 1 9 5 207. lllus. M ilner, G . . I . ,
"Solar
furnaces:
development
at
A det.dled (,reline of Imsic desigu ('.nsidera!ions for h(mses h e a l i n g hy solar energy, including :m :re:d/sis of lhe amount of sol.it energ3 t h a t can I)e oblained :(l a i):(rticular lot.alien, COlnpare(l lo the h e a l i n g loss of lh(' house; a (lis(.ussion of solar <'olleclors and heating storage syslems; the winter summet Iml.mce; anti design features in a m)lar house differing from eonvelllional residences. Solar h('aling is c
the
N. S. W . U n i v e r s i t y of T e c h n o l o g y . " P a p e r p r e s t ; n t e d at, l h c A . N . Z . A . A . S . C o n g r e s s S o h t r E n e r g y S y m p o s i u m , A(lel'tide, A u s t r a l i ' t , A u g . 25, 1958. S(,1,~r power, c o n c e n t r a t e d with a large high grade concave par:d)oloi(lal mirror, has special a d v a n t a g e s for he:tting mate rials to lemper.ttures of 3000-4000 ° C, providing a " c l e a n " method because a part only of a mass of homogeneous mt~teri.tl ne,:,,d be healed to lnelting poinl. The a r r a n g e i n e n t of a t)aral) ol(,id, inverle(t on a tower "d)ove a heliostat mirror on lhe g r o u t l d , ix e o m l u e l i d e ( t . T h e i n f l u e n c e o f size o n p e r f o r m a n c e is indic,lied, as/)lso is I he llrllhlelll (if letlli)(~ratllre inettSlll'elll('[ll . (altl hor's :)}lsi r:lcI )
.¥
*
*
P.~rker, C. A., " l ' h o t o r e d u c t i . . ~1' m e t h y l e n e b l u e . S o m e p r e l i m i n a r y e x p e r i m e n t s t>3' tl:lsh p l n , t o l y s i s . " ,1. l'h!/s. ('hem. 6 3 ( I ) : 2 6 30, J a n . 1!I;5!). Illus.
M o r s e , 1{. N . :rod C z a r n e c k i , . l . T . , " T h e f l a t - p l a t e a b s o r b e r a s a. s o l a r e n e r g y c ( d l e c t o r . " P a p e r p r e s e n t e d :tt t h e A . N . Z . A . A . S . C o n g r e s s S o l a r E n e r g y S y m t ) o s i u m , Ariel:tide, A u s t r a l i a , A u g . 25, 1(.}58. 1 0 + p.
l)ilute solulions of nmlhylene I)hw in dilute sulfuric acid are reversibly tdeached by tl.~sh l)hol
Illus. 41
The elements of a fiat-plate al)sorl,er and the factors influencing its design a n d operalion are reviewed. The lhermal characteristics of energy received, losses, efficiency, and the heat t r a n s f e r to the circulating fluid are dealt with in the light. of design considerations. The effect of o r i e n t a t i o n and its influence on the e v a h r t t i o n of energy incident (,n inclined sur f%ces, the o p t i m u m angle of inclination, a n d *he effecl of changes in a z i m u t h is considered. Iust'dlation and operating problems such as the p r e v e n t i o n of damage by freezing, protection from hail, the location of an .d)sorber and its materials
M e Q u i g g , . l a m e s D . ; l ) e e k e r , W a y n e L., " S o l . t r e n e r g y : a s u m m a r y ()f re<',ords a t C o l u m b i ' t , M i s s o u r i . " :llis-
N e u w i r t h , ( ) t i t ) S., " T h e 1)hot()lysis of n i t r o s y l c h i t ) r i d e a n d t h e s t ( ) r a g e of sol'u' e n e r g y . " ./. l'h!ts. (turn. 1 3 ( 1 ) : 17 19, J n n . 1959. Illus.
o f c ( H l s t r ) l e t i o n , a n d ecol/olni(~ f:tcl<)rs a r e ({isetlssed. ( H l l | h o r s '
al)sl r'tel )
s,,ur:, (:,b'. A W. Exp. SIa. Rcs. Bull. 671, J u l y 1(.158. 27 p. Illus.
Nilrosyl ehhwide, dissolved in cal'bO() letrachloride, is 1)hotochenfic:dly deconq)ose(I by l ighl J)elow 6400 A inl o nil ric oxide and chlorine. T h e q u a n t u m yield is re(hwed /)y lhe reverse reaction, and v:tlues of 0.75 or less up 1o :q)proxim a t e l y 1.0 are obtained. Exlmrimenls using sunlight wilh a fh>wing system are. described. The nil ric oxide is insohll>le, an
t',ives hourly a n d daily (olals of sol:~r radiation received, fur I he period 1!)44 to 1956.
Mn<',ris, ( , e o l g ,"e .lac, " S o l a l e n e r g y and sunshine hours a t A t h e n s , ( , o c t ( . ' M+mthlg Weather Rev. 8 7 ( 1 ) : ~, 99 ,3o~ .l:m. 195(.). Illus. M e a s u r e m e n t s of the a m o u n t of solar energy in langleys •rod the n u m b e r of slmshine h()urs, :tt the N a t i o n a l ()bserv:ll(,ry, At hens. li)5:'~56.
N . y e s , l¢ich:trd M . , " K i n e t i c ( u m q ) l i c : t l i ( m s : l s s o c i a t e d w i t h p h o i ( m h e m i c a l s t o r a g e ()t" e n e r g y . " .I. l>/qls. ('hem. 63( 1): 1!)=22, , h m . 1!)5!L
M a t . h u t , K. N . ; K h a m m , M . L.,• l ) a v e y , T . N . ; S, a n ," S. I)., " l ) o m e s t i c s o l a r w a t e r h e - t t e r . " ,l. Nci. Ind. h'e.+. 1 8 A : 31 58, F e b . 1!)5!). Illus.
[f el(ergy i~ 1o I)e stored in :t I>h(,to('henlic:d pr(mess, the inili:d act of :d)S(Wl)tion (d a I>hot
Arrangemenl for healing wal er with solar energy for SUl)l)lying the donwslic needs of a small fanfily "tt Delhi, using easily a~ailal~h' aml inexpensive c o n s l r u c t i o n materi.fls (galwmized iron sheets). 1)etails of eonsl ru('tion are given a n d observ.tl ions using heat <,olleclor mill with "~ single layer of glass t a k e n during ()ct.-Nov. 1955. Trials indic.tie domestic unit will re cover inilial ('<>st in less t h a n one year. (authors' al)slr%et)
( ) l ~ y a y , A l a ( t a r ; T e l k e s , X I a r i a , ' % ) l a r h ( ' a t i l l ~ l'()r [ m u s e s . " l'ro#..Ire/d/. ~ I a r . 1 9 5 9 : 1 9 5 207. lllus. M ilner, G . . I . ,
"Solar
furnaces:
development
at
A det.dled (,reline of Imsic desigu ('.nsidera!ions for h(mses h e a l i n g hy solar energy, including :m :re:d/sis of lhe amount of sol.it energ3 t h a t can I)e oblained :(l a i):(rticular lot.alien, COlnpare(l lo the h e a l i n g loss of lh(' house; a (lis(.ussion of solar <'olleclors and heating storage syslems; the winter summet Iml.mce; anti design features in a m)lar house differing from eonvelllional residences. Solar h('aling is c
the
N. S. W . U n i v e r s i t y of T e c h n o l o g y . " P a p e r p r e s t ; n t e d at, l h c A . N . Z . A . A . S . C o n g r e s s S o h t r E n e r g y S y m p o s i u m , A(lel'tide, A u s t r a l i ' t , A u g . 25, 1958. S(,1,~r power, c o n c e n t r a t e d with a large high grade concave par:d)oloi(lal mirror, has special a d v a n t a g e s for he:tting mate rials to lemper.ttures of 3000-4000 ° C, providing a " c l e a n " method because a part only of a mass of homogeneous mt~teri.tl ne,:,,d be healed to lnelting poinl. The a r r a n g e i n e n t of a t)aral) ol(,id, inverle(t on a tower "d)ove a heliostat mirror on lhe g r o u t l d , ix e o m l u e l i d e ( t . T h e i n f l u e n c e o f size o n p e r f o r m a n c e is indic,lied, as/)lso is I he llrllhlelll (if letlli)(~ratllre inettSlll'elll('[ll . (altl hor's :)}lsi r:lcI )
.¥
*
*
P.~rker, C. A., " l ' h o t o r e d u c t i . . ~1' m e t h y l e n e b l u e . S o m e p r e l i m i n a r y e x p e r i m e n t s t>3' tl:lsh p l n , t o l y s i s . " ,1. l'h!/s. ('hem. 6 3 ( I ) : 2 6 30, J a n . 1!I;5!). Illus.
M o r s e , 1{. N . :rod C z a r n e c k i , . l . T . , " T h e f l a t - p l a t e a b s o r b e r a s a. s o l a r e n e r g y c ( d l e c t o r . " P a p e r p r e s e n t e d :tt t h e A . N . Z . A . A . S . C o n g r e s s S o l a r E n e r g y S y m t ) o s i u m , Ariel:tide, A u s t r a l i a , A u g . 25, 1(.}58. 1 0 + p.
l)ilute solulions of nmlhylene I)hw in dilute sulfuric acid are reversibly tdeached by tl.~sh l)hol
Illus. 41