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The role of ICT in creating intelligent, energy efficient buildings
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect
Availableonline onlineatatwww.sciencedirect.com www.sciencedirect.com Available Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
ScienceDirect ScienceDirect
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
Energy (2017) 000–000 150–153 EnergyProcedia Procedia143 00 (2017) www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
World Engineers Summit – Applied Energy Symposium & Forum: Low Carbon Cities & Urban Energy Joint Conference, WES-CUE 2017, 19–21 July 2017, Singapore TheICT 15th International on District Heating and Cooling The role of in creatingSymposium intelligent, energy efficient buildings
Rohan Rawtea,* Assessing the feasibility of using the heat demand-outdoor IESVE Singapore Pte Ltd., 30, Cecil Street, #19-08, Prudential Tower, 049712 forecast temperature function for a long-term district heatSingapore demand a
Abstract
I. Andrića,b,c*, A. Pinaa, P. Ferrãoa, J. Fournierb., B. Lacarrièrec, O. Le Correc
a
IN+ Center for Innovation, Technology - Instituto Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal We need to radically change the wayand wePolicy thinkResearch with respect to Superior how weTécnico, can substantially reduce our carbon b Veolia Recherche & Innovation, 291 Avenue Dreyfous Daniel, 78520 Limay, France emmissions.c Starting with ensuring we can create energy efficient, but still comfortable ‘Smart Buildings’. These Département Systèmes Énergétiques et Environnement - IMT Atlantique, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, 44300 Nantes, France Smart Buildings need to be the foundation of making Smart Cities. This will involve clustering Smart Buildings into practical groups of buildings to take advantage of larger scale opportunities such as district heating and cooling or microgrids. Smart Buildings will require different solutions, for example a residential solution may be different from a large hospital compared to a university campus. Abstract
District heating networksand areCommunication commonly addressed in the literature of the most effective solutions for decreasing the Innovative Information Technologies (ICT)asis one the key enabler to achieve and maintain the greenhouse gas from thenovel building sector. These systems require high investments whichthe are life returned the heat effectiveness ofemissions all existing and approaches to energy efficient buildings throughout cyclethrough of a Smart sales. DueWithout to the changed climate conditions andour building renovation policies,toheat demand inand the perform future could decrease, Building. substantial advances in ICT buildings will continue be inefficient poorly. prolonging the investment return period.
The main scope this paper is to assess feasibility of using the heat demand temperature function for heat Today most ICTofrelated technology is the called 'Smart'. Unfortunately, most –ofoutdoor the current technology in most of demand our forecast.buildings The district of Smart Alvalade, located Lisbon (Portugal), was used as a case study. The district is consisted of 665 current is not in terms of in what is required to achieve energy efficient buildings. Consequently, buildings that in both construction period and typology. Three weather scenarios (low, control medium,and high) and three innovative ICTvary is necessary to deliver the significant breakthroughs required for better operation of district renovation scenarios were developed (shallow, intermediate, deep). To estimate the error, obtained heat demand values were buildings. Without this capability all other innovative technology under development will be rendered compared with results from a dynamic heat demand model, previously developed and validated by the authors. ineffective. ICT is the key to Smart Buildings which can be aggregated into neighbourhoods, campuses, districts, The results showed that when only weather change is considered, the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications cities and countries to provide a truly sustainable built environment.
(the error in annual demand was lower than 20% for all weather scenarios considered). However, after introducing renovation scenarios, the error value increased up to 59.5% (depending on the weather and renovation scenarios combination considered). © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. The value of slope coefficient increased on average within the range of 3.8% up to 8% per decade, that corresponds to the Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the World Engineers Summit – Applied Energy Symposium & decrease in the number of heating hours of 22-139h during the heating season (depending on the combination of weather and Forum: Low Carbon Cities & Urban Energy Joint Conference. renovation scenarios considered). On the other hand, function intercept increased for 7.8-12.7% per decade (depending on the coupled scenarios). The values suggested could be used to modify the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations. © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling. * Corresponding author. Tel.: +44 141 945 8500. E-mail address: [email protected] Keywords: Heat demand; Forecast; Climate change
1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the World Engineers Summit – Applied Energy Symposium & Forum: Low Carbon Cities & Urban Energy Joint Conference. 1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling. 1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the World Engineers Summit – Applied Energy Symposium & Forum: Low Carbon Cities & Urban Energy Joint Conference. 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.12.663
2
Rohan Rawte et al. / Energy Procedia 143 (2017) 150–153 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
151
Keywords: Type your keywords here, separated by semicolons ;
1. Introduction to the role of ICT This paper will address what is required to enable the role of ICT in making our buildings energy efficient and truly sustainable. Innovative Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) is the key enabler to achieve and maintain the effectiveness of all existing and novel approaches to energy efficient buildings throughout the life cycle of a Smart Building. Without substantial advances in ICT our buildings will continue to be inefficient and perform poorly. ICT is the key to Smart Buildings which can be aggregated into neighbourhoods, campuses, districts, cities and countries to provide a truly sustainable built environment. An overview of the enabling role of ICT is provided in the figure below.
Fig. 1. Overview of the enabling role of ICT.
2. Achieving the vision To achieve any significant part of this vision demands a more holistic and integrated approach to building design and operation which would incorporate the appropriate use of ICT. For example consider a building that was being retrofited with a facade with motorised window blinds, daylight dimming capabilities, energy efficient electrical lighting and motorised window openings which are all syncronised to minimise energy consumption but maintain a high level of occupant comfort. This system would be extremely effective but it would be challenging for current technology to make this work efficiently. Whilst we have a number of the components to perform some of these individual tasks we require additional innovative ICT equipment to help optimise the syncronisation of this process to minimise energy consumption throughout the whole building operational life. In this simple scenario, without better ICT capabilities, it is unlikely we could achieve the energy efficient potential of the proposed system. Furthermore, as we make our buildings more sustainable then obviously less energy will be used. However, as shown in the previous example, to preserve this lower energy usage will involve a greater ICT capability, not less. In
152
Rohan Rawte et al. / Energy Procedia 143 (2017) 150–153 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
3
the future it will be necessary for ICT to be ‘designed or refurbished in’ to the building. This will require a more holistic design approach if our buildings are deserving of the ‘Smart Buildings’ description. How this would be achieved is beyond the scope of this paper. Now consider the complexity of the ICT role shown in the diagram above: we have ICT integration at the building and building systems level; further integration will be required between clusters of buildings up to the Smart City level; integration with utilities including the grid and micro-grids; incorporating renewables and transportation including EV’s; and all the time improving the citizens understanding of their role in the process. Hence ICT is key to making truly Smart Buildings from a natural resources consumption perspective. 3. Smart Buildings, Cities and Citizens It is important to consider two ‘golden’ rules: • We will not have Smart Cities without Smart Citizens: the citizens need educated and helped to be Smart. • Also, we will not have Smart Cities without Smart Buildings as the Smart Building is our most fundamental component. Today, via remote controllable equipment including Smart Meters in our homes we are helping to give individuals more responsibility and helping them to be part of the Smart process. This is a first step, but there is still a long way to go. To meet the targets proposed by governments by fixed dates – frequently 2020 or 2030 will require a massive global undertaking. This will be extremely challenging for any industry but more so for an industry not reknown for implementing innovative practices and new technology quickly and effectively. Whilst governments can set these carbon emission targets they know they will not be in power when it comes to delivering the targets. So how can we make the necessary changes to create Smart Buildings in order to achieve the targets? One of the simplest ways of achieving the targets is to predict how we expect our buildings will operate by 2030. If we identify the vision then we can better understand the ICT that will be required to achieve it. This will also make it necessary for the ICT and other key sectors to co-ordinate development to aline with the vision. This will also help companies to focus their development in the right direction rather than wasting effort. 4. Learning from other industries So what is the best way forward? The earlier diagram outlines ICT’s overall role but how will that translate in practice? Rather than letting ICT evolve towards a solution, one way of accellerating and focusing ICT development is by learning from other industries and try to emulate where they have been successful. Consider the Automobile industry which has embraced ICT and advanced significantly over the last two decades. Cars are much safer, more energy efficient, have user friendly features such as GPS systems; car proximity warnings; rear view cameras; automatic parking; keyless ignition, etc. Over the same period relatively little has changed in buildings as the vast majority of our buildings are still grossly inefficient. Most of our buildings only have one or two poorly operating temperature control sensors, whilst the few buildings that do have control systems, are frequently not up to the standard required for the building to run efficiently. In many buildings we also have poor air circulation; glare problems; temperature extremes, etc. The argument that buildings are unique and you do not get the scalability that is possible with a manufacturing process is invalid. If the market was more proactive and were to demand better technology including ICT the increased demand would encourage the ICT market to develop the necessary technology. We should look at where we can develop ICT to take advantage of new materials, equipment and other innovative technology to improve buildings. Also, in a number of industries model based control is applied to provide the necessary intelligence to maximise performance. In many instances e.g. a jet engine, the scale is relatively small compared to buildings and cities, however, the model based control principal can be applied to buildings.
4
Rohan Rawte et al. / Energy Procedia 143 (2017) 150–153 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
153
So if we address how model based control could facilitate the aspects of integration defined above then we can identify the type of technology required to put Model Based Control into every building. We can then identify the technology that connects buildings together and integrate with all other technology to facilitate Smart communities of any size. So by understanding what we want to achieve at the Smart Building and Smart City levels we can identify the ICT features we require. It is then easier for the appropriate ICT to be developed to deliver Model Based Control for buildings and cities. 5. Conclusion Finally, there are five main categories of technology that have been identified that are key to the role of ICT in the future. These five categories will provide the framework for ICT and associated research and development: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Tools for Energy Efficient design and production. These will create the building models necessary for providing Model Based Control. Intelligent building and community control with connections to utilities User awareness and decision support tools for decision-makers and also to help our citizens be Smarter. Energy management from a building up the micro-grid level for connections to the national grid. Providing all the additional ICT integration requirements to make Model Based Control to work.
This is a massive undertaking but ICT will be key to the successful delivery of our Smart and sustainable future.
ScienceDirect
Availableonline onlineatatwww.sciencedirect.com www.sciencedirect.com Available Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
ScienceDirect ScienceDirect
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
Energy (2017) 000–000 150–153 EnergyProcedia Procedia143 00 (2017) www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
World Engineers Summit – Applied Energy Symposium & Forum: Low Carbon Cities & Urban Energy Joint Conference, WES-CUE 2017, 19–21 July 2017, Singapore TheICT 15th International on District Heating and Cooling The role of in creatingSymposium intelligent, energy efficient buildings
Rohan Rawtea,* Assessing the feasibility of using the heat demand-outdoor IESVE Singapore Pte Ltd., 30, Cecil Street, #19-08, Prudential Tower, 049712 forecast temperature function for a long-term district heatSingapore demand a
Abstract
I. Andrića,b,c*, A. Pinaa, P. Ferrãoa, J. Fournierb., B. Lacarrièrec, O. Le Correc
a
IN+ Center for Innovation, Technology - Instituto Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal We need to radically change the wayand wePolicy thinkResearch with respect to Superior how weTécnico, can substantially reduce our carbon b Veolia Recherche & Innovation, 291 Avenue Dreyfous Daniel, 78520 Limay, France emmissions.c Starting with ensuring we can create energy efficient, but still comfortable ‘Smart Buildings’. These Département Systèmes Énergétiques et Environnement - IMT Atlantique, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, 44300 Nantes, France Smart Buildings need to be the foundation of making Smart Cities. This will involve clustering Smart Buildings into practical groups of buildings to take advantage of larger scale opportunities such as district heating and cooling or microgrids. Smart Buildings will require different solutions, for example a residential solution may be different from a large hospital compared to a university campus. Abstract
District heating networksand areCommunication commonly addressed in the literature of the most effective solutions for decreasing the Innovative Information Technologies (ICT)asis one the key enabler to achieve and maintain the greenhouse gas from thenovel building sector. These systems require high investments whichthe are life returned the heat effectiveness ofemissions all existing and approaches to energy efficient buildings throughout cyclethrough of a Smart sales. DueWithout to the changed climate conditions andour building renovation policies,toheat demand inand the perform future could decrease, Building. substantial advances in ICT buildings will continue be inefficient poorly. prolonging the investment return period.
The main scope this paper is to assess feasibility of using the heat demand temperature function for heat Today most ICTofrelated technology is the called 'Smart'. Unfortunately, most –ofoutdoor the current technology in most of demand our forecast.buildings The district of Smart Alvalade, located Lisbon (Portugal), was used as a case study. The district is consisted of 665 current is not in terms of in what is required to achieve energy efficient buildings. Consequently, buildings that in both construction period and typology. Three weather scenarios (low, control medium,and high) and three innovative ICTvary is necessary to deliver the significant breakthroughs required for better operation of district renovation scenarios were developed (shallow, intermediate, deep). To estimate the error, obtained heat demand values were buildings. Without this capability all other innovative technology under development will be rendered compared with results from a dynamic heat demand model, previously developed and validated by the authors. ineffective. ICT is the key to Smart Buildings which can be aggregated into neighbourhoods, campuses, districts, The results showed that when only weather change is considered, the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications cities and countries to provide a truly sustainable built environment.
(the error in annual demand was lower than 20% for all weather scenarios considered). However, after introducing renovation scenarios, the error value increased up to 59.5% (depending on the weather and renovation scenarios combination considered). © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. The value of slope coefficient increased on average within the range of 3.8% up to 8% per decade, that corresponds to the Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the World Engineers Summit – Applied Energy Symposium & decrease in the number of heating hours of 22-139h during the heating season (depending on the combination of weather and Forum: Low Carbon Cities & Urban Energy Joint Conference. renovation scenarios considered). On the other hand, function intercept increased for 7.8-12.7% per decade (depending on the coupled scenarios). The values suggested could be used to modify the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations. © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling. * Corresponding author. Tel.: +44 141 945 8500. E-mail address: [email protected] Keywords: Heat demand; Forecast; Climate change
1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the World Engineers Summit – Applied Energy Symposium & Forum: Low Carbon Cities & Urban Energy Joint Conference. 1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling. 1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the World Engineers Summit – Applied Energy Symposium & Forum: Low Carbon Cities & Urban Energy Joint Conference. 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.12.663
2
Rohan Rawte et al. / Energy Procedia 143 (2017) 150–153 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
151
Keywords: Type your keywords here, separated by semicolons ;
1. Introduction to the role of ICT This paper will address what is required to enable the role of ICT in making our buildings energy efficient and truly sustainable. Innovative Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) is the key enabler to achieve and maintain the effectiveness of all existing and novel approaches to energy efficient buildings throughout the life cycle of a Smart Building. Without substantial advances in ICT our buildings will continue to be inefficient and perform poorly. ICT is the key to Smart Buildings which can be aggregated into neighbourhoods, campuses, districts, cities and countries to provide a truly sustainable built environment. An overview of the enabling role of ICT is provided in the figure below.
Fig. 1. Overview of the enabling role of ICT.
2. Achieving the vision To achieve any significant part of this vision demands a more holistic and integrated approach to building design and operation which would incorporate the appropriate use of ICT. For example consider a building that was being retrofited with a facade with motorised window blinds, daylight dimming capabilities, energy efficient electrical lighting and motorised window openings which are all syncronised to minimise energy consumption but maintain a high level of occupant comfort. This system would be extremely effective but it would be challenging for current technology to make this work efficiently. Whilst we have a number of the components to perform some of these individual tasks we require additional innovative ICT equipment to help optimise the syncronisation of this process to minimise energy consumption throughout the whole building operational life. In this simple scenario, without better ICT capabilities, it is unlikely we could achieve the energy efficient potential of the proposed system. Furthermore, as we make our buildings more sustainable then obviously less energy will be used. However, as shown in the previous example, to preserve this lower energy usage will involve a greater ICT capability, not less. In
152
Rohan Rawte et al. / Energy Procedia 143 (2017) 150–153 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
3
the future it will be necessary for ICT to be ‘designed or refurbished in’ to the building. This will require a more holistic design approach if our buildings are deserving of the ‘Smart Buildings’ description. How this would be achieved is beyond the scope of this paper. Now consider the complexity of the ICT role shown in the diagram above: we have ICT integration at the building and building systems level; further integration will be required between clusters of buildings up to the Smart City level; integration with utilities including the grid and micro-grids; incorporating renewables and transportation including EV’s; and all the time improving the citizens understanding of their role in the process. Hence ICT is key to making truly Smart Buildings from a natural resources consumption perspective. 3. Smart Buildings, Cities and Citizens It is important to consider two ‘golden’ rules: • We will not have Smart Cities without Smart Citizens: the citizens need educated and helped to be Smart. • Also, we will not have Smart Cities without Smart Buildings as the Smart Building is our most fundamental component. Today, via remote controllable equipment including Smart Meters in our homes we are helping to give individuals more responsibility and helping them to be part of the Smart process. This is a first step, but there is still a long way to go. To meet the targets proposed by governments by fixed dates – frequently 2020 or 2030 will require a massive global undertaking. This will be extremely challenging for any industry but more so for an industry not reknown for implementing innovative practices and new technology quickly and effectively. Whilst governments can set these carbon emission targets they know they will not be in power when it comes to delivering the targets. So how can we make the necessary changes to create Smart Buildings in order to achieve the targets? One of the simplest ways of achieving the targets is to predict how we expect our buildings will operate by 2030. If we identify the vision then we can better understand the ICT that will be required to achieve it. This will also make it necessary for the ICT and other key sectors to co-ordinate development to aline with the vision. This will also help companies to focus their development in the right direction rather than wasting effort. 4. Learning from other industries So what is the best way forward? The earlier diagram outlines ICT’s overall role but how will that translate in practice? Rather than letting ICT evolve towards a solution, one way of accellerating and focusing ICT development is by learning from other industries and try to emulate where they have been successful. Consider the Automobile industry which has embraced ICT and advanced significantly over the last two decades. Cars are much safer, more energy efficient, have user friendly features such as GPS systems; car proximity warnings; rear view cameras; automatic parking; keyless ignition, etc. Over the same period relatively little has changed in buildings as the vast majority of our buildings are still grossly inefficient. Most of our buildings only have one or two poorly operating temperature control sensors, whilst the few buildings that do have control systems, are frequently not up to the standard required for the building to run efficiently. In many buildings we also have poor air circulation; glare problems; temperature extremes, etc. The argument that buildings are unique and you do not get the scalability that is possible with a manufacturing process is invalid. If the market was more proactive and were to demand better technology including ICT the increased demand would encourage the ICT market to develop the necessary technology. We should look at where we can develop ICT to take advantage of new materials, equipment and other innovative technology to improve buildings. Also, in a number of industries model based control is applied to provide the necessary intelligence to maximise performance. In many instances e.g. a jet engine, the scale is relatively small compared to buildings and cities, however, the model based control principal can be applied to buildings.
4
Rohan Rawte et al. / Energy Procedia 143 (2017) 150–153 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
153
So if we address how model based control could facilitate the aspects of integration defined above then we can identify the type of technology required to put Model Based Control into every building. We can then identify the technology that connects buildings together and integrate with all other technology to facilitate Smart communities of any size. So by understanding what we want to achieve at the Smart Building and Smart City levels we can identify the ICT features we require. It is then easier for the appropriate ICT to be developed to deliver Model Based Control for buildings and cities. 5. Conclusion Finally, there are five main categories of technology that have been identified that are key to the role of ICT in the future. These five categories will provide the framework for ICT and associated research and development: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Tools for Energy Efficient design and production. These will create the building models necessary for providing Model Based Control. Intelligent building and community control with connections to utilities User awareness and decision support tools for decision-makers and also to help our citizens be Smarter. Energy management from a building up the micro-grid level for connections to the national grid. Providing all the additional ICT integration requirements to make Model Based Control to work.
This is a massive undertaking but ICT will be key to the successful delivery of our Smart and sustainable future.