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The role of mental health in the relationship between walking and cognitive ability in older adults in Indonesia
Thursday 22 October Posters / Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 19S (2015) e33–e56
78 Effects of special corrective exercise on the postural abnormalities in the teenage Taekwondo athletes A. Meamarbashi ∗ , A. Baglar Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Iran Background: Professional Taekwondo athletes are frequently doing unilateral exercises in unnatural positions and may cause many postural abnormalities in the teenagers. This study aimed to study the effects of individualized an special corrective exercise program on the postural abnormalities. Methods: Thirty-six teenage male Taekwondo athletes (11-16 years), recruited by random sampling. After pretest, 8-week corrective (experimental) or routine (control) programs performed and then posttest evaluation test was implemented. Postural assessment was done by means of three digital cameras to take anterior, lateral, and posterior images. A computerized dynamometer was used to do simultaneous right & left side shoulder lift, simultaneous right & left side arm lift, dual hands press, and dual hands pull. Control group continued their routine exercise program and experimental group performed eight-week corrective exercise program including stretching, flexibility, and strength exercise during three sessions 2 h/week one day after regular training. Results: In the experimental group, the rate of abnormalities significantly decreased in the winged scapula (50%), kyphosis (45%), lordosis (35%), unilateral dropped shoulder (25%), and forward flexion (25%) but the control group had new incidences of forward head (two cases), kyphosis (two cases), lordosis (one case), unilateral dropped shoulder (five cases), and winged scapula (two cases). No significant difference seen between isometric force tests in both groups. Discussion: The rational for the occurrence of these abnormalities among the Taekwondo athletes could be related to prolonged exercise with high intensity and mostly unilateral exercises and neglect in stretching and strengthening the opposite side muscles. Hence, doing corrective exercise is very effective in reduction of postural side effects of Taekwondo training in teenagers. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2015.12.463 79 Sports club activity does not reduce sedentary behaviours of Japanese female adolescents K. Suzuki 1,∗ , H. Naito 1 , A. Sakamoto 1 , S.S. Hui 2 1 2
Juntendo University, Japan The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Background: Decline in physical fitness and activity levels of adolescents in recent decades has become a global concern. Meanwhile, Hui et al. (2015) reported that Japanese adolescents had the highest moderate-to-vigorous physical activity level (MVPA) and endurance performances among Asian countries. In Japan, students are strongly encouraged to engage in a club activity at school. Accordingly, Suzuki et al. (2015) suggested that promotion of sports club activity at school helped to modify students’ behaviours, and countered the decline in physical fitness and activity levels. However, it was not clear whether the club activity, expected to increase physical activity levels at school, would decrease sedentary behaviours. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of sports club activity on MVPA and sedentary behaviour of Japanese adolescents.
e37
Methods: Students in Tokyo aged 12-15 years (847 males and 761 females) were recruited by stratified sampling according to the regional characteristics. Survey items included time spent on physical activity per week (self-reported MVPA; IPAQ), time spent sitting per day (WHO Health Behavior in School Children survey), and whether or not students engaged in sports club activity at school. Results: 56.7% of males and 39.2% of females engaged in sports club activity at school. Sports club group showed significantly higher MVPA levels than non-club activity group for both males (984 vs. 381 min/wk) and females (682 vs. 189 min/wk) (p < 0.001). Time spent sitting was significantly less for the sports club group than non-sports club group for males (418 vs. 481 min/day, p = 0.001). However, time spent sitting was similar between the two groups for females (524 vs. 528 min/day). The effect sizes of sports club activity on time spent sitting (males: 0.240, females: 0.020) were much smaller than the effect sizes on MVPA (males: 0.770, females: 1.220). Discussion: Engaging in sports club activity at school obviously increases MVPA levels for both males and females. For females, sedentary behavior is, however, not reduced by sports club activity. Time spent for sports club activity was much longer for males than females (984 vs. 682 min/wk). Thus, the significant reduction of sedentary behaviour with sports club activity in males may be simply explained by lack of chances to seat themselves. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2015.12.464 80 The role of mental health in the relationship between walking and cognitive ability in older adults in Indonesia J. Stock 1,2,∗ , E. Hogervorst 2 , C. Stevinson 2 , T.B. Rahardjo 3 1
University of Greenwich, United Kingdom Loughborough University, United Kingdom 3 Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia 2
Introduction: Dementia is a global issue with nearly 35.6 million people currently living with dementia worldwide. As there is currently no cure for dementia, modifiable lifestyle behaviour, such as physical activity, have been investigated as a preventative strategy to delay onset and prolong independent living. There are inconsistent results across exercise interventions designed to improve cognitive performance despite the large number of high quality trials. Previous evidence suggests positive effects of physical activity on mental health and the association between mental health and cognitive performance. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the role of mental health in the relationship between physical activity and cognitive performance. Methods: Cross-sectional data were collected from 719 community dwelling participants (mean age 69.4, range 52-98, 65% female) living in rural and urban areas in Indonesia using opportunity and convenience sampling. Walking frequency and mental health status were captured using self-report measures. Cognitive ability was assessed using validated and culturally adapted versions of The Mini Mental Status Examination and Hopkins Verbal Learning Test. Results: Hierarchical regression models for the whole group indicated a partially mediating role of mental health in the relationship between walking and cognitive ability. Mental health and functional health were independent predictors of cognitive ability. Walking remained a significant independent predictor of all cognitive outcome measures when controlling for mental health and covariates. Functional health attenuated the effect of walking
e38
Thursday 22 October Posters / Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 19S (2015) e33–e56
frequency but not mental health on cognitive ability. Hierarchical regression models for participants with poorer mental health (median split) indicated that walking was a significant independent predictor of global cognitive ability and verbal learning while controlling for covariates. Mental health was a significant independent predictor of all cognitive outcome measures and did not attenuate the effect of walking. Hierarchical regression models for participants with better mental health indicated that walking was not a significant independent predictor of any cognitive outcome measures, even before controlling for mental and functional health. Discussion: The results indicate a potential role of baseline or change mental health status to moderate or mediate the efficacy of exercise interventions aiming to improve cognitive ability in older adults. The common positive effects of physical activity and mental health on cognitive outcomes could indicate that physical activity which leads to improvements in physical fitness as well as improved mental health may bring about the largest beneficial effect on cognitive outcomes. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2015.12.465 81 Quality of life in anterior cruciate ligament deficient individuals: A systematic review Filbay 1,∗ ,
Culvenor 1 ,
S. A. T. Russell 1 , K. Crossley 3
I.
Ackerman 2 ,
1
School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia 2 Melbourne EpiCentre, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia 3 The College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia Introduction: Physical and psychological impairments impacting quality of life (QOL) are common following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). Rehabilitation alone is an effective alternative to ACLR for some patients, warranting the investigation of QOL in ACL deficient (ACLD) individuals. The study objectives were to (i) report QOL in ACLD cohorts 5-25 years following ACL rupture, (ii) compare QOL in ACLD and ACLR groups; and (iii) identify factors that may influence QOL outcomes 5-25 years after ACL rupture in ACLD individuals. Methods: We systematically identified and methodologically appraised all studies reporting QOL in ACLD people ≥5 years following ACL rupture. Knee-related and health-related QOL scores in ACLD and ACLR groups were pooled and compared using a randomeffects meta-analysis. Spearman rank correlation coefficient () was used to explore relationships between QOL scores, participant demographics and study characteristics. Descriptive comparisons were made with population norms. Results: Eleven eligible studies reported QOL in 473 participants at a mean 10 (range 5-23) years following non-surgically managed ACL rupture. Knee-related QOL scores from eight studies using the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) ranged from 54 to 77 (best possible score, 100). This was impaired compared to population norms, and similar or better in comparison to participants treated with ACLR. Knee-related QOL was not related to follow-up duration (p = 0.55), gender (p = 0.51) or quality appraisal scores (p = 0.76). Health-related QOL, measured by the SF-36 in five studies, was similar to population norms, but impaired compared to physically active populations. Meta-analysis revealed no significant differences in KOOS-QOL (mean difference [95% CI], 2.9 [−3.3 to 9.1]) and SF-36 scores (for all SF-36 domains except Vitality) between ACLD and ACLR groups. A range of biases were identified
with potential to influence QOL estimates in this patient population, including baseline activity levels, advice regarding activity modification, and surgical treatment of baseline meniscus injuries in ACLD cohorts. Discussion: This systematic review found impaired kneerelated QOL in ACLD individuals 5-25 years after ACL rupture compared to population norms. Meta-analysis revealed similar knee-related QOL in ACLD and ACLR groups and no difference in health-related QOL scores for seven of the eight SF-36 domains. This study highlights that longer-term impairments in knee-related QOL are evident after ACL rupture, irrespective of operative or nonoperative management. This indicates a need to develop strategies to improve QOL after ACL rupture, and can be used by clinicians to educate patients about realistic long-term outcomes. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2015.12.466 82 Biomedical risk factors of Achilles tendinopathy associated with running: A systematic review M. Kozlovskaia 1,2,∗ , N. Vlahovich 2 , P. Leo 3 , K. Ashton 1 , N. Byrne 1 , D. Hughes 2 1
Bond University, Australia Australian Institute of Sport, Australia 3 The University of Queensland, Australia 2
Background: Achilles tendinopathy has been identified as one of the most common overuse running-related injuries. Despite many studies of the extrinsic and intrinsic risk factors potentially implicated in the causation of Achilles tendinopathy, few have been shown to clearly either increase or decrease the risk of sustaining Achilles tendon injury. Previous studies have focussed on the association between biomechanical factors and Achilles tendinopathy. In contrast, there is relatively little research focussing on potential biomedical risk factors for Achilles tendinopathy. Biomedical risk factors include medical comorbidities and physiological, biochemical and genetic factors. The purpose of this systematic review is to evaluate studies which investigated biomedical risk factors of Achilles tendinopathy in running/jumping athletes from noncontact sports. Methods: Research data bases MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus and PubMed were searched for literature using relevant terms ‘Achilles tendinopathy’, ‘Achilles overuse injury’, ‘risk factors’, ‘athletes’, ‘runners’. Retrospective and prospective studies were included in the systematic review. Results: A systematic review identified articles suitable for the analysis following selection criteria: specific inclusion of casecontrol studies on professional and amateur athletes; inclusion of studies where the diagnosis of Achilles tendinopathy was confirmed by a doctor or medical-imaging; studies of biomechanical risk factors were excluded. Conclusion: Due to the multifactorial aetiology of Achilles tendinopathy biomedical risk factors should be considered as potentially important contributors to its development. Further research on the interrelationship between different risk factors may be beneficial for informing the prevention and management of Achilles tendinopathy. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2015.12.467
78 Effects of special corrective exercise on the postural abnormalities in the teenage Taekwondo athletes A. Meamarbashi ∗ , A. Baglar Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Iran Background: Professional Taekwondo athletes are frequently doing unilateral exercises in unnatural positions and may cause many postural abnormalities in the teenagers. This study aimed to study the effects of individualized an special corrective exercise program on the postural abnormalities. Methods: Thirty-six teenage male Taekwondo athletes (11-16 years), recruited by random sampling. After pretest, 8-week corrective (experimental) or routine (control) programs performed and then posttest evaluation test was implemented. Postural assessment was done by means of three digital cameras to take anterior, lateral, and posterior images. A computerized dynamometer was used to do simultaneous right & left side shoulder lift, simultaneous right & left side arm lift, dual hands press, and dual hands pull. Control group continued their routine exercise program and experimental group performed eight-week corrective exercise program including stretching, flexibility, and strength exercise during three sessions 2 h/week one day after regular training. Results: In the experimental group, the rate of abnormalities significantly decreased in the winged scapula (50%), kyphosis (45%), lordosis (35%), unilateral dropped shoulder (25%), and forward flexion (25%) but the control group had new incidences of forward head (two cases), kyphosis (two cases), lordosis (one case), unilateral dropped shoulder (five cases), and winged scapula (two cases). No significant difference seen between isometric force tests in both groups. Discussion: The rational for the occurrence of these abnormalities among the Taekwondo athletes could be related to prolonged exercise with high intensity and mostly unilateral exercises and neglect in stretching and strengthening the opposite side muscles. Hence, doing corrective exercise is very effective in reduction of postural side effects of Taekwondo training in teenagers. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2015.12.463 79 Sports club activity does not reduce sedentary behaviours of Japanese female adolescents K. Suzuki 1,∗ , H. Naito 1 , A. Sakamoto 1 , S.S. Hui 2 1 2
Juntendo University, Japan The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Background: Decline in physical fitness and activity levels of adolescents in recent decades has become a global concern. Meanwhile, Hui et al. (2015) reported that Japanese adolescents had the highest moderate-to-vigorous physical activity level (MVPA) and endurance performances among Asian countries. In Japan, students are strongly encouraged to engage in a club activity at school. Accordingly, Suzuki et al. (2015) suggested that promotion of sports club activity at school helped to modify students’ behaviours, and countered the decline in physical fitness and activity levels. However, it was not clear whether the club activity, expected to increase physical activity levels at school, would decrease sedentary behaviours. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of sports club activity on MVPA and sedentary behaviour of Japanese adolescents.
e37
Methods: Students in Tokyo aged 12-15 years (847 males and 761 females) were recruited by stratified sampling according to the regional characteristics. Survey items included time spent on physical activity per week (self-reported MVPA; IPAQ), time spent sitting per day (WHO Health Behavior in School Children survey), and whether or not students engaged in sports club activity at school. Results: 56.7% of males and 39.2% of females engaged in sports club activity at school. Sports club group showed significantly higher MVPA levels than non-club activity group for both males (984 vs. 381 min/wk) and females (682 vs. 189 min/wk) (p < 0.001). Time spent sitting was significantly less for the sports club group than non-sports club group for males (418 vs. 481 min/day, p = 0.001). However, time spent sitting was similar between the two groups for females (524 vs. 528 min/day). The effect sizes of sports club activity on time spent sitting (males: 0.240, females: 0.020) were much smaller than the effect sizes on MVPA (males: 0.770, females: 1.220). Discussion: Engaging in sports club activity at school obviously increases MVPA levels for both males and females. For females, sedentary behavior is, however, not reduced by sports club activity. Time spent for sports club activity was much longer for males than females (984 vs. 682 min/wk). Thus, the significant reduction of sedentary behaviour with sports club activity in males may be simply explained by lack of chances to seat themselves. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2015.12.464 80 The role of mental health in the relationship between walking and cognitive ability in older adults in Indonesia J. Stock 1,2,∗ , E. Hogervorst 2 , C. Stevinson 2 , T.B. Rahardjo 3 1
University of Greenwich, United Kingdom Loughborough University, United Kingdom 3 Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia 2
Introduction: Dementia is a global issue with nearly 35.6 million people currently living with dementia worldwide. As there is currently no cure for dementia, modifiable lifestyle behaviour, such as physical activity, have been investigated as a preventative strategy to delay onset and prolong independent living. There are inconsistent results across exercise interventions designed to improve cognitive performance despite the large number of high quality trials. Previous evidence suggests positive effects of physical activity on mental health and the association between mental health and cognitive performance. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the role of mental health in the relationship between physical activity and cognitive performance. Methods: Cross-sectional data were collected from 719 community dwelling participants (mean age 69.4, range 52-98, 65% female) living in rural and urban areas in Indonesia using opportunity and convenience sampling. Walking frequency and mental health status were captured using self-report measures. Cognitive ability was assessed using validated and culturally adapted versions of The Mini Mental Status Examination and Hopkins Verbal Learning Test. Results: Hierarchical regression models for the whole group indicated a partially mediating role of mental health in the relationship between walking and cognitive ability. Mental health and functional health were independent predictors of cognitive ability. Walking remained a significant independent predictor of all cognitive outcome measures when controlling for mental health and covariates. Functional health attenuated the effect of walking
e38
Thursday 22 October Posters / Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 19S (2015) e33–e56
frequency but not mental health on cognitive ability. Hierarchical regression models for participants with poorer mental health (median split) indicated that walking was a significant independent predictor of global cognitive ability and verbal learning while controlling for covariates. Mental health was a significant independent predictor of all cognitive outcome measures and did not attenuate the effect of walking. Hierarchical regression models for participants with better mental health indicated that walking was not a significant independent predictor of any cognitive outcome measures, even before controlling for mental and functional health. Discussion: The results indicate a potential role of baseline or change mental health status to moderate or mediate the efficacy of exercise interventions aiming to improve cognitive ability in older adults. The common positive effects of physical activity and mental health on cognitive outcomes could indicate that physical activity which leads to improvements in physical fitness as well as improved mental health may bring about the largest beneficial effect on cognitive outcomes. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2015.12.465 81 Quality of life in anterior cruciate ligament deficient individuals: A systematic review Filbay 1,∗ ,
Culvenor 1 ,
S. A. T. Russell 1 , K. Crossley 3
I.
Ackerman 2 ,
1
School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia 2 Melbourne EpiCentre, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia 3 The College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia Introduction: Physical and psychological impairments impacting quality of life (QOL) are common following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). Rehabilitation alone is an effective alternative to ACLR for some patients, warranting the investigation of QOL in ACL deficient (ACLD) individuals. The study objectives were to (i) report QOL in ACLD cohorts 5-25 years following ACL rupture, (ii) compare QOL in ACLD and ACLR groups; and (iii) identify factors that may influence QOL outcomes 5-25 years after ACL rupture in ACLD individuals. Methods: We systematically identified and methodologically appraised all studies reporting QOL in ACLD people ≥5 years following ACL rupture. Knee-related and health-related QOL scores in ACLD and ACLR groups were pooled and compared using a randomeffects meta-analysis. Spearman rank correlation coefficient () was used to explore relationships between QOL scores, participant demographics and study characteristics. Descriptive comparisons were made with population norms. Results: Eleven eligible studies reported QOL in 473 participants at a mean 10 (range 5-23) years following non-surgically managed ACL rupture. Knee-related QOL scores from eight studies using the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) ranged from 54 to 77 (best possible score, 100). This was impaired compared to population norms, and similar or better in comparison to participants treated with ACLR. Knee-related QOL was not related to follow-up duration (p = 0.55), gender (p = 0.51) or quality appraisal scores (p = 0.76). Health-related QOL, measured by the SF-36 in five studies, was similar to population norms, but impaired compared to physically active populations. Meta-analysis revealed no significant differences in KOOS-QOL (mean difference [95% CI], 2.9 [−3.3 to 9.1]) and SF-36 scores (for all SF-36 domains except Vitality) between ACLD and ACLR groups. A range of biases were identified
with potential to influence QOL estimates in this patient population, including baseline activity levels, advice regarding activity modification, and surgical treatment of baseline meniscus injuries in ACLD cohorts. Discussion: This systematic review found impaired kneerelated QOL in ACLD individuals 5-25 years after ACL rupture compared to population norms. Meta-analysis revealed similar knee-related QOL in ACLD and ACLR groups and no difference in health-related QOL scores for seven of the eight SF-36 domains. This study highlights that longer-term impairments in knee-related QOL are evident after ACL rupture, irrespective of operative or nonoperative management. This indicates a need to develop strategies to improve QOL after ACL rupture, and can be used by clinicians to educate patients about realistic long-term outcomes. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2015.12.466 82 Biomedical risk factors of Achilles tendinopathy associated with running: A systematic review M. Kozlovskaia 1,2,∗ , N. Vlahovich 2 , P. Leo 3 , K. Ashton 1 , N. Byrne 1 , D. Hughes 2 1
Bond University, Australia Australian Institute of Sport, Australia 3 The University of Queensland, Australia 2
Background: Achilles tendinopathy has been identified as one of the most common overuse running-related injuries. Despite many studies of the extrinsic and intrinsic risk factors potentially implicated in the causation of Achilles tendinopathy, few have been shown to clearly either increase or decrease the risk of sustaining Achilles tendon injury. Previous studies have focussed on the association between biomechanical factors and Achilles tendinopathy. In contrast, there is relatively little research focussing on potential biomedical risk factors for Achilles tendinopathy. Biomedical risk factors include medical comorbidities and physiological, biochemical and genetic factors. The purpose of this systematic review is to evaluate studies which investigated biomedical risk factors of Achilles tendinopathy in running/jumping athletes from noncontact sports. Methods: Research data bases MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus and PubMed were searched for literature using relevant terms ‘Achilles tendinopathy’, ‘Achilles overuse injury’, ‘risk factors’, ‘athletes’, ‘runners’. Retrospective and prospective studies were included in the systematic review. Results: A systematic review identified articles suitable for the analysis following selection criteria: specific inclusion of casecontrol studies on professional and amateur athletes; inclusion of studies where the diagnosis of Achilles tendinopathy was confirmed by a doctor or medical-imaging; studies of biomechanical risk factors were excluded. Conclusion: Due to the multifactorial aetiology of Achilles tendinopathy biomedical risk factors should be considered as potentially important contributors to its development. Further research on the interrelationship between different risk factors may be beneficial for informing the prevention and management of Achilles tendinopathy. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2015.12.467