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THE SUMMER: JUNE 1st TO AUGUST 31st.
783
polylobular fibrosis of the liver, but that various causes, usually favourable to health, and if a meteorologist were including alcohol, m,y lead to a condition favouring the asked to give his opinion he would probably say that besides action of some toxic agent, whether chemical or bacterial, the equability of temperature the other contributing causes which is the actual cause of the condition. In any case, it were (1) the very frequent slight falls of rain that had such a is wise to be extremely cautious in suggesting that the cause cleansing effect upon the atmosphere, and (2) the relatively of a cirrhosis in a child is due to the taking of alcohol, as great velocity of the wind, which prevented the air becoming the history of the above case demonstrates. stagnant in the large cities. One of the chief features of the season was, indeed, the very large number of days when the wind from some point of the compass between west and THE SUMMER: JUNE 1st TO AUGUST 31st. south blew strongly or briskly. The air was thus never of
*
No trustworthy average.
All the above figures, excepting those for Sandown, have been computed from the reports published daily or weekly by the Meteorological Office, and it is therefore permissible to suppose that they represent accurately the temperature, rainfall, and bright sunshine of the past summer at the various observing stations. It will be seen that the mean temperature for the three months was everywhere below the average, the defect ranging from about two degrees to four degrees. The absence of heat was generally much more marked during June than during the two subsequent months, but throughout the whole period there were extremely few afternoons with an average temperature for the time of year. Most of the were also but as a rule the cold, nights divergence from the normal was less after sunset than during the daytime. The daily range of temperature was consequently consider. ably smaller than is usual in summer, and this fact probably accounts to some extent for the generally low death returns. But there were other elements which also tended to render the weather of the summer more than
allowed to rest, but a pretty constant fresh stream was always arriving from the broad Atlantic. Under such conditions a summer is certain to be cool in this country, just as In the summer the air has a winter cannot help being mild. no time to be warmed by radiated heat from the earth and in winter it is in too great a hurry to be cooled from a like cause. Shade temperature readings of 70° and above were remarkably rare. In London (Westminster) there was only one in June, nine in July, and 12 in August, and the highest temperature of the whole year at the same well-exposed station was not during summer at all, but on May 12th, when the thermometer rose to ’79°. Days with more or less rain were very numerous, but except in the north and northwest and in a few scattered localities elsewhere the aggregate fall was small. Nearly everywhere July and August were dry, the heavy amounts in the north-west being the result of a wet June. The driest spots were in the extreme east of England and at the Scilly Isles, Lowestoft having no more than 3’4inches and the Scilly Isles only 3-55 inches. In the extreme south-east only about one day in three was rainy, while in the north-west there was only about one day in three without rain. Sunshine, like temperature, was below the average throughout the entire kingdom, but in several localities the deficiency was very small. At Eastbourne it was not more than 14 hours, at Blackpool 17 hours, and in London 26 hours. Omitting the large aggregate of 689 hours at Sandown, the records of which were presumably not examined by the Meteorological Office, the sunniest place given in the table was Eastbourne with 656 hours, followed very closely by Jersey and Worthing, while the most sunless spots were Manchester and Glasgow, each with 359 hours. These two populous cities received less than four hours’ sunshine per day, while Eastbourne enjoyed rather more than seven hours and London more than five and a quarter hours per day. The record for London was very satisfactory, its total of 489 hours being only 20 hours less than that at Llandudno, 60 more than at Birmingham, and 27 more than at Harrogate. During the corresponding period of 1906 the metropolis recorded 693 hours and the number of hours at Torquay, Bournemouth, Clacton, and several other resorts on the south and south-east coasts exceeded 750. FATAL HÆMORRHAGE FROM THE JUGULAR VEIN IN CHRONIC OTITIS MEDIA. IN the Boston .Zlfediaal and Surgical Journal of July 4th Dr. F. L. Jack and Dr. F. H. Verhoeff have reported a case of chronic otitis media which terminated in an unusual manner-by fatal haemorrhage from the jugular vein. A girl, aged two and a half years, was taken to hospital. She had been in good health until two weeks previously, when she became fretful and evidently was in pain. A swelling had been noticed behind the right ear for nearly a week and a discharge of pus from the ear for several days. There was much coagulated blood in the meatus. Over the tip of the mastoid, extending about one inch below and one and a half inches posteriorly was a large, tender, and fluctuating swelling of the size of a Tangerine orange. The child was admitted and two hours later severe haemorrhage occurred from the mouth and nose. When the house surgeon
polylobular fibrosis of the liver, but that various causes, usually favourable to health, and if a meteorologist were including alcohol, m,y lead to a condition favouring the asked to give his opinion he would probably say that besides action of some toxic agent, whether chemical or bacterial, the equability of temperature the other contributing causes which is the actual cause of the condition. In any case, it were (1) the very frequent slight falls of rain that had such a is wise to be extremely cautious in suggesting that the cause cleansing effect upon the atmosphere, and (2) the relatively of a cirrhosis in a child is due to the taking of alcohol, as great velocity of the wind, which prevented the air becoming the history of the above case demonstrates. stagnant in the large cities. One of the chief features of the season was, indeed, the very large number of days when the wind from some point of the compass between west and THE SUMMER: JUNE 1st TO AUGUST 31st. south blew strongly or briskly. The air was thus never of
*
No trustworthy average.
All the above figures, excepting those for Sandown, have been computed from the reports published daily or weekly by the Meteorological Office, and it is therefore permissible to suppose that they represent accurately the temperature, rainfall, and bright sunshine of the past summer at the various observing stations. It will be seen that the mean temperature for the three months was everywhere below the average, the defect ranging from about two degrees to four degrees. The absence of heat was generally much more marked during June than during the two subsequent months, but throughout the whole period there were extremely few afternoons with an average temperature for the time of year. Most of the were also but as a rule the cold, nights divergence from the normal was less after sunset than during the daytime. The daily range of temperature was consequently consider. ably smaller than is usual in summer, and this fact probably accounts to some extent for the generally low death returns. But there were other elements which also tended to render the weather of the summer more than
allowed to rest, but a pretty constant fresh stream was always arriving from the broad Atlantic. Under such conditions a summer is certain to be cool in this country, just as In the summer the air has a winter cannot help being mild. no time to be warmed by radiated heat from the earth and in winter it is in too great a hurry to be cooled from a like cause. Shade temperature readings of 70° and above were remarkably rare. In London (Westminster) there was only one in June, nine in July, and 12 in August, and the highest temperature of the whole year at the same well-exposed station was not during summer at all, but on May 12th, when the thermometer rose to ’79°. Days with more or less rain were very numerous, but except in the north and northwest and in a few scattered localities elsewhere the aggregate fall was small. Nearly everywhere July and August were dry, the heavy amounts in the north-west being the result of a wet June. The driest spots were in the extreme east of England and at the Scilly Isles, Lowestoft having no more than 3’4inches and the Scilly Isles only 3-55 inches. In the extreme south-east only about one day in three was rainy, while in the north-west there was only about one day in three without rain. Sunshine, like temperature, was below the average throughout the entire kingdom, but in several localities the deficiency was very small. At Eastbourne it was not more than 14 hours, at Blackpool 17 hours, and in London 26 hours. Omitting the large aggregate of 689 hours at Sandown, the records of which were presumably not examined by the Meteorological Office, the sunniest place given in the table was Eastbourne with 656 hours, followed very closely by Jersey and Worthing, while the most sunless spots were Manchester and Glasgow, each with 359 hours. These two populous cities received less than four hours’ sunshine per day, while Eastbourne enjoyed rather more than seven hours and London more than five and a quarter hours per day. The record for London was very satisfactory, its total of 489 hours being only 20 hours less than that at Llandudno, 60 more than at Birmingham, and 27 more than at Harrogate. During the corresponding period of 1906 the metropolis recorded 693 hours and the number of hours at Torquay, Bournemouth, Clacton, and several other resorts on the south and south-east coasts exceeded 750. FATAL HÆMORRHAGE FROM THE JUGULAR VEIN IN CHRONIC OTITIS MEDIA. IN the Boston .Zlfediaal and Surgical Journal of July 4th Dr. F. L. Jack and Dr. F. H. Verhoeff have reported a case of chronic otitis media which terminated in an unusual manner-by fatal haemorrhage from the jugular vein. A girl, aged two and a half years, was taken to hospital. She had been in good health until two weeks previously, when she became fretful and evidently was in pain. A swelling had been noticed behind the right ear for nearly a week and a discharge of pus from the ear for several days. There was much coagulated blood in the meatus. Over the tip of the mastoid, extending about one inch below and one and a half inches posteriorly was a large, tender, and fluctuating swelling of the size of a Tangerine orange. The child was admitted and two hours later severe haemorrhage occurred from the mouth and nose. When the house surgeon