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The vasomotor components in the vascular reactions in the finger to cold
ABSTRACTS
AND
RIWIEWS
865
Neumann, C., Cohn, A. E., and Burch, 0. E.: A Study of the Belationship Between the Pulse and Alpha Waves of the Tips of the Fingers and Toes of Five Adults. Am. J. Physiol. 136: 448, 1942. Simultaneous alpha deflections and pulse waves in the finger tips were concordant in 34 per cent, and in the toe tips in 71 per cent. The range was 22 to 50 per rent in the finger tips and 62 to 76 per cent in the toe tips. In the finger and toe tips simultaneous alpha waves were concordant in 56 per cent, the range being 50 to 6%. The pulse waves were concordant in 45 per cent. Forty-five per cent of the simultaneous variations in the size of the pulse waves In the finger and toe tips were c oncordxnt. RuTr30Rs.
Wood, E. IS., and Moe, G. IL: Preparation. Am. .J. Physiol.
The Measurement 136:
50F,
of Edema in the Heart-Lung
1943.
The average ventricular weight/body weight, and lung weight/body weight ratios from eighty-five heart-lung preparations have been compared with similar ratios from normal dogs. The differences found in the average ratios indicate that on the average 18 per cent and 60 per cent of the final heart-lung ventricular and lung weights respectively are edema fluid. Satisfactory agreement was found between the edema calculated from cardiac chloride analyses and the edema determined by the weight increase of four bloodperfused Langendorff’ dog hearts. The average ventricle weight/body weight ratios of 43 heart-lung hearts corrected for edema on the basis of chloride analyses was not, significantly different from normal. The edema content of heart-lung hearts cannot be adequately corrected for edema on the basis of tissue water content. Concentrations of tissue constituents of this or similar preparations are of little significa.nc*e if expressed on a dry or a wet weight basis. In the majority of heart-lung preparations a positive correlation exists between the relative magnitudes of cardiac and lung edema which occurs. This constitutes an indication that similar factors are responsible for the edema formation in the two organs, The major part of the edema fluid which accumulates in heart-lung hearts appears to be extracellular in position. AUTHORS.
Hertzman, A. B., and Roth, L. W.: Reactions in the Finger to Cold.
The Vasomotor Am. J. Physiol.
Component.& in the Vascular 136: 669, 1942.
The vascular reactions in the finger to chilling have been examined bp means of the photoelectric plethysmograph. Analysis of these reactions was concerned with the role of the vasomotor reflexes. The initial immediate constriction on application of cold is due to vasoconstrictor reflexes on which is superimposed somewhat later the dir& constrictor action of cold. Evidence : 1. Accompanying constriction occurs also in the warm control fingers of the same and opposite hands, but the constriction is usually more intense in the chilled finger. 2. If a vasoconstrictor reflex is not elicited in the control fingers by an application of moderate cold, the constriction in the chilled finger occurs in a gradual progressive manner, as in the forehead skin, due to the direct constrictor effect of cold on the vessels. The reactive dilatation which follows in the chilled Snger within three to eight minutes after the applieation of cold, occurs independently of the vasomotor systeX
866 Evidence
AMERICAN
HEART
JOURNAL
:
1. The dilatation the vasoconstrictor
may be limited to t.he chilled finger tone is high in the cont.rol fingers.
2. Vasoconstrictor dilatation in some constrictor paralysis
reflexes were elicited in the chilled experiments, while in other instances in the chilled finger was obtained.
and
may
occur
there
when
finger during the reactive definite evidence of vasoL.
Lange, K., and Boyd, L. J.: The Use of Fluorescein to Determine of the Circulation. M. Clin. North America 26: 943, 1942.
TV. ROTH.
the Adequacy
The presence of fluorescein in the tissue can be easily determined by its fluarescence under filtered ultraviolet light of a certain wavelength. This method which was first published by one of the authors in lQ31 for directly and objectively determining the circulation time can also be used for establishing the presence or adequacy of local circulation. In regard to the first it is an objective method devoid of the defects of other procedures, in respect to the second it seems to possess greater delicacy and wider utility than the injection of radiopaque whose field of application is naturally rather limited. The new objective method for determining the circulation time yields the following values : Normal adults range from 15 to 20 seconds with an average of 17.1 seconds in eighty-nine patients from arm to lips, in cardiac failure the time varies from 20 to 68 seconds (average 39) although 10 per cent of seventy-eight patients had a normal reading; hyperthyroidism was always associated with a shortened circulation time, 7 to 14 seconds (average 10.6 seconds in thirty-six cases). Neither Lugol’s solution nor operation immediately induce a reversion to normal, despite a favorable influence on t,he basal metabolic rate by these measures. Eight of nine cases of hypothyroidism showed a prolonged circulation time of 21 to 34 seconds (average 2% seconds). Although the dye can be used to determine the circula.fion time in all types of experimental animals without recourse to anesthesia and hence permits studies of the permeability of vessels under the influence of drugs, this has not been discussed at any length in this clinical paper. The intestine of experimental animals and man shows an intense fluorescence after the intravenous injectiou of fluorescein and ultraviolet illumination of the intestine. Incarcerated portions of the bowel do not give this emission; the adequacy of the blood supply to the viscus, after liberation from incarceration, can be immediately Clamping of the mesenterie arteries may cause infarction wl&h can be ascertained. demonstrated by the nbsencc of fluorescence in the area affected. The importanre of these observations hardly requires emphasis. the portions of the extremities not Finally the skin cBn also be made fluorescent: The application of t,his supplied by blood remain dark rather than fluorescent. diagnostic aid in peripheral vascular disease has been shown by an illustrative case of diabetic gangrene; inadequate blood supply is shown by diminished fluorescence. AUTHORS.
Hertzman, Minute
of the Digital Artery A. B., and Roth, L. W.: The Reactions Pad Arteries to Local Cold. Anl. J. Phpsiol. 136: 680, 1942.
A. The selective effects of local cold on the terminal pad vessels and artery of the chilled finger were demonstrated by means of photoelectric graphs. The digital artery does not pitrtici$te in the vasoeol&,rictor reflexes the cold. Its later constriction during the continued application of cold be due to the direct effects of the fall in temperature on the artery.
and
the digital plethysmoelicited appears
by to
AND
RIWIEWS
865
Neumann, C., Cohn, A. E., and Burch, 0. E.: A Study of the Belationship Between the Pulse and Alpha Waves of the Tips of the Fingers and Toes of Five Adults. Am. J. Physiol. 136: 448, 1942. Simultaneous alpha deflections and pulse waves in the finger tips were concordant in 34 per cent, and in the toe tips in 71 per cent. The range was 22 to 50 per rent in the finger tips and 62 to 76 per cent in the toe tips. In the finger and toe tips simultaneous alpha waves were concordant in 56 per cent, the range being 50 to 6%. The pulse waves were concordant in 45 per cent. Forty-five per cent of the simultaneous variations in the size of the pulse waves In the finger and toe tips were c oncordxnt. RuTr30Rs.
Wood, E. IS., and Moe, G. IL: Preparation. Am. .J. Physiol.
The Measurement 136:
50F,
of Edema in the Heart-Lung
1943.
The average ventricular weight/body weight, and lung weight/body weight ratios from eighty-five heart-lung preparations have been compared with similar ratios from normal dogs. The differences found in the average ratios indicate that on the average 18 per cent and 60 per cent of the final heart-lung ventricular and lung weights respectively are edema fluid. Satisfactory agreement was found between the edema calculated from cardiac chloride analyses and the edema determined by the weight increase of four bloodperfused Langendorff’ dog hearts. The average ventricle weight/body weight ratios of 43 heart-lung hearts corrected for edema on the basis of chloride analyses was not, significantly different from normal. The edema content of heart-lung hearts cannot be adequately corrected for edema on the basis of tissue water content. Concentrations of tissue constituents of this or similar preparations are of little significa.nc*e if expressed on a dry or a wet weight basis. In the majority of heart-lung preparations a positive correlation exists between the relative magnitudes of cardiac and lung edema which occurs. This constitutes an indication that similar factors are responsible for the edema formation in the two organs, The major part of the edema fluid which accumulates in heart-lung hearts appears to be extracellular in position. AUTHORS.
Hertzman, A. B., and Roth, L. W.: Reactions in the Finger to Cold.
The Vasomotor Am. J. Physiol.
Component.& in the Vascular 136: 669, 1942.
The vascular reactions in the finger to chilling have been examined bp means of the photoelectric plethysmograph. Analysis of these reactions was concerned with the role of the vasomotor reflexes. The initial immediate constriction on application of cold is due to vasoconstrictor reflexes on which is superimposed somewhat later the dir& constrictor action of cold. Evidence : 1. Accompanying constriction occurs also in the warm control fingers of the same and opposite hands, but the constriction is usually more intense in the chilled finger. 2. If a vasoconstrictor reflex is not elicited in the control fingers by an application of moderate cold, the constriction in the chilled finger occurs in a gradual progressive manner, as in the forehead skin, due to the direct constrictor effect of cold on the vessels. The reactive dilatation which follows in the chilled Snger within three to eight minutes after the applieation of cold, occurs independently of the vasomotor systeX
866 Evidence
AMERICAN
HEART
JOURNAL
:
1. The dilatation the vasoconstrictor
may be limited to t.he chilled finger tone is high in the cont.rol fingers.
2. Vasoconstrictor dilatation in some constrictor paralysis
reflexes were elicited in the chilled experiments, while in other instances in the chilled finger was obtained.
and
may
occur
there
when
finger during the reactive definite evidence of vasoL.
Lange, K., and Boyd, L. J.: The Use of Fluorescein to Determine of the Circulation. M. Clin. North America 26: 943, 1942.
TV. ROTH.
the Adequacy
The presence of fluorescein in the tissue can be easily determined by its fluarescence under filtered ultraviolet light of a certain wavelength. This method which was first published by one of the authors in lQ31 for directly and objectively determining the circulation time can also be used for establishing the presence or adequacy of local circulation. In regard to the first it is an objective method devoid of the defects of other procedures, in respect to the second it seems to possess greater delicacy and wider utility than the injection of radiopaque whose field of application is naturally rather limited. The new objective method for determining the circulation time yields the following values : Normal adults range from 15 to 20 seconds with an average of 17.1 seconds in eighty-nine patients from arm to lips, in cardiac failure the time varies from 20 to 68 seconds (average 39) although 10 per cent of seventy-eight patients had a normal reading; hyperthyroidism was always associated with a shortened circulation time, 7 to 14 seconds (average 10.6 seconds in thirty-six cases). Neither Lugol’s solution nor operation immediately induce a reversion to normal, despite a favorable influence on t,he basal metabolic rate by these measures. Eight of nine cases of hypothyroidism showed a prolonged circulation time of 21 to 34 seconds (average 2% seconds). Although the dye can be used to determine the circula.fion time in all types of experimental animals without recourse to anesthesia and hence permits studies of the permeability of vessels under the influence of drugs, this has not been discussed at any length in this clinical paper. The intestine of experimental animals and man shows an intense fluorescence after the intravenous injectiou of fluorescein and ultraviolet illumination of the intestine. Incarcerated portions of the bowel do not give this emission; the adequacy of the blood supply to the viscus, after liberation from incarceration, can be immediately Clamping of the mesenterie arteries may cause infarction wl&h can be ascertained. demonstrated by the nbsencc of fluorescence in the area affected. The importanre of these observations hardly requires emphasis. the portions of the extremities not Finally the skin cBn also be made fluorescent: The application of t,his supplied by blood remain dark rather than fluorescent. diagnostic aid in peripheral vascular disease has been shown by an illustrative case of diabetic gangrene; inadequate blood supply is shown by diminished fluorescence. AUTHORS.
Hertzman, Minute
of the Digital Artery A. B., and Roth, L. W.: The Reactions Pad Arteries to Local Cold. Anl. J. Phpsiol. 136: 680, 1942.
A. The selective effects of local cold on the terminal pad vessels and artery of the chilled finger were demonstrated by means of photoelectric graphs. The digital artery does not pitrtici$te in the vasoeol&,rictor reflexes the cold. Its later constriction during the continued application of cold be due to the direct effects of the fall in temperature on the artery.
and
the digital plethysmoelicited appears
by to