Tribological behavior of nickel aluminum-silver solid-lubricating alloy coupled with different tribo-pairs lubricated by seawater

Accepted Manuscript Tribological behavior of nickel aluminum-silver solid-lubricating alloy coupled with different tribo-pairs lubricated by seawater Shengyu Zhu, Jiqiang Ma, Hui Tan, Jun Cheng, Yuan Yu, Zhuhui Qiao, Jun Yang PII:

S0301-679X(18)30511-5

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2018.10.030

Reference:

JTRI 5449

To appear in:

Tribology International

Received Date: 7 August 2018 Revised Date:

22 October 2018

Accepted Date: 23 October 2018

Please cite this article as: Zhu S, Ma J, Tan H, Cheng J, Yu Y, Qiao Z, Yang J, Tribological behavior of nickel aluminum-silver solid-lubricating alloy coupled with different tribo-pairs lubricated by seawater, Tribology International (2018), doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2018.10.030. This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Tribological behavior of nickel aluminum-silver solid-lubricating alloy coupled with different tribo-pairs lubricated by seawater Shengyu Zhu a, Jiqiang Ma b, Hui Tan a, Jun Cheng a, Yuan Yu a, Zhuhui Qiao a, Jun Yang a,* State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics,

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a

Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, PR China. b

State Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing and Recycling of Nonferrous Metals, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, PR China.

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* Corresponding author: Tel: +86-931-4968239; Fax: +86-931-4968019; E-mail address: [email protected]

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Abstract:

In this paper, the matching properties of nickel aluminum-silver solid-lubricating alloy coupled with various tribo-pairs in seawater environment were investigated. The results revealed that the Ni3Al-Ag alloy mating with Al2O3 is an appropriate tribo-pair compared with the SiC and 316L steel counterparts. The Ni3Al-Ag alloy rubbing

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against Al2O3 exhibits the desirable lubricating properties because mild plowing effect contributes to slightly mechanical action and Ag distributed on the worn surface brings the surface shearing stress down. When the Ni3Al-Ag alloy is coupled with SiC,

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the increasing plowing effect and slight material transfer deteriorate the friction behavior. As for the 316L steel counterface, the aggravation of plowing effect and the

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formation of ferric oxide play adverse roles in tribological behavior. Keywords: Ag; tribo-pair; solid lubrication; seawater 1. Introduction

Marine engineering equipment directly lubricated by seawater has potential

advantages, such as the convenience of obtaining a working medium, simplified design, environmental friendliness, low operating cost, non-flammability and energy saving [1, 2]. Unfortunately, compared to traditional lubricating oil, seawater cannot offer the desirable lubricating properties

to conventional tribo-pairs like

corrosion-resistant alloys and engineered ceramics due to its low viscosity and severe corrosiveness [3-6]. Nevertheless, an appropriate combination of solid-lubricating

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT material and seawater lubrication is a very promising and feasible lubrication strategy to further enhancing friction properties and overcoming wear problem. Tribological behavior is not the intrinsic property of material but tribo-systems’ properties. Usually, it depends on the material properties and frictional conditions,

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involving tribo-pair, applied load, relative speed, working temperature, contact mode and medium environment. Of these, tribo-pair plays a crucial role in friction and wear performance under identical friction conditions.

Recently, more attentions are addressed to tribological behavior of marine

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material, and these investigations also highlight the effect of tribo-pair on tribological behavior of material including TiAl intermetallic, Ti3AlC2 ceramic, polymer material

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and graphite-like carbon film [7-18]. TiAl intermetallic coupled with SiC ceramic, GCr15 steel and Hastelloy C276 alloy exhibits the distinct friction and wear properties [7]. TiAl intermetallic displays severe abrasive wear when mating with hard SiC ceramic, while tribo-chemical reaction and material transfer dominate tribological behaviors of TiAl/GCr15 steel sliding pairs and TiAl/Hastelloy C276

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alloy sliding pairs, respectively. Ti3AlC2 ceramic offers inferior friction and wear properties when coupled with 316L stainless steel, Al2O3 and Si3N4 in seawater, whereas rendering the acceptable lubrication when sliding against SiC ceramic due to

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the formation of a smooth oxide film on the worn surface [8, 9]. Polymers like polymers polyether ether ketone, perfluoroethylene propylene copolymer, and polyimide provide the lower friction coefficient and wear rate under seawater

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lubrication when sliding against 316L stainless steel rather than GCr15 steel, resulting from the preferable corrosion-resistant properties of 316L stainless steel in seawater [10]. Additionally, it was reported that in seawater, graphite-like carbon film coupled with different ceramics exhibits different tribological performances, which is associated with the mechanical performance of ceramic counterfaces and the tribo-chemical product formed at the contact surface [15]. The graphite-like carbon film mating with Si3N4 ceramic overmatches other ceramic counterfaces like Al2O3, ZrO2, WC, and SiC. Although the mentioned works focused on the investigation of tribo-pair in

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT seawater, it is difficult to find a reasonable approach to selecting the matching tribo-pair. As outlined above, SiC ceramic mating with Ti3AlC2 ceramic shows a low friction coefficient, whereas it sliding against TiAl intermetallic provides poor lubricating properties. Additionally, 316L stainless steel coupled with Ti3AlC2 ceramic

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and polymer material also does not represent the consistent friction trend. But even, it is still found that friction behavior of tribo-pair is mainly dominated by mechanical interaction within friction pairs and chemical composition of worn surface.

On the basis of the fact, in this paper, tribological behavior of a solid-lubricating

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alloy coupled with different tribo-pairs in seawater environment was investigated, aiming to provide the valuable guidance to develop solid-lubricating material suitable

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for seawater lubrication. A Ni3Al-Ag solid-lubricating alloy prepared by powder metallurgy was selected as solid-lubricating material in seawater environment since it exhibits favorable solid/liquid lubricating behavior when lubricated by seawater. To optimize the performance of Ni3Al-Ag alloy when submitted to seawater lubrication and obtain an appropriate friction pair, Al2O3 and SiC ceramics and 316L stainless

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steel acted as the counterfaces owing to their good anti-corrosion and high mechanical strength [19-21]. Moreover, the friction and wear properties of the friction pairs were evaluated at various applied load and sliding speed, and the wear and lubrication

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mechanisms were also discussed. 2. Experimental procedure

A Ni3Al-20 wt% Ag alloy was sintered by powder metallurgy. The hot pressed

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sample was machined to the disk of Ø 24 mm × 4 mm, and then the sample was metallographically polished for the mechanical and tribological tests. The surface roughness (Ra) is 0.3-0.4 µm, and the Vickers hardness is about 175. The counterpart balls were the commercial Al2O3 ball, SiC ball, and 316L stainless steel ball, which Vickers hardness are around 1800, 2800, and 200, respectively. And the counterpart balls have surface roughness of about 0.01 µm and diameter of 9.6 mm. The seawater was prepared according to the standard ASTM 1141-98, which pH value was adjusted to 8.2 by using 0.1 mol/L NaOH or HCl. To evaluate the friction and wear properties of nickel aluminum-silver

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT solid-lubricating alloy with coupled various tribo-pairs in seawater environment, the tribological tests were performed using a commercial Optimol SRV-4 tribotester with the contact mode of reciprocating ball-on-disk. The conventional test parameters were selected as followings. To evaluate the effect of applied load on the tribological

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properties, the tests were performed at applied loads of 50 N, 100 N, 150 N, and 200 N and a fixed frequency of 20 Hz. Besides, to evaluate the effect of sliding speeds on the tribological properties, the tests were performed at frequencies of 5 Hz, 10 Hz, 20 Hz, and 30 Hz and a fixed load of 100 N. The test temperature, sliding amplitude and

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sliding time were about 25 oC, 2 mm and 1830 s in all the tests, respectively. During frictional test, the friction coefficient was recorded automatically by tribotester. After

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frictional test, the cross-section profile of worn surface was measured using a surface profilometer. The wear volume was determined as V=AL, where A was the cross-section area of worn scar, and L was the perimeter of the worn scar. The wear rate, W=V/SN, was calculated as a function of the wear volume divided by the sliding distance S and the applied load N, and expressed as mm3/Nm. All the tribological tests

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were carried out at least three times to make sure the reproducibility of the experimental results on the same condition. The average friction coefficient in the steady state and the average wear rate were reported.

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The worn morphologies of the solid-lubricating alloy disk and the coupled ball were observed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (JSM-6700F). The chemical compositions of the wear scars were determined by energy dispersive

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spectroscopy (EDS, Kevex, USA). A LabRAM HR Evolution Micro-Raman (Horiba Jobin Yvon S.A.S. France) was employed to examine the phase compositions of the wear scars using a laser of 532 nm wave length. 3. Results and discussion The friction coefficients of the Ni3Al-Ag alloy coupled with Al2O3, SiC and steel balls at various applied loads and sliding speeds are shown in Fig. 1. As for the Ni3Al-Ag/Al2O3 friction pair, the average friction coefficient at the steady state is in the range of 0.11-0.13 at the entire loads, and increases slightly with applied load from 50 N to 200 N. Moreover, the average friction coefficient of the Ni3Al-Ag/Al2O3

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT friction pair declines from 0.20 to 0.10 with the increase in sliding speed from 5 Hz to 30 Hz. Compared to the Al2O3 counterface ball, the friction coefficient of the SiC counterface ball rises to 0.15-0.18, and increases slightly with applied load from 50 N to 200 N. The effect of sliding speed on the lubricating properties shows that the

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friction coefficient of the SiC counterface ball decreases from 0.22 to 0.16 with increasing sliding speed from 5 Hz to 30 Hz. When sliding against steel ball, the friction coefficient ranges between 0.33 and 0.39 at the entire loads, and increases from 0.27 to 0.43 with increasing speed from 5 Hz to 30 Hz.

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The evolution of friction coefficient for the Ni3Al-Ag alloy with sliding time when coupled with Al2O3, SiC and steel balls at various applied loads and sliding

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speeds is illustrated in Figs. 2, 3 and 4, respectively. It can be found that the Ni3Al-Ag alloy mating with Al2O3 and SiC balls exhibits a relatively steady friction coefficient at various applied load and sliding speed, whilst the friction coefficient of the Ni3Al-Ag/steel tribo-pair fluctuates strongly with test time, especially at high sliding speeds.

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The wear rates of the Ni3Al-Ag alloy coupled with different balls at different applied loads are shown in Fig. 5 (a). When sliding against Al2O3 ceramic ball, the Ni3Al-Ag alloy has a relatively low wear rate that decreases from 1.3 × 10-6 mm3/Nm

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to 2.5 × 10-6 mm3/Nm with the increase in applied load form 50 N to 200 N. The wear rate of the Ni3Al-Ag alloy is slightly higher at rubbing against SiC ball than at rubbing against Al2O3 ball. The wear rate of the Ni3Al-Ag alloy coupled with 316L

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steel ball gets high, in the range from 1.8 × 10-6 mm3/Nm to 3.2 × 10-6 mm3/Nm. Overall, the wear rate of the Ni3Al-Ag alloy goes slowly up with increasing load from 50 N to 200 N. Fig. 5 (b) reveals the wear rate with sliding speeds when the Ni3Al-Ag alloy is coupled with different balls. At low speeds of 5 Hz and 10 Hz, the Ni3Al-Ag alloy coupled with SiC ceramic ball exhibits a relatively low wear rate of 3.3-4.3 × 10-6 mm3/Nm. Nevertheless, at high speeds of 20 Hz and 30 Hz, the Ni3Al-Ag alloy mating with Al2O3 ceramic ball offers a relatively low wear rate of about 1.0-1.9 × 10-6 mm3/Nm. From 5 Hz to 30 Hz, the Ni3Al-Ag alloy coupled with 316L steel ball displays high wear rate. Obviously, it can be observed that the wear rate of the

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Ni3Al-Ag alloy is reduced with increasing speed from 5 Hz to 30 Hz. The worn surfaces of the Ni3Al-Ag alloy rubbing against Al2O3 ball at different applied load from 50 N to 200 N and a sliding speed of 20 Hz are shown in Fig. 6. There are the shallow furrows on the worn surface due to abrasive action of Al2O3

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ceramic ball during sliding friction. The few wear debris is adhesive and remains on the contact surface. In addition, it is clearly observed the distribution of the island-like Ag in Ni3Al alloy, indicating that the microstructure of worn surface is not destroyed severely under the abrasive action of the friction pairs. At high load of 200 N, more

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tiny furrows are present on the wear scar due to the enhancement of abrasive action. Fig. 7 shows the worn surfaces of the Ni3Al-Ag alloy coupled with Al2O3 ball at

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different sliding speed from 5 Hz to 30 Hz and an applied load of 100 N. At low loads of 5 Hz and 10 Hz, many tiny furrows appear on the worn surfaces. With the increase in sliding speed, the furrow phenomenon is diminished and the worn surface appears to get even. This is related to the formation of thick fluid lubricating film at high speeds, which is beneficial to separate the contact surface of tribo-pair, resulting in the

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reduction of friction coefficient with increasing speed.

The worn surfaces of the Ni3Al-Ag alloy coupled with SiC ball at a sliding speed of 20 Hz and different applied loads are illustrated in Fig. 8. A relatively smooth worn

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surface is found at low applied load of 50 N, while the increase in applied load from 100 N to 200 N, the worn surface gets rough. In particular, at high loads of 150 N and 200 N, it tends to crack and even break the distribution of surface phase. Also, the

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wide furrows take place on the worn surface under this high stress. This phenomenon is analogous to the wear mechanism of TiAl intermetallic coupled with SiC ball in seawater, as a result of high contact stress of SiC counterfaces [7]. Fig. 9 shows the worn surfaces of the Ni3Al-Ag alloy coupled with SiC ball at different sliding speed from 5 Hz to 30 Hz and an applied load of 100 N. At low sliding speed of 5 Hz, there exist many tiny furrows on the worn surface. With increasing speed, the furrow gets less, but the crack gets more. It is inferred that when more wide furrows at high speed or large cracks at heavy load take place on the worn surface, the aggravation of plowing effect leads to high friction coefficient at rubbing against SiC ball.

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT The worn surfaces of the Ni3Al-Ag alloy coupled with 316L steel ball are demonstrated in Fig. 10. It is characterized by the wide and deep furrows formed on the worn surface at 50 N and 100 N. With the increase in applied load to 150 N and 200 N, the delaminated pits are present on the wear scar, where some black wear

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debris is filled. The elemental distribution mappings of worn surface in Figs. 10 e, f and g indicate that the black wear debris is rich in ferric oxide that comes from the coupled steel part. This indicates that the coupled steel ball undergoes severe wear, and material transfer takes place from the steel ball to the Ni3Al-Ag solid-lubricating

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alloy. Also, the wear resemblance was reported that a discontinuous and black tribo-film containing ferric oxides formed on the worn surface of TiAl alloy mating

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with steel ball [7]. Fig. 11 shows the worn surfaces of the Ni3Al-Ag alloy coupled with 316L steel ball at different sliding speed from 5 Hz to 30 Hz and at an applied load of 100 N. The coarse furrows cover with on the worn surfaces from 5 Hz to 20 Hz. With increasing speed to 30 Hz, there are the large delaminated pits on the wear scar. Meanwhile, the black wear debris is also observed to adhere on the worn

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surfaces. The chemical composition and mechanical interaction on the worn surface are responsible for high friction coefficient of the Ni3Al-Ag alloy coupled with 316L steel ball, which will be discussed in later.

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The wear profiles of the Ni3Al-Ag alloy coupled with Al2O3 ball, SiC ball and 316L steel ball are displayed in Fig. 12. It can be found in Figs. 12 (a) and (b) that the wear profiles are similar for the Ni3Al-Ag alloy coupled with Al2O3 ball and SiC ball.

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The wear scar depth and width of the Ni3Al-Ag alloy are slightly lower as coupled with Al2O3 ball than as coupled with SiC ball, which approximate 25 µm and 1 mm at 200 N, respectively. Moreover, the circular-arc profiles are observed after wear, indicating low roughness variation of the Ni3Al-Ag alloy when mating with Al2O3 and SiC ceramics. The even worn surface and the fine furrow are the representative worn morphologies with respect to the Al2O3 counterpart and the SiC counterpart, respectively. The wear profiles of the Ni3Al-Ag alloy coupled with steel ball in Fig. 12 (c) are distinct from those coupled with ceramic balls. The wear scar depth gets shallow to about 20 µm but the wear scar width gets wide to about 1.7 mm at 200 N,

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT and the valley-like wear profile is found. It should be noted that the wear profile is very rough, suggesting the formation of more wide and deep furrows on the worn surface. These results are in accord with the worn morphologies observed by SEM images in Figs. 10 and 11.

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The worn morphologies of the coupled balls and the corresponding EDS results ate illustrated in Fig. 13 to further invetigate wear mechanism. The worn surface of Al2O3 ball is covered with few transferred material, as shown in Fig. 13 (a, d). Fig. 13 (b) indicates that certain substances are adhesive on SiC ball surface following wear.

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The EDS results of these substances in Fig. 13 (e) demonstrate that elements Na, Cl, K, Ca are attributed to crystalline salt in the seawater, while element Ni is attributed to

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Ni3Al-Ag alloy, indicating that material transfer happens from the Ni3Al-Ag alloy and the seawater salts to the coupled SiC ball surface (Fig. 13 (b)). Additionally, it is observed that the ceramic balls do not endure conspicuous wear from the Ni3Al-Ag alloy disk due to their high hardness. As for steel ball, evidently, the wear area is larger compared to those of Al2O3 ball and SiC ball, and material transfer is not

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observed distinctly by the EDS analysis, as shown in Fig. 13 (c, f). Moreover, the furrows are found on steel ball surface. The abrasive wear of steel ball is attributed to a relatively low hardness of 316L steel (about 200 Hv) compared to that of the single

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Ni3Al (about 380 Hv) [22]. These results are corresponding to the wear scar profile of the Ni3Al-Ag alloy disk coupled with steel ball (Fig. 12 (c)). The large wear area of steel ball leads to the wide wear scar of the Ni3Al-Ag alloy disk. Also the wear loss of

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steel ball gives rise to the material transfer from the coupled ball to the Ni3Al-Ag alloy disk.

To confirm the chemical composition of the worn surface, the Raman tests of the

Ni3Al-Ag alloy disks after wear are carried out. Fig. 14 shows the Raman spectra of the Ni3Al-Ag alloy coupled with Al2O3, SiC and 316L steel balls at 200 N and 20 Hz. There is not obvious peak in the Raman spectra of the Ni3Al-Ag alloy coupled with Al2O3 ball and SiC ball, as shown in Figs. 14 a and b. This could be ascribed to Ag and Ni3Al still being metal state after wear. Nevertheless, the peaks of Fe3O4 are found remarkably in Raman spectra from Fig. 14 c when the Ni3Al-Ag alloy is

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT coupled with 316L steel ball, which proves that the black wear debris is mainly consisting of Fe3O4 in Figs. 10 and 11 [9, 23]. The worn morphology and surface composition determining the surface shear strength are response to abrasive wear and adhesive wear to some extent, respectively.

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When mating with Al2O3 ball, the Ni3Al-Ag alloy has a relatively slick worn surface, suggesting that tiny furrow gives rise to slightly mechanical action from plowing, which belongs to mild abrasive wear. Also, it is in favor of the formation of fluid lubricating film. Moreover, Ag distributed on the worn surface acts as solid lubricant

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to bring the surface shearing stress down and retard adhesive wear. When the Ni3Al-Ag alloy is coupled with SiC ball, although its chemical composition of the

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worn surface is identical to that coupled with Al2O3 ball (Fig. 14), the friction coefficient is raised. This is attributed to the following factors that the increasingly plowing effect on the rough worn surface strengthens abrasive wear, and material transfer causes slight adhesive wear. As for the tribo-pair of the Ni3Al-Ag alloy and 316L steel ball, there is no doubt that both the exacerbation of plowing effect and the

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correspondingly large contact area intensify mechanical interlocking effect. Furthermore, the formation of numerous ferric oxides on the worn surface also decreases the lubricating properties of Ag in Ni3Al matrix, resulting in the augment of

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surface shear strength [7, 9, 24]. It is concluded that the Ni3Al-Ag alloy coupled with Al2O3 ball exhibits a desirable lubricity in view of mechanical action and surface adhesion.

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The investigation shows that the Ni3Al-Ag solid-lubricating alloy coupled with

Al2O3 ceramic is a promising tribo-pair in seawater environment, and the combined action of solid lubrication and seawater lubrication is the feasible lubrication technology for marine application. 4. Conclusions This paper investigated the tribological matching of nickel aluminum-silver solid-lubricating alloy coupled with different tribo-pairs in marine environment. Al2O3 and SiC ceramics and 316L steel were selected as the counterparts of a Ni3Al-Ag solid-lubricating alloy, and the friction and wear properties at various applied loads

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT and sliding speeds in simulated seawater were studied. (1) When sliding against Al2O3 ball, the Ni3Al-Ag alloy exhibits the desirable lubricating properties. The friction coefficient increases slightly from 0.11 to 0.13 with applied load from 50 N to 200 N, and decreases from 0.20 to 0.10 with the

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sliding speed decreasing from 5 Hz to 30 Hz. The Ni3Al-Ag alloy coupled with Al2O3 ball has a relatively smooth worn surface and no obvious material transfer at the contact surface.

(2) As the Ni3Al-Ag alloy is coupled with SiC ball, the furrows and cracks are

and seawater salts are adhesive on SiC ball surface.

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present on the rough worn surface and the transfer materials from the Ni3Al-Ag alloy

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(3) As for the tribo-pair of the Ni3Al-Ag alloy and 316L steel ball, the coarse furrows, delaminated pits and ferric oxide cover with the worn surface. Furthermore, material transfer occurs from 316L steel ball to Ni3Al-Ag alloy disk. Acknowledgments

This work was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China

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(51675511 and 51701227). References

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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Figure captions Fig. 1 Friction coefficient of Ni3Al-Ag alloy coupled with Al2O3, SiC and steel balls at various applied loads and sliding speeds Fig. 2 Friction coefficient of Ni3Al-Ag alloy coupled with Al2O3 ceramic with sliding time from 50 N to 200 N at a sliding speed of 20 Hz (a) and from 5 Hz to 30 Hz at an

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applied load of 100 N (b)

Fig. 3 Friction coefficient of Ni3Al-Ag alloy coupled with SiC ceramic with sliding time from 50 N to 200 N at a sliding speed of 20 Hz (a) and from 5 Hz to 30 Hz at an

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applied load of 100 N (b)

Fig. 4 Friction coefficient of Ni3Al-Ag alloy coupled with 316L steel with sliding time

applied load of 100 N (b)

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from 50 N to 200 N at a sliding speed of 20 Hz (a) and from 5 Hz to 30 Hz at an

Fig. 5 Wear rates of the Ni3Al-Ag alloy coupled with Al2O3 ball, SiC ball and 316L steel ball at various applied loads and a sliding speed of 20 Hz (a) and at various sliding speeds and an applied load of 100 N (b)

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Fig. 6 Worn surfaces of the Ni3Al-Ag alloy coupled with Al2O3 ball at a sliding speed of 20 Hz and different applied load: (a) 50 N, (b) 100 N, (c) 150 N, (d) 200 N Fig. 7 Worn surfaces of the Ni3Al-Ag alloy coupled with Al2O3 ball at an applied load of 100 N and different sliding speeds: (a) 5 Hz, (b) 10 Hz, (c) 20 Hz, (d) 30 Hz

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Fig. 8 Worn surfaces of the Ni3Al-Ag alloy coupled with SiC ball at a sliding speed of 20 Hz and different applied loads: (a) 50 N, (b) 100 N, (c) 150 N, (d) 200 N

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Fig. 9 Worn surfaces of the Ni3Al-Ag alloy coupled with SiC ball at an applied load of 100 N and different sliding speeds: (a) 5 Hz, (b) 10 Hz, (c) 20 Hz, (d) 30 Hz Fig. 10 Worn surfaces of the Ni3Al-Ag alloy coupled with 316L steel ball at a sliding speed of 20 Hz and different applied loads: (a) 50 N, (b) 100 N, (c) 150 N, (d) 200 N; the elemental distribution mappings of worn surface in Fig. 10 (d) : (e) Ni, (f) Fe and (g) O Fig. 11 Worn surfaces of the Ni3Al-Ag alloy coupled with 316L steel ball at an applied load of 100 N and different sliding speeds: (a) 5 Hz, (b) 10 Hz, (c) 20 Hz, (d) 30 Hz

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Fig. 12 Wear profiles of the Ni3Al-Ag alloy coupled with Al2O3 ball (a), SiC ball (b) and 316L steel ball (c) at different applied loads of 100 N and 200 N and at the same sliding speed of 20 Hz Fig. 13 Worn morphologies of the coupled balls and the corresponding EDS results at

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200 N and 20 Hz: (a, d) Al2O3 ball, (b, e) SiC ball, and (c, f) steel ball Fig. 14 Raman spectra of the Ni3Al-Ag alloy coupled with different balls at 200 N and

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20 Hz: (a) Al2O3 ball, (b) SiC ball and (c) 316L steel ball

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Al2O3 ball

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Friction coefficient

Friction coefficient

(a)

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0

Al2O3 ball

100

Load/N

150

Steel ball

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0 50

SiC ball

200

10

5

RI PT

0.6

20

30

Frequency/Hz

Fig. 1 Friction coefficient of Ni3Al-Ag alloy coupled with Al2O3, SiC and steel balls

0.3

0.3

50 N 150 N

100 N 200 N Friction coefficient

(b)

0.2

0.1

0

300

600

900

1200

Time/Second

0.2

5 Hz 20 Hz

M AN U

Friction coefficient

(a)

SC

at various applied loads and sliding speeds

1500

10 Hz 30 Hz

0.1

1800

0

300

600

900

1200

1500

1800

Time/Second

TE D

Fig. 2 Friction coefficient of Ni3Al-Ag alloy coupled with Al2O3 ceramic with sliding time from 50 N to 200 N at a sliding speed of 20 Hz (a) and from 5 Hz to 30 Hz at an applied load of 100 N (b)

0.3

50 N 150 N

300

600

900

1200

1500

1800

5 Hz 20 Hz

(b) Friction coefficient

0.1

0

0.3

100 N 200 N

EP

0.2

AC C

Friction coefficient

(a)

10 Hz 30 Hz

0.2

0.1

0

300

Time/Second

600

900

1200

1500

1800

Time/Second

Fig. 3 Friction coefficient of Ni3Al-Ag alloy coupled with SiC ceramic with sliding time from 50 N to 200 N at a sliding speed of 20 Hz (a) and from 5 Hz to 30 Hz at an applied load of 100 N (b)

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 0.6

0.6

50 N 150 N

(a)

100 N 200 N

10 Hz 30 Hz

0.5

Friction coefficient

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1 0

300

600

900

1200

1500

1800

0

300

600

900

1200

1500

1800

RI PT

Friction coefficient

5 Hz 20 Hz

(b)

0.5

Time/Second

Time/Second

Fig. 4 Friction coefficient of Ni3Al-Ag alloy coupled with 316L steel with sliding time from 50 N to 200 N at a sliding speed of 20 Hz (a) and from 5 Hz to 30 Hz at an

SiC ball

(b)

Steel ball

1E-5

SiC ball

Steel ball

3

1E-5

Al2O3 ball

M AN U

Wear rate (mm /Nm)

Al2O3 ball

3

Wear rate (mm /Nm)

(a)

SC

applied load of 100 N (b)

1E-6

1E-6

50

100

150

Load/N

200

5

10

20

30

Frequency/Hz

TE D

Fig. 5 Wear rates of the Ni3Al-Ag alloy coupled with Al2O3 ball, SiC ball and 316L steel ball at various applied loads and a sliding speed of 20 Hz (a) and at various

AC C

EP

sliding speeds and an applied load of 100 N (b)

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

(a)

(b) Wear Debris Island-like Ag Shallow Furrows

Island-like Ag

(c)

(d) Wear Debris

RI PT

Shallow Furrows

M AN U

SC

Shallow Furrows

Island-like Ag

Fig. 6 Worn surfaces of the Ni3Al-Ag alloy coupled with Al2O3 ball at a sliding speed of 20 Hz and different applied load: (a) 50 N, (b) 100 N, (c) 150 N, (d) 200 N (b)

TE D

(a)

Tiny Furrows

AC C

EP

Tiny Furrows

(c)

(d)

Tiny Furrows

Fig. 7 Worn surfaces of the Ni3Al-Ag alloy coupled with Al2O3 ball at an applied load of 100 N and different sliding speeds: (a) 5 Hz, (b) 10 Hz, (c) 20 Hz, (d) 30 Hz

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

RI PT

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

SC

Cracks

Wide Furrows

M AN U

Wide Furrows

Cracks

Fig. 8 Worn surfaces of the Ni3Al-Ag alloy coupled with SiC ball at a sliding speed of 20 Hz and different applied loads: (a) 50 N, (b) 100 N, (c) 150 N, (d) 200 N (a)

TE D

(b)

AC C

EP

Tiny Furrows

(c)

(d)

Cracks Cracks

Fig. 9 Worn surfaces of the Ni3Al-Ag alloy coupled with SiC ball at an applied load of 100 N and different sliding speeds: (a) 5 Hz, (b) 10 Hz, (c) 20 Hz, (d) 30 Hz

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT (a)

(b)

Wide and Deep Furrows Wide and Deep Furrows

RI PT

Delaminated Pits

(d)

(c)

SC

Delaminated Pits

(f)

(g)

TE D

(e)

M AN U

Black Wear Debris

Fig. 10 Worn surfaces of the Ni3Al-Ag alloy coupled with 316L steel ball at a sliding speed of 20 Hz and different applied loads: (a) 50 N, (b) 100 N, (c) 150 N, (d) 200 N;

AC C

EP

the elemental distribution mappings of worn surface in Fig. 10 (d) : (e) Ni, (f) Fe and (g) O

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

(a)

(b)

RI PT

Wide Furrows Wide Furrows

(d)

SC

(c)

Delaminated Pits

M AN U

Wide and Deep Furrows

Fig. 11 Worn surfaces of the Ni3Al-Ag alloy coupled with 316L steel ball at an applied load of 100 N and different sliding speeds: (a) 5 Hz, (b) 10 Hz, (c) 20 Hz, (d)

TE D

30 Hz

The coarse furrows cover with on the worn surfaces from 5 Hz to 20 Hz. With increasing speed to 30 Hz, there are the large delaminated pits on the wear scar. Meanwhile, the black wear debris is also observed to adhesive on the worn surfaces.

Wear scar depth/µm

0

-5

5

AC C

-10

-20

Ni3Al-Ag disk/SiC ball

Ni3Al-Ag disk/Al2O3 ball

-25

-25

Tiny furrows

Wide furrows

-30

1.0

100N 200N

-15

100N 200N

-20

0.5

-5

-10

-15

0.0

(b)

0

Wear scar depth/µm

(a)

EP

5

-30 1.5

Wear scar width/mm

2.0

2.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Wear scar width/mm

2.0

2.5

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 5

(c)

Wear scar depth/µm

0

-5

-10

-15

100N 200N

-20

Coarse furrows -25

Ni3Al-Ag disk/Steel ball 0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

Wear scar width/mm

RI PT

-30

Fig. 12 Wear profiles of the Ni3Al-Ag alloy coupled with Al2O3 ball (a), SiC ball (b) and 316L steel ball (c) at different applied loads of 100 N and 200 N and at the same

SC

sliding speed of 20 Hz

(b)

(d)

(e)

(c)

M AN U

(a)

TE D

(f)

EP

Fig. 13 Worn morphologies of the coupled balls and the corresponding EDS results at 200 N and 20 Hz: (a, d) Al2O3 ball, (b, e) SiC ball, and (c, f) steel ball

AC C

(a)

200

400

Ni3Al-Ag disk/Al2O3 ball

600

800 -1

Raman shift (cm )

1000

(b)

Ni3Al-Ag disk/SiC ball

200

400

600

800 -1

Raman shift (cm )

1000

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT (c)

Ni3Al-Ag disk/Steel ball 1: Fe3O4

1

1

200

400

600

800 -1

Raman shift (cm )

1000

RI PT

1

Fig. 14 Raman spectra of the Ni3Al-Ag alloy coupled with different balls at 200 N and

AC C

EP

TE D

M AN U

SC

20 Hz: (a) Al2O3 ball, (b) SiC ball and (c) 316L steel ball

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Highlights 1. Ni3Al-Ag alloy coupled with Al2O3 exhibits low friction coefficient in seawater. 2. The mild furrow and Ag improve tribological behavior of Ni3Al-Ag/Al2O3

RI PT

tribo-pair. 3. The increasingly plowing and slight material transfer deteriorate SiC counterface.

AC C

EP

TE D

M AN U

SC

4. The coarse plowing and ferric oxide exacerbate steel counterface.