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Using eye blink measures to determine deceptive intent
International Journal of Psychophysiology 94 (2014) 120–261
cognitive processing. In order to clarify the nature of this relationship between eye blinks and cognitive processing, several analysis paradigms were proposed by John Stern, et al. These analysis paradigms included eye blink rate (EBR) denoting the number of eye blink occurrences over a specific time interval; eye blink latency (EBL) denoting the time interval between stimulus onset and first blink onset; inter-blink interval (IBI) denoting the time interval between a blink onset and the subsequent blink onset; and temporal distribution of blinks (TDB) denoting the cumulative occurrence of blinking pre- and post-stimulus. EBR was found to increase as time on task also increased, suggesting that it could be an index of fatigue. EBL increased as a function of processing time, suggesting that it could be related to serial cognitive processing. IBI readings of less than one second seemed to be indicative of double blinks and occurred after a stimulus requiring a long processing time. TDB was found to be inhibited pre-stimulus and for the duration of the stimulus, but was facilitated within a one second interval post-stimulus to produce a peak in the blink histogram. Double TDB peaks consisting of double blinks with shorter IBIs were recorded after a difficult stimulus. Thus, spontaneous eye blinks were found to be inhibited during a period of anticipation while awaiting the next event or while processing events, and coincided with the termination of the processing interval. These results suggest that eye blinks occur as a consequence of cognitive processing flow. The advantage of spontaneous eye blink monitoring is that it is non-invasive thereby allowing us to minimize the distress caused to the study subject by the monitoring apparatus. This is particularly relevant in instances where the study subject is a young person and/or has a developmental disorder. The eye blinks of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), for example, have been found, via noninvasive monitoring, to be non-synchronized with the speaker's eye blinks at pauses in the speaker's speech. This alludes to the benefit of blink recording devices, such as video image recording, which allow monitoring to occur at a distance from the subject. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.08.710
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The processes involved with fewer eyeblinks in a concealed information test Takuro Otsukaa, Mitsuyoshi Mizutania, Fumio Yamadab a Forensic Science Laboratory, Hyogo Prefectural Police H.Q., Japan b Osaka University of Human Science, Japan Concealed Information Test (CIT) has been recognized as one of the scientific method of psychophysiological detection of deception. CIT is considered as a kind of memory detection test. The test has been applied not only to laboratory studies but also to real forensic investigations. In the forensic search, it is conducted by measuring autonomic responses such as respiration movements, heart rate, electrodermal activity and peripheral vasoconstriction. In the laboratory studies, a variety of other physiological measures (i.e. event-related brain potentials, pupil dilatation, and vocal measure) have been examined for applicability to CIT. Recently, some studies have reported that eyeblinks have the potentials of applicability for CIT. In these studies, the number of eyebliks to crime-related information was fewer than that to non-crimerelated information in CIT. This study was designed to examine the process involved with fewer eyeblinks to crime-related information than to non-crime-related information in a CIT. In line with the prior studies, there have been two interpretations to the pattern of eyeblinks, namely, selective attention to the crime-related information and cognitive demand of the act of lying about that information. In this experiment, twenty four participants committed a mock crime of theft prior to taking a CIT. In the CIT, we measured eyeblinks and autonomic responses, and compared those responses between two groups differing in the intention to conceal during CIT. As a result, the fewer eyeblinks to crime-related information was confirmed, regardless of the degree of intention to conceal in CIT. However, the average rate of eyeblinks was also lower in a group with high intention to conceal during CIT. In addition, it was confirmed that the latency of eyeblink, which is the time interval between stimulus onset and first eyeblink onset, to crime-related information was latter to non-crime-related one. These findings imply that multiple processes were involved with fewer eyeblinks in CIT.
Using eye blink measures to determine deceptive intent Frank M. Marchak Veridical Research and Design Corporation, United States The use of eye blinks in detecting deception has been shown by several researchers (e.g., Fukuda, 2001; Kanachi, Sasaki, & Hatayama, 2005; Leal & Vrij, 2008; Leal & Vrij, 2010). In two experiments, changes in eye blink behavior were examined to determine deceptive or false intent relating to future actions. Participants in the deceptive intent conditions participated in a mock crime that involved transporting an explosive device, intending to provide the device to a contact who would use it to cause a disturbance. In both the deceptive intent and truthful intent conditions, three types of questions were presented — relevant to intent to transport an explosive device, relevant to intent to engage in an unrelated illegal act, and neutral questions — while eye blink behavior was measured. It was found in both experiments that deceptive intent and truthful intent participants differed in blink count during and immediately following individual questions, total number of blinks, and maximum blink time length. Those with deceptive intent showed a suppression of blinking during the questions when compared to the ten second period after the end of the questions, a lower number of blinks, and shorter maximum blink duration to questions relevant to intent to deliver an explosive device versus questions relevant to intent to deliver illegal drugs. The findings demonstrate that eye blink measures can provide information about deceptive intentions. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.08.711
doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.08.712
Symposium B6 Cognitive and psychomotor influence on postural control Organizers: Olga M. Bazanova (Russia) & Paula Viana Wackermann (Germany) Postural control emerges as the expression of both feed-forward, centrally driven and feed-back peripherally dependent mechanisms. It is strictly connected to all the repertoire of motor skills that can be executed in standing position and, similarly to the latter, it may undergo plasticity phenomena optimizing its performance. Moreover, it is influenced by cognitive and psychomotor states and traits. Since postural control is affected by age, brain lesions and pathologies, its modulation can be used as an indicator of both cognitive impair, brain damage and recovery. In the light of these considerations we propose a symposium focused on the following topics: 1. Do the indices of postural stability correlate with those of psychomotor performance? In this respect, are there any differences between skilled athletes and untrained people and what is the impact of balance training on highly demanding motor skill? 2. How biofeedback training effects on alpha EEG activity, heart rate variability, postural control and shooting performance?
cognitive processing. In order to clarify the nature of this relationship between eye blinks and cognitive processing, several analysis paradigms were proposed by John Stern, et al. These analysis paradigms included eye blink rate (EBR) denoting the number of eye blink occurrences over a specific time interval; eye blink latency (EBL) denoting the time interval between stimulus onset and first blink onset; inter-blink interval (IBI) denoting the time interval between a blink onset and the subsequent blink onset; and temporal distribution of blinks (TDB) denoting the cumulative occurrence of blinking pre- and post-stimulus. EBR was found to increase as time on task also increased, suggesting that it could be an index of fatigue. EBL increased as a function of processing time, suggesting that it could be related to serial cognitive processing. IBI readings of less than one second seemed to be indicative of double blinks and occurred after a stimulus requiring a long processing time. TDB was found to be inhibited pre-stimulus and for the duration of the stimulus, but was facilitated within a one second interval post-stimulus to produce a peak in the blink histogram. Double TDB peaks consisting of double blinks with shorter IBIs were recorded after a difficult stimulus. Thus, spontaneous eye blinks were found to be inhibited during a period of anticipation while awaiting the next event or while processing events, and coincided with the termination of the processing interval. These results suggest that eye blinks occur as a consequence of cognitive processing flow. The advantage of spontaneous eye blink monitoring is that it is non-invasive thereby allowing us to minimize the distress caused to the study subject by the monitoring apparatus. This is particularly relevant in instances where the study subject is a young person and/or has a developmental disorder. The eye blinks of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), for example, have been found, via noninvasive monitoring, to be non-synchronized with the speaker's eye blinks at pauses in the speaker's speech. This alludes to the benefit of blink recording devices, such as video image recording, which allow monitoring to occur at a distance from the subject. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.08.710
163
The processes involved with fewer eyeblinks in a concealed information test Takuro Otsukaa, Mitsuyoshi Mizutania, Fumio Yamadab a Forensic Science Laboratory, Hyogo Prefectural Police H.Q., Japan b Osaka University of Human Science, Japan Concealed Information Test (CIT) has been recognized as one of the scientific method of psychophysiological detection of deception. CIT is considered as a kind of memory detection test. The test has been applied not only to laboratory studies but also to real forensic investigations. In the forensic search, it is conducted by measuring autonomic responses such as respiration movements, heart rate, electrodermal activity and peripheral vasoconstriction. In the laboratory studies, a variety of other physiological measures (i.e. event-related brain potentials, pupil dilatation, and vocal measure) have been examined for applicability to CIT. Recently, some studies have reported that eyeblinks have the potentials of applicability for CIT. In these studies, the number of eyebliks to crime-related information was fewer than that to non-crimerelated information in CIT. This study was designed to examine the process involved with fewer eyeblinks to crime-related information than to non-crime-related information in a CIT. In line with the prior studies, there have been two interpretations to the pattern of eyeblinks, namely, selective attention to the crime-related information and cognitive demand of the act of lying about that information. In this experiment, twenty four participants committed a mock crime of theft prior to taking a CIT. In the CIT, we measured eyeblinks and autonomic responses, and compared those responses between two groups differing in the intention to conceal during CIT. As a result, the fewer eyeblinks to crime-related information was confirmed, regardless of the degree of intention to conceal in CIT. However, the average rate of eyeblinks was also lower in a group with high intention to conceal during CIT. In addition, it was confirmed that the latency of eyeblink, which is the time interval between stimulus onset and first eyeblink onset, to crime-related information was latter to non-crime-related one. These findings imply that multiple processes were involved with fewer eyeblinks in CIT.
Using eye blink measures to determine deceptive intent Frank M. Marchak Veridical Research and Design Corporation, United States The use of eye blinks in detecting deception has been shown by several researchers (e.g., Fukuda, 2001; Kanachi, Sasaki, & Hatayama, 2005; Leal & Vrij, 2008; Leal & Vrij, 2010). In two experiments, changes in eye blink behavior were examined to determine deceptive or false intent relating to future actions. Participants in the deceptive intent conditions participated in a mock crime that involved transporting an explosive device, intending to provide the device to a contact who would use it to cause a disturbance. In both the deceptive intent and truthful intent conditions, three types of questions were presented — relevant to intent to transport an explosive device, relevant to intent to engage in an unrelated illegal act, and neutral questions — while eye blink behavior was measured. It was found in both experiments that deceptive intent and truthful intent participants differed in blink count during and immediately following individual questions, total number of blinks, and maximum blink time length. Those with deceptive intent showed a suppression of blinking during the questions when compared to the ten second period after the end of the questions, a lower number of blinks, and shorter maximum blink duration to questions relevant to intent to deliver an explosive device versus questions relevant to intent to deliver illegal drugs. The findings demonstrate that eye blink measures can provide information about deceptive intentions. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.08.711
doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.08.712
Symposium B6 Cognitive and psychomotor influence on postural control Organizers: Olga M. Bazanova (Russia) & Paula Viana Wackermann (Germany) Postural control emerges as the expression of both feed-forward, centrally driven and feed-back peripherally dependent mechanisms. It is strictly connected to all the repertoire of motor skills that can be executed in standing position and, similarly to the latter, it may undergo plasticity phenomena optimizing its performance. Moreover, it is influenced by cognitive and psychomotor states and traits. Since postural control is affected by age, brain lesions and pathologies, its modulation can be used as an indicator of both cognitive impair, brain damage and recovery. In the light of these considerations we propose a symposium focused on the following topics: 1. Do the indices of postural stability correlate with those of psychomotor performance? In this respect, are there any differences between skilled athletes and untrained people and what is the impact of balance training on highly demanding motor skill? 2. How biofeedback training effects on alpha EEG activity, heart rate variability, postural control and shooting performance?