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Vesicle formation of quaternary ammonium amphiphiles with protected aldehyde groups
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Ion Exchange Resins as Important Industrial Polymer-supported Catalysts Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechoslovakia
K . Je~fibek a n d K . S e t i n e k ,
Catalysts for large-scale industrial applications must be not only active and selective enough for the given purpose, but must be also economically available. This is the reason why organic ion exchangers are the only polymer-supported catalysts widely used in industrial practice. They are also the most thoroughly studied polymer-based catalysts. Therefore, accumulated experience allows us to draw valuable conclusions about special properties of polymeric catalyst carriers. The first part of this contribution will be devoted to this aspect. In the second part, practical aspects of the use of ion exchangers as catalysts will be discussed. Some experience will be reported with ion exchangers as catalysts for the synthesis of bisphenol A, the esterification of acrylic acid and the synthesis of MTBE. Not intended for publication.
Heterogeneous Polymer Membrane as a Carrier for the Immobilization of Biocatalysts J o z e f C e y n o w a , Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland An enzymatic polymer membrane for a biocatalytic membrane reactor has been prepared. It is a two-component system which manifests ultrafiltration transport properties as well as a catalytic action caused by the immobilized enzyme. The membrane consists of a continuous phase of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), giving to the membrane good filtration properties, and a dispersed phase of polyacrylamide (PAA), which acts as enzyme carrier. The activation of the carrier polymer and the immobilization of an enzyme are performed directly on the ready-made membrane. Transport characteristics of the membrane, i.e., pore size and pore size distribution, have been determined by means of the combined Carplus method. It has been found that these qualities are dependent on the parameters of the membrane formation process: the phase inversion in the fine suspension of PAA grains in PVC-dimethyl formamide solution under the influence of water. The applicability of the membrane for biocatalytic processes has been proved in the process of saccharose inversion after the immobilization of fl-fructofuranosidase (EC 3.2.1.26.). The enzyme load capacity for this enzyme attains a value of 10 m g / g PAA, which results in a few tenths of milligrams per square centimeter of membrane. To be submitted to
AngewandteMakromolekulareChemie.
Vesicle Formation of Quaternary Ammonium Amphiphiles with Protected Aldehyde Groups B o h u m i r V a l t e r a n d V a c l a v J a n o u t , Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechoslovakia Amphiphiles bearing reactive aldehyde groups represent an attractive class of compounds for preparation of vesicles. Quaternary ammonium amphiphiles with a latent aldehyde moiety, the 1,3-dioxolane group, have been synthesized. During sonication in water they produced vesicles having a diameter ranging between 100 and 225 nm (dynamic light scattering). Electron micrographs of this dispersion confirmed the presence of closed vesicles with diameters of about 115 nm. The stability of the vesicles as confirmed by Nicomp analysis showed no substantial change. The liberation of the aldehyde group is discussed. Not intended for publication.
A Contribution to Triphase Catalysis Georgi Popov and Gerhard
Schwachula,
VEB Chemical Combinat, Bitterfeld, G.D.R.
Polymer-supported quaternary ammonium salts of the benzyltriethylammonium type were used as catalysts in the reaction of butyl bromide with sodium iodide performed in an aqueous-organic medium. The conversion of butyl
Ion Exchange Resins as Important Industrial Polymer-supported Catalysts Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechoslovakia
K . Je~fibek a n d K . S e t i n e k ,
Catalysts for large-scale industrial applications must be not only active and selective enough for the given purpose, but must be also economically available. This is the reason why organic ion exchangers are the only polymer-supported catalysts widely used in industrial practice. They are also the most thoroughly studied polymer-based catalysts. Therefore, accumulated experience allows us to draw valuable conclusions about special properties of polymeric catalyst carriers. The first part of this contribution will be devoted to this aspect. In the second part, practical aspects of the use of ion exchangers as catalysts will be discussed. Some experience will be reported with ion exchangers as catalysts for the synthesis of bisphenol A, the esterification of acrylic acid and the synthesis of MTBE. Not intended for publication.
Heterogeneous Polymer Membrane as a Carrier for the Immobilization of Biocatalysts J o z e f C e y n o w a , Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland An enzymatic polymer membrane for a biocatalytic membrane reactor has been prepared. It is a two-component system which manifests ultrafiltration transport properties as well as a catalytic action caused by the immobilized enzyme. The membrane consists of a continuous phase of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), giving to the membrane good filtration properties, and a dispersed phase of polyacrylamide (PAA), which acts as enzyme carrier. The activation of the carrier polymer and the immobilization of an enzyme are performed directly on the ready-made membrane. Transport characteristics of the membrane, i.e., pore size and pore size distribution, have been determined by means of the combined Carplus method. It has been found that these qualities are dependent on the parameters of the membrane formation process: the phase inversion in the fine suspension of PAA grains in PVC-dimethyl formamide solution under the influence of water. The applicability of the membrane for biocatalytic processes has been proved in the process of saccharose inversion after the immobilization of fl-fructofuranosidase (EC 3.2.1.26.). The enzyme load capacity for this enzyme attains a value of 10 m g / g PAA, which results in a few tenths of milligrams per square centimeter of membrane. To be submitted to
AngewandteMakromolekulareChemie.
Vesicle Formation of Quaternary Ammonium Amphiphiles with Protected Aldehyde Groups B o h u m i r V a l t e r a n d V a c l a v J a n o u t , Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechoslovakia Amphiphiles bearing reactive aldehyde groups represent an attractive class of compounds for preparation of vesicles. Quaternary ammonium amphiphiles with a latent aldehyde moiety, the 1,3-dioxolane group, have been synthesized. During sonication in water they produced vesicles having a diameter ranging between 100 and 225 nm (dynamic light scattering). Electron micrographs of this dispersion confirmed the presence of closed vesicles with diameters of about 115 nm. The stability of the vesicles as confirmed by Nicomp analysis showed no substantial change. The liberation of the aldehyde group is discussed. Not intended for publication.
A Contribution to Triphase Catalysis Georgi Popov and Gerhard
Schwachula,
VEB Chemical Combinat, Bitterfeld, G.D.R.
Polymer-supported quaternary ammonium salts of the benzyltriethylammonium type were used as catalysts in the reaction of butyl bromide with sodium iodide performed in an aqueous-organic medium. The conversion of butyl