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VITACEAE
Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 123 (2003) 67^70 www.elsevier.com/locate/revpalbo
The Northwest European Pollen Flora, 64
VITACEAE W. Punt, A. Marks, P.P. Hoen Laboratory of Palaeobotany and Palynology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Literature Arobba et al. (1984), Bamzai and Randhawa (1965), Erdtman (1952), Erdtman et al. (1961, 1963), F+gri and Iversen (1989), Kuprianova and Alyoshina (1978), Lombardo et al. (1978), Maas (1977), Moore et al. (1991), Nema and Sharma (1981), Reille (1967, 1995, 1998), Straka (1954), Valde¤s et al. (1987), Visset (1971), Wodehouse (1935).
Introduction The family Vitaceae is a tropical and subtropical family with 12 genera and about 700 species (Heywood, 1993). In Europe only the cultivated species Vitis vinifera occurs (Webb, 1968). Because of its importance in cultivation much research has been done on the pollen of cultivars (e.g. Bamzai and Randhawa, 1965; Lombardo et al., 1978; Reille, 1967). Many publications on pollen of Vitis compare it with that of Rhamnaceae. Pollen grains of Vitis are reported from the Tertiary (Ingwersen, 1954) and the Holocene (Godwin, 1975). The terminology used follows that recommended by Punt et al. (1994).
Specimens examined All specimens listed here are housed in the herbarium of Utrecht (U). Vitis vinifera L. ^ Corsica: Exc. Biol. Stud. Utrecht 1965-713; * Corresponding author. Tel.: +31-030-253-2765; Fax: +31-030-253-5096. E-mail address: [email protected] (P.P. Hoen).
France: Punt s.n.; Germany: Behrendsen s.n., Berg 146, Exc. Biol. Stud. Utrecht s.n. 1964, Reichenbach 1464; Greece: Hohenacker 306: Italy: Noe 1464.
Descriptions of pollen types Vitis vinifera type (Plate 1) Pollen class: 3-zonocolporate. P/E ratio: Spheroidal to prolate. Apertures: Ectoaperture ^ colpus, very long, narrow, slit-like, slightly, but distinctly sunken; margins distinct, straight, regular in light microscopy (LM) (in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) irregular); ends distinct, acute; colpus membrane indistinct, in SEM some granules visible on the membrane; narrow costae colpi connected to the costae endopori. Endoaperture ^ a circular pore with narrow, but distinct costae. Exine: Thin to fairly thin. Sexine about as thick as nexine or slightly thicker (at poles). Sexine 1 of very low, indistinct columellae, in LM hardly visible at the equator, higher towards the poles and there distinct. Sexine 2 an irregular semitectum, smooth at the equator, at the poles consisting of circular capita. Sexine 3 only visible in SEM. Ornamentation : Psilate in LM, in SEM micro-rugulate at poles as well as in mesocolpium. Muri of
0034-6667 / 02 / $ ^ see front matter C 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. PII: S 0 0 3 4 - 6 6 6 7 ( 0 2 ) 0 0 1 5 5 - 0
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the rugulae thick, lumina narrow, usually irregularly elongated, more or less winding. Columellae indistinct in the mesocolpial area, at poles distinct, irregularly in size and outline. Outlines : Equatorial view ^ elliptic to rhombic obtuse. Polar view ^ distinctly triangular-obtuse to hexangular, sides straight or slightly concave, apertures situated at the obtuse angles. Measurements: Glycerine jelly ^ P 20.0^(22.0)^ 24.5 Wm; E 17.0^(19.5)^21.5 Wm; P/E ratio 1.00^(1.15)^1.41; Apocolpium index 0.12^(0.24)^ 0.29; exine about 1^2 Wm. Silicone oil ^ P 19.0^ (22.0)^26.5 Wm; E 17.5^(20.5)^26.5 Wm; P/E ratio 1.02^(1.07)^1.20. Species: Vitis vinifera Comments The Vitis vinifera type is easily recognized by its small, circular endoporus with narrow costae, its triangular outline in polar view and micro-rugulate ornamentation. It resembles the pollen of the Rhamnaceae in its polar view, but di¡ers markedly by its circular endoporus without H-endoaperture and micro-rugulate ornamentation.
References Arobba, D., De Leonardis, W., Meli, R., Picione, V., 1984. Flora Palinologica Italiana. Nuovo contributo di actuopalinoschede. Boll. Acc. Gioenia Sci. Nat. 17, 529^558. Bamzai, R.D., Randhawa, G.S., 1965. Palynological studies in subtropical fruit trees. Mango (Mangifera indica L.), grapes (Vitis spp.), and phalsa (Grewia asiatica L.). Palynol. Bull. Lucknow l, 36^43. Erdtman, G., 1952. Pollen Morphology and Plant Taxonomy. Angiosperms. Almqvist and Wiksell, Stockholm, 539 pp. Erdtman, G., Berglund, B., Praglowski, J., 1961. An Introduction to a Scandinavian Pollen Flora. Grana Palynol. 2, 3^92. Erdtman, G., Praglowski, J., Nilsson, S., 1963. An Introduction to a Scandinavian Pollen Flora, II. Almqvist and Wiksell, Stockholm, 89 pp. F+gri, K., Iversen, J., 1989. Textbook of Pollen Analysis (F+gri, K., Kaland, P.E., Krzywinski, K., Eds.), 4th edn. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, 328 pp.
Godwin, H., 1975. The History of the British Flora. A Factual Basis for Phytogeography, 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 541 pp. Heywood, V.H., 1993. Flowering Plants of the World. B.T. Batsford, London, 336 pp. Ingwersen, P., 1954. Some microfossils from Danish, Late Tertiary Lignites. Dan. Geol. Unders. II 80, 31^64. Kuprianova, L.A., Alyoshina, L.A., 1978. Pollen and Spores of Plants from the Flora of European Part of the USSR. Vol. II. Lamiaceae^Zygophyllaceae. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Komarov Botanical Institute, Leningrad, 184 pp. (in Russian). Lombardo, G., Cargnello, G., Bassi, M., Carraro, L., 1978. Pollen ultrastructure in di¡erent vine cultivars with low productivity. Vitis 17, 221^228. Maas, J.L., 1977. Pollen ultrastructure of strawberry and other small-fruit crops. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 102, 569^571. Moore, P.D., Webb, J.A., Collinson, M.E., 1991. Pollen Analysis, 2nd edn. Blackwell, London, 216 pp. Nema, M.K., Sharma, B.B., 1981. Palynological studies on some Vitis species. J. Palynol. 17, 141^146. Punt, W., Blackmore, S., Nilsson, S., Le Thomas, A., 1994. Glossary of Pollen and Spore Terminology. LPP Contrib. Ser. 1, Utrecht, 71 pp. Reille, M., 1967. Contribution a' l’e¤tude palynologique de la famille Vitace¤es. Pollen Spores 9, 279^303. Reille, M., 1995. Pollen et Spores d’Europe et d’Afrique du Nord. Suppl. 1. Lab. Bot. Hist. Palynologie, Marseille, 327 pp. Reille, M., 1998. Pollen et Spores d’Europe et d’Afrique du Nord. Suppl. 2. Lab. Bot. Hist. Palynologie, Marseille, 521 pp. Straka, H., 1954. Die Pollenmorphologie der europaeischen Cornus Arten und einiger a«hnlicher Pollen Typen. Flora 141, 101^109. Valde¤s, B., D|¤ez, M.J., Ferna¤ndez, I., 1987. Atlas polinico de Andalucia Occidental. Instituto de Desarrolo Regional No.43, Universidad de Sevilla Excma, Diputacion de Cadiz, 450 pp. Visset, L., 1971. Quelques pollens actuels en microscopie e¤lectronique a' la balayage. C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris D 273, 946^ 948. Webb, D.A., 1968. Vitaceae. In: Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M., Webb, D.A. (Eds.), Flora Europaea, 2, Rosaceae to Umbelliferae. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 246^247. Wodehouse, R.P., 1935. Pollen Grains. Their Structure, Identi¢cation and Signi¢cance in Science and Medicine. McGraw-Hill, New York, 574 pp.
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Plate description (all ¢gures U2000 except where otherwise stated) PLATE 1 (p. 70) Vitis vinifera L. (Punt s.n.) 1. SEM micrograph; equatorial view; mesocolpium. 2. SEM micrograph; equatorial view; colpus. 3. SEM micrograph; polar view; long colpi. 4. SEM micrograph; equatorial view; detail of colpus (U5000). 5. Equatorial view; cross-section. 6. Polar view; cross-section. 7. Equatorial view; aperture at high focus; ectocolpus. 8. Equatorial view; aperture at low focus; circular endoporus with costae. 9. Polar view; ornamentation at high focus. 10. Polar view; ornamentation at medium focus. 11. Polar view; ornamentation at low focus.
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70
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PLATE 1 (Vitis vinifera type: Vitis vinifera)
PALBO 2488 21-2-03
The Northwest European Pollen Flora, 64
VITACEAE W. Punt, A. Marks, P.P. Hoen Laboratory of Palaeobotany and Palynology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Literature Arobba et al. (1984), Bamzai and Randhawa (1965), Erdtman (1952), Erdtman et al. (1961, 1963), F+gri and Iversen (1989), Kuprianova and Alyoshina (1978), Lombardo et al. (1978), Maas (1977), Moore et al. (1991), Nema and Sharma (1981), Reille (1967, 1995, 1998), Straka (1954), Valde¤s et al. (1987), Visset (1971), Wodehouse (1935).
Introduction The family Vitaceae is a tropical and subtropical family with 12 genera and about 700 species (Heywood, 1993). In Europe only the cultivated species Vitis vinifera occurs (Webb, 1968). Because of its importance in cultivation much research has been done on the pollen of cultivars (e.g. Bamzai and Randhawa, 1965; Lombardo et al., 1978; Reille, 1967). Many publications on pollen of Vitis compare it with that of Rhamnaceae. Pollen grains of Vitis are reported from the Tertiary (Ingwersen, 1954) and the Holocene (Godwin, 1975). The terminology used follows that recommended by Punt et al. (1994).
Specimens examined All specimens listed here are housed in the herbarium of Utrecht (U). Vitis vinifera L. ^ Corsica: Exc. Biol. Stud. Utrecht 1965-713; * Corresponding author. Tel.: +31-030-253-2765; Fax: +31-030-253-5096. E-mail address: [email protected] (P.P. Hoen).
France: Punt s.n.; Germany: Behrendsen s.n., Berg 146, Exc. Biol. Stud. Utrecht s.n. 1964, Reichenbach 1464; Greece: Hohenacker 306: Italy: Noe 1464.
Descriptions of pollen types Vitis vinifera type (Plate 1) Pollen class: 3-zonocolporate. P/E ratio: Spheroidal to prolate. Apertures: Ectoaperture ^ colpus, very long, narrow, slit-like, slightly, but distinctly sunken; margins distinct, straight, regular in light microscopy (LM) (in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) irregular); ends distinct, acute; colpus membrane indistinct, in SEM some granules visible on the membrane; narrow costae colpi connected to the costae endopori. Endoaperture ^ a circular pore with narrow, but distinct costae. Exine: Thin to fairly thin. Sexine about as thick as nexine or slightly thicker (at poles). Sexine 1 of very low, indistinct columellae, in LM hardly visible at the equator, higher towards the poles and there distinct. Sexine 2 an irregular semitectum, smooth at the equator, at the poles consisting of circular capita. Sexine 3 only visible in SEM. Ornamentation : Psilate in LM, in SEM micro-rugulate at poles as well as in mesocolpium. Muri of
0034-6667 / 02 / $ ^ see front matter C 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. PII: S 0 0 3 4 - 6 6 6 7 ( 0 2 ) 0 0 1 5 5 - 0
PALBO 2488 21-2-03
68
W. Punt et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 123 (2003) 67^70
the rugulae thick, lumina narrow, usually irregularly elongated, more or less winding. Columellae indistinct in the mesocolpial area, at poles distinct, irregularly in size and outline. Outlines : Equatorial view ^ elliptic to rhombic obtuse. Polar view ^ distinctly triangular-obtuse to hexangular, sides straight or slightly concave, apertures situated at the obtuse angles. Measurements: Glycerine jelly ^ P 20.0^(22.0)^ 24.5 Wm; E 17.0^(19.5)^21.5 Wm; P/E ratio 1.00^(1.15)^1.41; Apocolpium index 0.12^(0.24)^ 0.29; exine about 1^2 Wm. Silicone oil ^ P 19.0^ (22.0)^26.5 Wm; E 17.5^(20.5)^26.5 Wm; P/E ratio 1.02^(1.07)^1.20. Species: Vitis vinifera Comments The Vitis vinifera type is easily recognized by its small, circular endoporus with narrow costae, its triangular outline in polar view and micro-rugulate ornamentation. It resembles the pollen of the Rhamnaceae in its polar view, but di¡ers markedly by its circular endoporus without H-endoaperture and micro-rugulate ornamentation.
References Arobba, D., De Leonardis, W., Meli, R., Picione, V., 1984. Flora Palinologica Italiana. Nuovo contributo di actuopalinoschede. Boll. Acc. Gioenia Sci. Nat. 17, 529^558. Bamzai, R.D., Randhawa, G.S., 1965. Palynological studies in subtropical fruit trees. Mango (Mangifera indica L.), grapes (Vitis spp.), and phalsa (Grewia asiatica L.). Palynol. Bull. Lucknow l, 36^43. Erdtman, G., 1952. Pollen Morphology and Plant Taxonomy. Angiosperms. Almqvist and Wiksell, Stockholm, 539 pp. Erdtman, G., Berglund, B., Praglowski, J., 1961. An Introduction to a Scandinavian Pollen Flora. Grana Palynol. 2, 3^92. Erdtman, G., Praglowski, J., Nilsson, S., 1963. An Introduction to a Scandinavian Pollen Flora, II. Almqvist and Wiksell, Stockholm, 89 pp. F+gri, K., Iversen, J., 1989. Textbook of Pollen Analysis (F+gri, K., Kaland, P.E., Krzywinski, K., Eds.), 4th edn. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, 328 pp.
Godwin, H., 1975. The History of the British Flora. A Factual Basis for Phytogeography, 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 541 pp. Heywood, V.H., 1993. Flowering Plants of the World. B.T. Batsford, London, 336 pp. Ingwersen, P., 1954. Some microfossils from Danish, Late Tertiary Lignites. Dan. Geol. Unders. II 80, 31^64. Kuprianova, L.A., Alyoshina, L.A., 1978. Pollen and Spores of Plants from the Flora of European Part of the USSR. Vol. II. Lamiaceae^Zygophyllaceae. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Komarov Botanical Institute, Leningrad, 184 pp. (in Russian). Lombardo, G., Cargnello, G., Bassi, M., Carraro, L., 1978. Pollen ultrastructure in di¡erent vine cultivars with low productivity. Vitis 17, 221^228. Maas, J.L., 1977. Pollen ultrastructure of strawberry and other small-fruit crops. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 102, 569^571. Moore, P.D., Webb, J.A., Collinson, M.E., 1991. Pollen Analysis, 2nd edn. Blackwell, London, 216 pp. Nema, M.K., Sharma, B.B., 1981. Palynological studies on some Vitis species. J. Palynol. 17, 141^146. Punt, W., Blackmore, S., Nilsson, S., Le Thomas, A., 1994. Glossary of Pollen and Spore Terminology. LPP Contrib. Ser. 1, Utrecht, 71 pp. Reille, M., 1967. Contribution a' l’e¤tude palynologique de la famille Vitace¤es. Pollen Spores 9, 279^303. Reille, M., 1995. Pollen et Spores d’Europe et d’Afrique du Nord. Suppl. 1. Lab. Bot. Hist. Palynologie, Marseille, 327 pp. Reille, M., 1998. Pollen et Spores d’Europe et d’Afrique du Nord. Suppl. 2. Lab. Bot. Hist. Palynologie, Marseille, 521 pp. Straka, H., 1954. Die Pollenmorphologie der europaeischen Cornus Arten und einiger a«hnlicher Pollen Typen. Flora 141, 101^109. Valde¤s, B., D|¤ez, M.J., Ferna¤ndez, I., 1987. Atlas polinico de Andalucia Occidental. Instituto de Desarrolo Regional No.43, Universidad de Sevilla Excma, Diputacion de Cadiz, 450 pp. Visset, L., 1971. Quelques pollens actuels en microscopie e¤lectronique a' la balayage. C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris D 273, 946^ 948. Webb, D.A., 1968. Vitaceae. In: Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M., Webb, D.A. (Eds.), Flora Europaea, 2, Rosaceae to Umbelliferae. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 246^247. Wodehouse, R.P., 1935. Pollen Grains. Their Structure, Identi¢cation and Signi¢cance in Science and Medicine. McGraw-Hill, New York, 574 pp.
PALBO 2488 21-2-03
W. Punt et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 123 (2003) 67^70
Plate description (all ¢gures U2000 except where otherwise stated) PLATE 1 (p. 70) Vitis vinifera L. (Punt s.n.) 1. SEM micrograph; equatorial view; mesocolpium. 2. SEM micrograph; equatorial view; colpus. 3. SEM micrograph; polar view; long colpi. 4. SEM micrograph; equatorial view; detail of colpus (U5000). 5. Equatorial view; cross-section. 6. Polar view; cross-section. 7. Equatorial view; aperture at high focus; ectocolpus. 8. Equatorial view; aperture at low focus; circular endoporus with costae. 9. Polar view; ornamentation at high focus. 10. Polar view; ornamentation at medium focus. 11. Polar view; ornamentation at low focus.
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W. Punt et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 123 (2003) 67^70
PLATE 1 (Vitis vinifera type: Vitis vinifera)
PALBO 2488 21-2-03