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Water Quality Laboratory and Safety Procedures
A P P E N D I X
IV Water Quality Laboratory and Safety Procedures David I. Prangnell*, Tzachi M. Samocha† *Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, San Marcos, TX, United States † Marine Solutions and Feed Technology, Spring, TX, United States
This appendix lists recommended equipment for a water quality laboratory at a large-scale intensive shrimp farm or research facility. Not all of this equipment will be necessary for smaller facilities and more affordable substitutes can be used. For example, a benchtop spectrophotometer may eliminate the need for TSS and alkalinity measuring equipment.
flammable chemicals such as ethanol, acetone, and formalin and a cabinet for storing corrosive chemicals (such as acids). b. Some chemicals, such as bleach and muriatic acid, should not be stored near each other owing to potential reaction. c. Store used hazardous chemicals (including chemical waste from water quality test kits) in clearly labeled, sealed inert containers away from high temperatures, and dispose in accordance with local laws and regulations. d. Store used and unused chemicals in tubs or trays within their storage areas to limit any spread of minor spills. e. Clearly label all chemicals and stored samples with the contents, date of arrival, and date of opening. Keep the original label with all relevant hazard information intact on the container.
IV.A SUGGESTED WATER QUALITY LABORATORY EQUIPMENT See Table AIV.1.
IV.B BASIC LABORATORY SAFETY Potential hazards to worker health in the water quality laboratory must be minimized. Worker safety can be maintained through: 1. Safe storage and labeling of chemicals a. The laboratory must have cabinets to safely store chemicals, that is, a cabinet for storing
2. Availability of protective equipment a. All workers must use protective equipment relevant to each potential hazard— laboratory coats, respirators, safety glasses,
367
368 TABLE AIV.1
APPENDIX IV WATER QUALITY LABORATORY AND SAFETY PROCEDURES
Recommended Water Quality Laboratory Analyses, Equipment, and Supplies Equipment and Supplies
Infrastructure
Purpose/s
Water analysis and evaluation room
General
Air conditioner
General
Cabinets
Storage a
Fume hood
Chemical handling safety
Sink with running freshwater
General
Work bench
General
Eyewash station
Chemical safety
Corrosive liquids cabinet
Chemical storage
Potential Substitutes
Flammable liquids cabinet Equipment
Oven (150°C)a
TSS analysis
TSS probe, spectrophotometer, or photometer
Bacterial monitoring
Send samples to
a
Muffle furnace
Vacuum pumpa Filtration manifolda Filtration funnels and fittingsa 2-L Suction Erlenmeyer’sa Crucibles (ceramic or aluminum)a Aluminum traysa Metal tongs (large)a Desiccatorsa Desiccanta Bunsen burner (alcohol or gas) Inoculation (wire) loops
external laboratory
Blender Incubation oven (20–45°C) Spray bottle 250-mL glass sample bottles 125-mL Erlenmeyer flasksa a
25-mL burette
Adjustable burette stand and clampa Stirring platea Magnetic stirring barsa
Alkalinity titration
Test kit, digital titrator, spectrophotometer, or
APPENDIX IV WATER QUALITY LABORATORY AND SAFETY PROCEDURES
TABLE AIV.1
369
Recommended Water Quality Laboratory Analyses, Equipment, and Supplies—cont’d Equipment and Supplies
Purpose/s
Imhoff cones
SS Determination
Reverse osmosis unita
Deionized water production
Hemocytometera
Cell counts
Refrigerator
General
Freezer
General
Computer
General
Micropipettes (electronic or manual) (100–1000 μL; 0.5–10 mL)
General
Electronic balance, 1-mg readability
General
Electronic balance, 0.1-g readability
General
Dissecting microscope
General
Compound microscope
a
Potential Substitutes
Bottled deionized water
General
Calculator
General
Tally (handheld counter)
General
Timer
General
Table lamp
General
Alcohol thermometers ( 20 to 110°C)
General
Metal forceps
General
Plastic forceps
General
Dissecting scissors
General
Drying rack
General
Paper towel dispenser
General
Deionized water bottles (500 mL)
General
Beakers (50, 100, 500, 1000 mL)
General
Funnels
General
Graduated cylinders (100 mL, 1 L)
General
Test tubes (10 mL)
General
Miscellaneous glass and labware
General
Broken glassware and sharps disposal container
Lab waste
Chemical waste disposal containers
Lab waste
Rubbish bins
Lab waste Continued
370 TABLE AIV.1
APPENDIX IV WATER QUALITY LABORATORY AND SAFETY PROCEDURES
Recommended Water Quality Laboratory Analyses, Equipment, and Supplies—cont’d Equipment and Supplies
Consumables
Chemicals and reagents
Purpose/s
Potential Substitutes
GF/A Glass-fiber filter disksa
TSS analysis
TCBS/RambaCHROM agar plates
Vibrio monitoring
27G Needles
Hemolymph sampling
Micropipette tips (1000 μL)
General
Micropipette tips (5 mL)
General
Micropipette tips (10 mL)
General
1-mL syringes
General
5-mL syringes
General
50-mL syringes
General
Filter paper
General
250-mL plastic sample bottles
General
Detergent
General
Hand sanitizer
General
Delicate task wipes
General
Paper towels
General
Brushes
General
Fine tip black markers
General
Pencils
General
Bromocresol Green or Bromocresol green—Methyl red indicator powder pillowsa
Alkalinity titration
Test kit, digital titrator, spectrophotometer, or photometer
Reagents for measuring nitrogenous and other compounds (using a flow-injection analyzer, spectrophotometer, or photometer)
Measuring TAN, NO2, NO3, PO4 etc.
Compound-specific test kits
Ethyl alcohol (Ethanol)
Disinfection and sample preservation
Formalin solution
Sample preservation
Glacial acetic acid
Sample preservation
Methyl Reda Phenolphthalein or phenolphthalein indicator powder pillowsa Sulfuric acid (concentrated)a Tris (Hydroxymethyl) Aminomethane (THAM)a
APPENDIX IV WATER QUALITY LABORATORY AND SAFETY PROCEDURES
TABLE AIV.1
Recommended Water Quality Laboratory Analyses, Equipment, and Supplies—cont’d Equipment and Supplies
Water quality testers
Safety equipment
371
Purpose/s
Potential Substitutes
Sodium hypochlorite
Disinfection
Sodium thiosulfate
Neutralizing chlorine
Multiparameter probes (DO, pH, salinity, temperature)
Measuring DO, pH, salinity, and temperature
Refractometers
Measuring salinity
Spectrophotometer
Measuring dissolved compounds
Photometer, compoundspecific test kits
Turbidimetera
Measuring turbidity
Spectrophotometer or photometer
TSS Probea
Measuring TSS
Gravimetric method, spectrophotometer, or photometer
Laboratory coats
Personal safety equipment
Safety glasses Respirators and filters Dust masks Autoclave glovesa Chemical gloves Disposable nitrile examination gloves
Other
MSDS File
Chemical information
First Aid Kit
First Aid
Program or application for water quality calculationsa
Water quality calculations
Manual calculations
a
Optional, depending on the scale of the facility.
chemical-resistant boots and gloves. Keep this equipment clean and in good order. Each worker should have their own set and be aware of what protective equipment is required for each hazard. b. A functioning eyewash station and (preferably) shower should also be available.
3. Access to and understanding chemical information a. Maintain an up-to-date MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet) file in an accessible location within the laboratory. This file should contain MSDS for each chemical in the lab in alphabetical order.
372
APPENDIX IV WATER QUALITY LABORATORY AND SAFETY PROCEDURES
b. All workers should know how to interpret an MSDS and the DOT labels (or equivalent) on all chemicals in use. c. Display warning signs and charts concerning hazards in the laboratory in prominent locations near the hazards in question. 4. An up-to-date first-aid kit a. An up-to-date first aid kit must be accessible in the laboratory. 5. A clean and tidy laboratory (good housekeeping practices) a. Maintain proper storage for all equipment and chemicals. Return every item to its storage location after use. b. Implement an equipment cleaning procedure. For example, clean used glassware with a laboratory detergent (such as Alconox), rinse several times in tap water, then rinse several times in deionized water and dry on a dedicated drying rack.
c. Clean up spills immediately, following relevant safety procedures and notifying other workers of the spill hazard. 6. Regular training in safe laboratory practices a. Train all workers in laboratory safety procedures, chemical use, interpreting MSDS and labels, and evacuation procedures when they begin employment and regularly, with updates, thereafter. b. One staff member should be responsible for laboratory health and safety, ensuring that all procedures are followed, updating procedures as required, and maintaining safety equipment, MSDS file, and the first aid kit. c. All staff is responsible for reporting potential hazards to the health and safety officer or manager. Staff should be trained in basic first aid by a certified instructor.
IV Water Quality Laboratory and Safety Procedures David I. Prangnell*, Tzachi M. Samocha† *Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, San Marcos, TX, United States † Marine Solutions and Feed Technology, Spring, TX, United States
This appendix lists recommended equipment for a water quality laboratory at a large-scale intensive shrimp farm or research facility. Not all of this equipment will be necessary for smaller facilities and more affordable substitutes can be used. For example, a benchtop spectrophotometer may eliminate the need for TSS and alkalinity measuring equipment.
flammable chemicals such as ethanol, acetone, and formalin and a cabinet for storing corrosive chemicals (such as acids). b. Some chemicals, such as bleach and muriatic acid, should not be stored near each other owing to potential reaction. c. Store used hazardous chemicals (including chemical waste from water quality test kits) in clearly labeled, sealed inert containers away from high temperatures, and dispose in accordance with local laws and regulations. d. Store used and unused chemicals in tubs or trays within their storage areas to limit any spread of minor spills. e. Clearly label all chemicals and stored samples with the contents, date of arrival, and date of opening. Keep the original label with all relevant hazard information intact on the container.
IV.A SUGGESTED WATER QUALITY LABORATORY EQUIPMENT See Table AIV.1.
IV.B BASIC LABORATORY SAFETY Potential hazards to worker health in the water quality laboratory must be minimized. Worker safety can be maintained through: 1. Safe storage and labeling of chemicals a. The laboratory must have cabinets to safely store chemicals, that is, a cabinet for storing
2. Availability of protective equipment a. All workers must use protective equipment relevant to each potential hazard— laboratory coats, respirators, safety glasses,
367
368 TABLE AIV.1
APPENDIX IV WATER QUALITY LABORATORY AND SAFETY PROCEDURES
Recommended Water Quality Laboratory Analyses, Equipment, and Supplies Equipment and Supplies
Infrastructure
Purpose/s
Water analysis and evaluation room
General
Air conditioner
General
Cabinets
Storage a
Fume hood
Chemical handling safety
Sink with running freshwater
General
Work bench
General
Eyewash station
Chemical safety
Corrosive liquids cabinet
Chemical storage
Potential Substitutes
Flammable liquids cabinet Equipment
Oven (150°C)a
TSS analysis
TSS probe, spectrophotometer, or photometer
Bacterial monitoring
Send samples to
a
Muffle furnace
Vacuum pumpa Filtration manifolda Filtration funnels and fittingsa 2-L Suction Erlenmeyer’sa Crucibles (ceramic or aluminum)a Aluminum traysa Metal tongs (large)a Desiccatorsa Desiccanta Bunsen burner (alcohol or gas) Inoculation (wire) loops
external laboratory
Blender Incubation oven (20–45°C) Spray bottle 250-mL glass sample bottles 125-mL Erlenmeyer flasksa a
25-mL burette
Adjustable burette stand and clampa Stirring platea Magnetic stirring barsa
Alkalinity titration
Test kit, digital titrator, spectrophotometer, or
APPENDIX IV WATER QUALITY LABORATORY AND SAFETY PROCEDURES
TABLE AIV.1
369
Recommended Water Quality Laboratory Analyses, Equipment, and Supplies—cont’d Equipment and Supplies
Purpose/s
Imhoff cones
SS Determination
Reverse osmosis unita
Deionized water production
Hemocytometera
Cell counts
Refrigerator
General
Freezer
General
Computer
General
Micropipettes (electronic or manual) (100–1000 μL; 0.5–10 mL)
General
Electronic balance, 1-mg readability
General
Electronic balance, 0.1-g readability
General
Dissecting microscope
General
Compound microscope
a
Potential Substitutes
Bottled deionized water
General
Calculator
General
Tally (handheld counter)
General
Timer
General
Table lamp
General
Alcohol thermometers ( 20 to 110°C)
General
Metal forceps
General
Plastic forceps
General
Dissecting scissors
General
Drying rack
General
Paper towel dispenser
General
Deionized water bottles (500 mL)
General
Beakers (50, 100, 500, 1000 mL)
General
Funnels
General
Graduated cylinders (100 mL, 1 L)
General
Test tubes (10 mL)
General
Miscellaneous glass and labware
General
Broken glassware and sharps disposal container
Lab waste
Chemical waste disposal containers
Lab waste
Rubbish bins
Lab waste Continued
370 TABLE AIV.1
APPENDIX IV WATER QUALITY LABORATORY AND SAFETY PROCEDURES
Recommended Water Quality Laboratory Analyses, Equipment, and Supplies—cont’d Equipment and Supplies
Consumables
Chemicals and reagents
Purpose/s
Potential Substitutes
GF/A Glass-fiber filter disksa
TSS analysis
TCBS/RambaCHROM agar plates
Vibrio monitoring
27G Needles
Hemolymph sampling
Micropipette tips (1000 μL)
General
Micropipette tips (5 mL)
General
Micropipette tips (10 mL)
General
1-mL syringes
General
5-mL syringes
General
50-mL syringes
General
Filter paper
General
250-mL plastic sample bottles
General
Detergent
General
Hand sanitizer
General
Delicate task wipes
General
Paper towels
General
Brushes
General
Fine tip black markers
General
Pencils
General
Bromocresol Green or Bromocresol green—Methyl red indicator powder pillowsa
Alkalinity titration
Test kit, digital titrator, spectrophotometer, or photometer
Reagents for measuring nitrogenous and other compounds (using a flow-injection analyzer, spectrophotometer, or photometer)
Measuring TAN, NO2, NO3, PO4 etc.
Compound-specific test kits
Ethyl alcohol (Ethanol)
Disinfection and sample preservation
Formalin solution
Sample preservation
Glacial acetic acid
Sample preservation
Methyl Reda Phenolphthalein or phenolphthalein indicator powder pillowsa Sulfuric acid (concentrated)a Tris (Hydroxymethyl) Aminomethane (THAM)a
APPENDIX IV WATER QUALITY LABORATORY AND SAFETY PROCEDURES
TABLE AIV.1
Recommended Water Quality Laboratory Analyses, Equipment, and Supplies—cont’d Equipment and Supplies
Water quality testers
Safety equipment
371
Purpose/s
Potential Substitutes
Sodium hypochlorite
Disinfection
Sodium thiosulfate
Neutralizing chlorine
Multiparameter probes (DO, pH, salinity, temperature)
Measuring DO, pH, salinity, and temperature
Refractometers
Measuring salinity
Spectrophotometer
Measuring dissolved compounds
Photometer, compoundspecific test kits
Turbidimetera
Measuring turbidity
Spectrophotometer or photometer
TSS Probea
Measuring TSS
Gravimetric method, spectrophotometer, or photometer
Laboratory coats
Personal safety equipment
Safety glasses Respirators and filters Dust masks Autoclave glovesa Chemical gloves Disposable nitrile examination gloves
Other
MSDS File
Chemical information
First Aid Kit
First Aid
Program or application for water quality calculationsa
Water quality calculations
Manual calculations
a
Optional, depending on the scale of the facility.
chemical-resistant boots and gloves. Keep this equipment clean and in good order. Each worker should have their own set and be aware of what protective equipment is required for each hazard. b. A functioning eyewash station and (preferably) shower should also be available.
3. Access to and understanding chemical information a. Maintain an up-to-date MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet) file in an accessible location within the laboratory. This file should contain MSDS for each chemical in the lab in alphabetical order.
372
APPENDIX IV WATER QUALITY LABORATORY AND SAFETY PROCEDURES
b. All workers should know how to interpret an MSDS and the DOT labels (or equivalent) on all chemicals in use. c. Display warning signs and charts concerning hazards in the laboratory in prominent locations near the hazards in question. 4. An up-to-date first-aid kit a. An up-to-date first aid kit must be accessible in the laboratory. 5. A clean and tidy laboratory (good housekeeping practices) a. Maintain proper storage for all equipment and chemicals. Return every item to its storage location after use. b. Implement an equipment cleaning procedure. For example, clean used glassware with a laboratory detergent (such as Alconox), rinse several times in tap water, then rinse several times in deionized water and dry on a dedicated drying rack.
c. Clean up spills immediately, following relevant safety procedures and notifying other workers of the spill hazard. 6. Regular training in safe laboratory practices a. Train all workers in laboratory safety procedures, chemical use, interpreting MSDS and labels, and evacuation procedures when they begin employment and regularly, with updates, thereafter. b. One staff member should be responsible for laboratory health and safety, ensuring that all procedures are followed, updating procedures as required, and maintaining safety equipment, MSDS file, and the first aid kit. c. All staff is responsible for reporting potential hazards to the health and safety officer or manager. Staff should be trained in basic first aid by a certified instructor.