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Wildlife pesticide poisoning in Portugal: Retrospective analytical results
S318
Abstracts / Toxicology Letters 196S (2010) S37–S351
P308-019 Application of biomass-derived activated carbon for the removal of lindane from aqueous solution A. El-Kady 1 , R. Carleer 2 , J. Yperman 2 , J.Y. Farah 1 1
National Research Center, Egypt, 2 Universiteit Hasselt, Belgium
Lindane is organochlorine pesticide that has been used extensively in Egypt as insecticide. It is recognized internationally as toxic, persistent and bio-accumulative in nature and contaminates water through agricultural, domestic and industrial activities. The aim of the current work is to utilize activated carbon produced from agriculture by-product to adsorb and remove lindane from aqueous solutions under different experimental conditions. Dates stones are used for preparation of activated carbon using chemical activation by impregnation with H3 PO4 (85%) at ratio of 1:3 (w/w), dates stones: H3 PO4 , respectively followed by pyrolysis at 500 ◦ C for 2 h (AC1). Whereas, Norit activated carbon is used as a reference carbon (AC2) and untreated dates stones were used as carbonaceous raw material (AC3). A matrix effect analysis is applied to correlate the lindane adsorption capacity to the agitation time, initial levels of lindane (1–10 mg/L), carbon dose (50–100 mg), pH (3–11) and different temperatures (15–45 ◦ C). Physicochemical properties are investigated by several procedures; carbon yield, elemental analysis and TGA, SEM. Porosity characteristics are determined by conventional N2 adsorption at 77 K. Data are analyzed to get the major texture parameters of surface area and pore volume. The results indicated that the maximum adsorption of lindane from aqueous solution within 30 min is achieved with AC1 (82%) followed by AC2 (16.5%) then AC3 (2.3%). The maximum removal percentages of lindane at equilibrium time are 98.6% for AC1 (within 3 h) and 94% for AC2 (within 4 h). The decrease in pH from 11 to 3 leads to an increase in the lindane retention onto the AC1 or AC2 whereas temperature does not affect the adsorption rate. The adsorption of lindane is increased as the adsorbent mass increases. It can be concluded that dates stones activated with H3 PO4 is effective in the removal of lindane from aqueous media under different conditions. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.03.1004
P308-020 Wildlife pesticide poisoning in Portugal: Retrospective analytical results A. Belas, B. Carrapic¸o, B. São Braz, A. Moreira Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, UTL, Portugal In this retrospective study result of wildlife (wild mammals and birds) pesticide poisoning, ranging from 2003 to 2009 are presented. Cases from suspicious poisoning were forwarded to the Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory (one of the interested parties in a monitoring program—ANTIDOTO PROGRAM) of the Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Portugal, where analytical determinations were performed. Insecticides compounds (Organochlorine, Organophosphate and Carbamates), anticoagulants rodenticides (Bromadiolone, Brodifacoum and Difenacoum), Strychnine, molluscicides (Methaldehyde and Metiocarb), and herbicides compounds (Paraquat and Diquat) were the poison substances searched on suspicious samples.
Samples were collected from dead animal; in most foxes (Vulpes vulpes), wolfs (Canis lupus), common genet (Genetta genetta), red kites (Milvus milvus), black kites (Milvus migrans), cinereous vultures (Aegypius monachus), griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus), magpie (Pica pica), eurasian badger (Meles meles), pigeons, mallard ducks, and also in food baits. Analytical determinations were performed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), gas chromatography using capillary columns equipped with electron capture (ECD) and flame ionization (FID) and by colorimetric analysis. The presence of pesticides could be observed in 72% of the samples from wild species analyzed since 2003. Our results show that most of the wildlife poisoning in Portugal has been caused by anticoagulant rodenticides (50.0%), the second most common cause of poisoning is represented by organophosphates with 22.2%, followed by Strychnine with 16.7%, Molluscicides with 6.94%, Carbamates insecticides with 2.78% and by with Paraquat 1.39%. Birds (pigeons, mallard ducks) have been the main victims of anticoagulant rodenticides. Strychnine was most frequently detected in foxes (Vulpes vulpes). This indicates that intentional poisoning is still prevalent, even since strychnine use and commercialization has been forbidden in Portugal (1988). For other xenobiotics, intentional poisoning cannot be evaluated, because other sources – agriculture and pest control use – can promote animal exposure to them. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.03.1005
P308-021 Effects of endocrine disruptors on steroidogenic enzymes gene expression and on aromatase activity in two human cell lines N. Quignot 1 , S. Desmots 1 , R. Barouki 2 , E. Lemazurier 1 1
INERIS, France, 2 INSERM UMR-S 747, France
Endocrine disruptors are chemicals that can alter functions of the endocrine system by several ways. In the present study, we have evaluated the effects of several endocrine disruptors and of some of their metabolites on the last step of steroidogenesis in two cell line models. Two enzymes are implicated in this step: aromatase (CYP19A1), which catalyzes the irreversible conversion of androgens to estrogens, and 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD17B), which catalyses the conversion of inactive sexual hormones to active ones. We have screened the selected chemicals for their ability to modulate the expression of steroidogenic enzymes and aromatase activity in the human choriocarcinoma JEG-3 cell line and in the human adrenocortical H295R cell line. All chemicals were tested at concentrations that did not cause cytotoxicity after 24 h of exposure, as tested by the MTT viability assay. Gene expression profile was assessed by RT-qPCR and aromatase activity was assessed by the method of tritiated water. Treatments of JEG-3 cells by atrazine, methoxychlor and the vinclozolin metabolite M2 resulted in an increase of CYP19A1 mRNA levels. In contrast, Bisphenol-A and the methoxychlor metabolite HPTE down-regulated the expression of CYP19A1 mRNA. Methoxychlor and HPTE decreased the amount of HSD17B1 mRNAs. In H295R cells, atrazine up-regulated CYP19A1 mRNA expression, HPTE increased HSD17B1 mRNA levels and methoxychlor increased HSD17B1 and HSD17B5 mRNA levels. Concerning the aromatase activity, treatment of H295R cells by atrazine induced aromatase activity. Furthermore, exposure of these cells to either bisphenol A or HPTE inhibited aromatase activity. In JEG-3 cells, which display higher basal aromatase expression than H295R cells, the pattern of aromatase activity regulation was similar but less pronounced.
Abstracts / Toxicology Letters 196S (2010) S37–S351
P308-019 Application of biomass-derived activated carbon for the removal of lindane from aqueous solution A. El-Kady 1 , R. Carleer 2 , J. Yperman 2 , J.Y. Farah 1 1
National Research Center, Egypt, 2 Universiteit Hasselt, Belgium
Lindane is organochlorine pesticide that has been used extensively in Egypt as insecticide. It is recognized internationally as toxic, persistent and bio-accumulative in nature and contaminates water through agricultural, domestic and industrial activities. The aim of the current work is to utilize activated carbon produced from agriculture by-product to adsorb and remove lindane from aqueous solutions under different experimental conditions. Dates stones are used for preparation of activated carbon using chemical activation by impregnation with H3 PO4 (85%) at ratio of 1:3 (w/w), dates stones: H3 PO4 , respectively followed by pyrolysis at 500 ◦ C for 2 h (AC1). Whereas, Norit activated carbon is used as a reference carbon (AC2) and untreated dates stones were used as carbonaceous raw material (AC3). A matrix effect analysis is applied to correlate the lindane adsorption capacity to the agitation time, initial levels of lindane (1–10 mg/L), carbon dose (50–100 mg), pH (3–11) and different temperatures (15–45 ◦ C). Physicochemical properties are investigated by several procedures; carbon yield, elemental analysis and TGA, SEM. Porosity characteristics are determined by conventional N2 adsorption at 77 K. Data are analyzed to get the major texture parameters of surface area and pore volume. The results indicated that the maximum adsorption of lindane from aqueous solution within 30 min is achieved with AC1 (82%) followed by AC2 (16.5%) then AC3 (2.3%). The maximum removal percentages of lindane at equilibrium time are 98.6% for AC1 (within 3 h) and 94% for AC2 (within 4 h). The decrease in pH from 11 to 3 leads to an increase in the lindane retention onto the AC1 or AC2 whereas temperature does not affect the adsorption rate. The adsorption of lindane is increased as the adsorbent mass increases. It can be concluded that dates stones activated with H3 PO4 is effective in the removal of lindane from aqueous media under different conditions. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.03.1004
P308-020 Wildlife pesticide poisoning in Portugal: Retrospective analytical results A. Belas, B. Carrapic¸o, B. São Braz, A. Moreira Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, UTL, Portugal In this retrospective study result of wildlife (wild mammals and birds) pesticide poisoning, ranging from 2003 to 2009 are presented. Cases from suspicious poisoning were forwarded to the Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory (one of the interested parties in a monitoring program—ANTIDOTO PROGRAM) of the Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Portugal, where analytical determinations were performed. Insecticides compounds (Organochlorine, Organophosphate and Carbamates), anticoagulants rodenticides (Bromadiolone, Brodifacoum and Difenacoum), Strychnine, molluscicides (Methaldehyde and Metiocarb), and herbicides compounds (Paraquat and Diquat) were the poison substances searched on suspicious samples.
Samples were collected from dead animal; in most foxes (Vulpes vulpes), wolfs (Canis lupus), common genet (Genetta genetta), red kites (Milvus milvus), black kites (Milvus migrans), cinereous vultures (Aegypius monachus), griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus), magpie (Pica pica), eurasian badger (Meles meles), pigeons, mallard ducks, and also in food baits. Analytical determinations were performed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), gas chromatography using capillary columns equipped with electron capture (ECD) and flame ionization (FID) and by colorimetric analysis. The presence of pesticides could be observed in 72% of the samples from wild species analyzed since 2003. Our results show that most of the wildlife poisoning in Portugal has been caused by anticoagulant rodenticides (50.0%), the second most common cause of poisoning is represented by organophosphates with 22.2%, followed by Strychnine with 16.7%, Molluscicides with 6.94%, Carbamates insecticides with 2.78% and by with Paraquat 1.39%. Birds (pigeons, mallard ducks) have been the main victims of anticoagulant rodenticides. Strychnine was most frequently detected in foxes (Vulpes vulpes). This indicates that intentional poisoning is still prevalent, even since strychnine use and commercialization has been forbidden in Portugal (1988). For other xenobiotics, intentional poisoning cannot be evaluated, because other sources – agriculture and pest control use – can promote animal exposure to them. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.03.1005
P308-021 Effects of endocrine disruptors on steroidogenic enzymes gene expression and on aromatase activity in two human cell lines N. Quignot 1 , S. Desmots 1 , R. Barouki 2 , E. Lemazurier 1 1
INERIS, France, 2 INSERM UMR-S 747, France
Endocrine disruptors are chemicals that can alter functions of the endocrine system by several ways. In the present study, we have evaluated the effects of several endocrine disruptors and of some of their metabolites on the last step of steroidogenesis in two cell line models. Two enzymes are implicated in this step: aromatase (CYP19A1), which catalyzes the irreversible conversion of androgens to estrogens, and 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD17B), which catalyses the conversion of inactive sexual hormones to active ones. We have screened the selected chemicals for their ability to modulate the expression of steroidogenic enzymes and aromatase activity in the human choriocarcinoma JEG-3 cell line and in the human adrenocortical H295R cell line. All chemicals were tested at concentrations that did not cause cytotoxicity after 24 h of exposure, as tested by the MTT viability assay. Gene expression profile was assessed by RT-qPCR and aromatase activity was assessed by the method of tritiated water. Treatments of JEG-3 cells by atrazine, methoxychlor and the vinclozolin metabolite M2 resulted in an increase of CYP19A1 mRNA levels. In contrast, Bisphenol-A and the methoxychlor metabolite HPTE down-regulated the expression of CYP19A1 mRNA. Methoxychlor and HPTE decreased the amount of HSD17B1 mRNAs. In H295R cells, atrazine up-regulated CYP19A1 mRNA expression, HPTE increased HSD17B1 mRNA levels and methoxychlor increased HSD17B1 and HSD17B5 mRNA levels. Concerning the aromatase activity, treatment of H295R cells by atrazine induced aromatase activity. Furthermore, exposure of these cells to either bisphenol A or HPTE inhibited aromatase activity. In JEG-3 cells, which display higher basal aromatase expression than H295R cells, the pattern of aromatase activity regulation was similar but less pronounced.