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Woodfuel procurement strategies of district heating plants
07 Alternative energy sources (bioconversion energy) The use of a staged pyrolysis process to produce medium BTU fuel gases for remote biomass power generation was evaluated. Five manure samples, including two chicken manure, turkey, cow, and seabird manure, were used as materials. The individual manure samples were subjected to primary pyrolysis evaluations in a thermogravimetric analyser with Fourier transform IR analysis of evolved gases. Results showed that chicken manure is well suited to the staged pyrolysis due to its relatively low ash and moisture contents and its availability in substantial quantities and many locations in the United States. A combination of primary and secondary pyrolysis processing produced a medium Btu fuel gas.
02lO1284 RenewMe hydr en production by catalytic steam reforming of peanut “a s ells pyrolysis products
Evans, R. J. et al. Preprints of Symposia - American Chemical Society, Division of Fuel Chemistry, 2002, 47, (2), 757-758. Pelletized peanut shells were pyrolysed in an experimental reactor with superheated steam. The resulting biomass pyrolysis oil was conduced to steam reforming to produce synthesis gas, and an additional step over a water gas shift catalyst eliminated the residual CO in the gas mixture to achieve a Hz rich gas. This experimental work demonstrated the feasibility of Hz production from renewable sources, and for the future the construction of a 3 pilot plant is planned.
02IO1299 SQcatatyxed ethanol productton
steam explosion of corn fiber for
Bura, R. et al. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology (2002,(988100) 59-72. Corn fibre, a byproduct of the corn wet-milling industry, represents a renewable resource that is readily available in significant quantities and could potentially serve as a low-cost feedstock for the production of fuel-grade alcohol A batch reactor was used to steam explode corn fibre at various degrees of severity to evaluate the potential of this feedstock in the bioconversion process. Maximum sugar yields [soluble and following enzymic (cellulase) hydrolysis] were recovered from corn fibre that was pretreated at 190” for 5 min with 6% SOz. Sequential SOz-catalysed steam explosion and enzymic hydrolysis resulted in very high conversion (81%) of all polysaccharides in the corn fibre to monomeric sugars. Subsequently, Saccharomyces cerevisiae was able to convert the resultant corn libre hydrolysates to ethanol very efficiently, yielding 90-96% of theoretical conversion during the fermentation process.
09/01288 Seam reforming of a clean model biogas over Nil Altos in flufdtxed- end fixed-bed reactors Effendi, A. et al. Catalysis Today, 2002, 77, (3), 181-189. Simultaneous steam, carbon dioxide reforming of methane was conducted over 11.5 wt% Ni/AlzOs, at 1 atm in micro-fluidizedand fixed-bed reactors using a constant molar ratio of CH,&Oz=l.5 as a model biogas. The performance of a fluidized reactor was compared to that of a fixed-bed reactor under similar conditions (feed gas to steam ratios of 1.5 and 0.75 at a reactor temperature of 75O”C, GHSV of 300 mini). Conversions of CH4 and CO2 were 75 and 67%, respectively, in a fixed-bed reactor under the ratio of 1.5. Overall higher conversions (7-15%) were observed in the fluidized-reforming reactor. The initial activity of the fixed-bed reformer decreased rapidly and massive carbon deposition caused reactor blockage at the low steam concentration. Decreased the feed gas to steam ratio to 0.75 reduced carbon deposition and the nature of the carbon was suggested not to be the cause of the catalytic enhancement of the fluidized reforming. A study of the fluidized-bed reformer under decreasing feed gas to steam ratios from 3.0 to 0.3 showed an almost complete CHI conversion (98% for feed gas to steam ratios below 1.0). With decreasing feed gas to steam ratio the Hz/CO ratios increased as expected from 1.5 to 2.7. At the highest feed gas to steam ratio, a poor catalyst fluidization was observed due to massive carbon deposition, which was reduced dramatically when steam was provided in excess. Increasing temperatures from 650 to 850°C enhanced both conversions and lowered Hz/ CO ratios.
02/01287
The mlnerats of peat in Dunhua, Jilin, China
Zhao, H. et al. Dongbei Shida Xuebao, Ziran Kexueban, 2002, 34, (l), 77-80. (In Chinese) The mineral substance of peat in Dunhua, Jilin was studied. The peat in the profiles in Daqiao and Harbaling, Dunhua were chosen, and content of ash was detected and compared with that of mineral soil below it and with that of the peat in the Chanbai Mountains. The ash content of the peat was more less than that of mineral soil below it, which was related to different ore types of peat from the same kind of plant in the same plot. The ash content of peat in Dunhua was belonged to low to middle grade; and Nap content in the component of ash of peat in Dunhua was higher than other peat.
0301288 Thermochemical conversion of residual biomass to hydrogen for Turkey Surmen, Y. and Demirbas, A. Energy Sources, 2002, 24, (5), 403-41 I. Thermochemical Conversion processes such as pyrolysis, steam gasification, and decarbonization of lignocellulosic materials have the potential to be cost competitive with conventional means~of producing hydrogen. Hydrogen will play an important role in a future energy economy mainly as a storage and transportation medium for renewable energy sources. Hydrogen may become the favoured energy carrier in a possible ‘greenhouse driven’ future due to its lack of carbon dioxide emission at the point of use. Decarbonizing fossil fuels to hydrogen, with carbon dioxide, being stored in deep geological Formations represents the least expensive way of producing carbon dioxide-free hydrogen.
02/01289 Vlsion for uttlixation of livestock waste as bioenergy resource in Japan
Fujino, J. et al. Nippon Energugi Gakkaishi. 2002. 81. (5). 3044310. (In Japanese) Utilization of livestock waste is important not only due to energy and material recycle but prevention of environmental pollution. This paper focuses on the following options from the viewpoint of Kyoto protocol, or the law for treatment of livestock waste: energy utilization of livestock waste, reduction of COz emissions due to substitution for fossil fuels, and reduction of other greenhouse gas emissions by appropriate treatments. Bioenergy potential of livestock waste in Japan was estimated as 167 PJ, which is equivalent to 0.7% of primary energy supply in 2000. When biogas production with methane fermentation and burning chicken manure at power plant are introduced for the whole livestock waste, electricity of 4.1 TW-h and heat of 46 PJ can be supplied. The amount of COz substitution for fossil fuels is 6.9 megaton CO*, which corresponds to 0.6% of total COz emissions in 1990. It has an additional effect to reduce CH44 and NzO emissions from conventional treatment of livestock waste.
09/01270 Woodfuel procurement strategies of district heating plants Roos, A. et al. Energy, 2003, 28, (2), 127-140. Woodfuel use in the Swedish district heating sector increased significantly from 1985 to 1999. This study analysed strategies and considerations concerning woodfuel procurement in district heating plants. Priorities and concerns in the industry involved an increased woodfuel share, ambitions to create an environmental image, cost minimization, awareness about the role of energy policies for fuel choice, improvement of woodfuel quality and the ambition to maintain a competitive woodfuel market with several suppliers. Factor analysis yielded five dimensions in the woodfuel procurement strategies among the district heating companies: (1) increased woodfuel use; (2) import; (3) spot market woodfuel purchases; (4) focus on refined woodfuels; and (5) using price only when deciding whether to use woodfuels or other fuels. Five clusters were defined along the three strategy dimensions (l)-(3). The clusters differed concerning size, experiences from the introduction of woodfuels, perceptions about woodfuels and strategies employed to date. This paper describes different strategies that the district heating companies apply on the woodfuel market. The conclusion is that policies should consider this diversity in procurement strategies, mitigate their negative side-effects and assist to make them cost-effective.
03/01271 Worldwide use of biomass in power generation and combined heat and power schemes
Arbon, I. M. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy, 2002, 216, (2(Al)), 41-57. This paper is a review of the use of biomass as a renewable fuel source. Biomass is a truly renewable, sustainable source of energy. This paper distinguishes between truly renewable, sustainable sources of fuel from agricultural sources, i.e. biomass, and the disposal of domestic, urban and hazardous waste in energy-from-waste (EFW) plants. Although these differences may appear to be marginal, and any EFW plant is of value for power generation, there are particular reasons why the generation of power from genuine biomass reaps environmental benefits. The bulk of the paper discusses the generation of electric power from a variety to different biomass substances, some from purpose-grown energy crops but mostly from agricultural residues. While this is predominantly through conventional combustion systems with steam turbines, more recent experience of both gasification and pyrolysis, with power generation by other prime movers, such as gas turbines and reciprocating engines is also covered. The concluding section of the paper looks briefly at the relative benefits of combustion, gasification and pyrolysis and what the future probably holds for each of these technologies.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
July 2003
233
02lO1284 RenewMe hydr en production by catalytic steam reforming of peanut “a s ells pyrolysis products
Evans, R. J. et al. Preprints of Symposia - American Chemical Society, Division of Fuel Chemistry, 2002, 47, (2), 757-758. Pelletized peanut shells were pyrolysed in an experimental reactor with superheated steam. The resulting biomass pyrolysis oil was conduced to steam reforming to produce synthesis gas, and an additional step over a water gas shift catalyst eliminated the residual CO in the gas mixture to achieve a Hz rich gas. This experimental work demonstrated the feasibility of Hz production from renewable sources, and for the future the construction of a 3 pilot plant is planned.
02IO1299 SQcatatyxed ethanol productton
steam explosion of corn fiber for
Bura, R. et al. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology (2002,(988100) 59-72. Corn fibre, a byproduct of the corn wet-milling industry, represents a renewable resource that is readily available in significant quantities and could potentially serve as a low-cost feedstock for the production of fuel-grade alcohol A batch reactor was used to steam explode corn fibre at various degrees of severity to evaluate the potential of this feedstock in the bioconversion process. Maximum sugar yields [soluble and following enzymic (cellulase) hydrolysis] were recovered from corn fibre that was pretreated at 190” for 5 min with 6% SOz. Sequential SOz-catalysed steam explosion and enzymic hydrolysis resulted in very high conversion (81%) of all polysaccharides in the corn fibre to monomeric sugars. Subsequently, Saccharomyces cerevisiae was able to convert the resultant corn libre hydrolysates to ethanol very efficiently, yielding 90-96% of theoretical conversion during the fermentation process.
09/01288 Seam reforming of a clean model biogas over Nil Altos in flufdtxed- end fixed-bed reactors Effendi, A. et al. Catalysis Today, 2002, 77, (3), 181-189. Simultaneous steam, carbon dioxide reforming of methane was conducted over 11.5 wt% Ni/AlzOs, at 1 atm in micro-fluidizedand fixed-bed reactors using a constant molar ratio of CH,&Oz=l.5 as a model biogas. The performance of a fluidized reactor was compared to that of a fixed-bed reactor under similar conditions (feed gas to steam ratios of 1.5 and 0.75 at a reactor temperature of 75O”C, GHSV of 300 mini). Conversions of CH4 and CO2 were 75 and 67%, respectively, in a fixed-bed reactor under the ratio of 1.5. Overall higher conversions (7-15%) were observed in the fluidized-reforming reactor. The initial activity of the fixed-bed reformer decreased rapidly and massive carbon deposition caused reactor blockage at the low steam concentration. Decreased the feed gas to steam ratio to 0.75 reduced carbon deposition and the nature of the carbon was suggested not to be the cause of the catalytic enhancement of the fluidized reforming. A study of the fluidized-bed reformer under decreasing feed gas to steam ratios from 3.0 to 0.3 showed an almost complete CHI conversion (98% for feed gas to steam ratios below 1.0). With decreasing feed gas to steam ratio the Hz/CO ratios increased as expected from 1.5 to 2.7. At the highest feed gas to steam ratio, a poor catalyst fluidization was observed due to massive carbon deposition, which was reduced dramatically when steam was provided in excess. Increasing temperatures from 650 to 850°C enhanced both conversions and lowered Hz/ CO ratios.
02/01287
The mlnerats of peat in Dunhua, Jilin, China
Zhao, H. et al. Dongbei Shida Xuebao, Ziran Kexueban, 2002, 34, (l), 77-80. (In Chinese) The mineral substance of peat in Dunhua, Jilin was studied. The peat in the profiles in Daqiao and Harbaling, Dunhua were chosen, and content of ash was detected and compared with that of mineral soil below it and with that of the peat in the Chanbai Mountains. The ash content of the peat was more less than that of mineral soil below it, which was related to different ore types of peat from the same kind of plant in the same plot. The ash content of peat in Dunhua was belonged to low to middle grade; and Nap content in the component of ash of peat in Dunhua was higher than other peat.
0301288 Thermochemical conversion of residual biomass to hydrogen for Turkey Surmen, Y. and Demirbas, A. Energy Sources, 2002, 24, (5), 403-41 I. Thermochemical Conversion processes such as pyrolysis, steam gasification, and decarbonization of lignocellulosic materials have the potential to be cost competitive with conventional means~of producing hydrogen. Hydrogen will play an important role in a future energy economy mainly as a storage and transportation medium for renewable energy sources. Hydrogen may become the favoured energy carrier in a possible ‘greenhouse driven’ future due to its lack of carbon dioxide emission at the point of use. Decarbonizing fossil fuels to hydrogen, with carbon dioxide, being stored in deep geological Formations represents the least expensive way of producing carbon dioxide-free hydrogen.
02/01289 Vlsion for uttlixation of livestock waste as bioenergy resource in Japan
Fujino, J. et al. Nippon Energugi Gakkaishi. 2002. 81. (5). 3044310. (In Japanese) Utilization of livestock waste is important not only due to energy and material recycle but prevention of environmental pollution. This paper focuses on the following options from the viewpoint of Kyoto protocol, or the law for treatment of livestock waste: energy utilization of livestock waste, reduction of COz emissions due to substitution for fossil fuels, and reduction of other greenhouse gas emissions by appropriate treatments. Bioenergy potential of livestock waste in Japan was estimated as 167 PJ, which is equivalent to 0.7% of primary energy supply in 2000. When biogas production with methane fermentation and burning chicken manure at power plant are introduced for the whole livestock waste, electricity of 4.1 TW-h and heat of 46 PJ can be supplied. The amount of COz substitution for fossil fuels is 6.9 megaton CO*, which corresponds to 0.6% of total COz emissions in 1990. It has an additional effect to reduce CH44 and NzO emissions from conventional treatment of livestock waste.
09/01270 Woodfuel procurement strategies of district heating plants Roos, A. et al. Energy, 2003, 28, (2), 127-140. Woodfuel use in the Swedish district heating sector increased significantly from 1985 to 1999. This study analysed strategies and considerations concerning woodfuel procurement in district heating plants. Priorities and concerns in the industry involved an increased woodfuel share, ambitions to create an environmental image, cost minimization, awareness about the role of energy policies for fuel choice, improvement of woodfuel quality and the ambition to maintain a competitive woodfuel market with several suppliers. Factor analysis yielded five dimensions in the woodfuel procurement strategies among the district heating companies: (1) increased woodfuel use; (2) import; (3) spot market woodfuel purchases; (4) focus on refined woodfuels; and (5) using price only when deciding whether to use woodfuels or other fuels. Five clusters were defined along the three strategy dimensions (l)-(3). The clusters differed concerning size, experiences from the introduction of woodfuels, perceptions about woodfuels and strategies employed to date. This paper describes different strategies that the district heating companies apply on the woodfuel market. The conclusion is that policies should consider this diversity in procurement strategies, mitigate their negative side-effects and assist to make them cost-effective.
03/01271 Worldwide use of biomass in power generation and combined heat and power schemes
Arbon, I. M. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy, 2002, 216, (2(Al)), 41-57. This paper is a review of the use of biomass as a renewable fuel source. Biomass is a truly renewable, sustainable source of energy. This paper distinguishes between truly renewable, sustainable sources of fuel from agricultural sources, i.e. biomass, and the disposal of domestic, urban and hazardous waste in energy-from-waste (EFW) plants. Although these differences may appear to be marginal, and any EFW plant is of value for power generation, there are particular reasons why the generation of power from genuine biomass reaps environmental benefits. The bulk of the paper discusses the generation of electric power from a variety to different biomass substances, some from purpose-grown energy crops but mostly from agricultural residues. While this is predominantly through conventional combustion systems with steam turbines, more recent experience of both gasification and pyrolysis, with power generation by other prime movers, such as gas turbines and reciprocating engines is also covered. The concluding section of the paper looks briefly at the relative benefits of combustion, gasification and pyrolysis and what the future probably holds for each of these technologies.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
July 2003
233