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Woodlands equipment maintenance: An analysis of mechanical labor energy expenditure
22.3.48 (120187)
Manton, J.G., Hughes, P.K., and Ford, C.M. Human engineering methods and aircrew systems. In: Ergonomics, technology and productivity. Proc 25th Ann Conf of the Ergonomics Soc of Australia, 2 6 - 2 9 Nov 1989. Ergonomics Soc of Australia, Fortitude Valley, Queensland, 1989, pp 81-93, 25 refs. The introduction of a complex system such as a new aircraft may give rise to unforeseen human-machine interface problems. There are, however, many human factors oriented tools which can be used to highlight the critical aspects of system performance. This paper explores the use of traditional diagram methods to describe and analyse operator tasks in a future military helicopter. It also shows how these task descriptions can be used to generate task networks of aircrew activities which can then be modelled by a suitable computer program such a as Micro SAINT.
Work design and
organisation 22.3.49 (120012)
Gaskin, J,E. An ergonomic evaluation of two motor-manual delimbing techniques. In t J lndust Ergonomics, 1990, 5.3, 211-218, 16 refs. This report details the results of investigations into two methods of chainsaw delimbing in clearfeU of Pinus radiata in New Zealand. Motormanual delimbing in New Zealand logging typically involves the logger walking along the top of the log using the tip of the guide bar to sever branches (conventional teetmique). In an attempt to reduce the amount of bending required, longer guide bars than are necessary tend to be used. Invariably, the operator's spine is still bent close to 90 ° from the vertical for the majority of the time. Considerable research and development has been invested in adapting the Swedish style of delimbing to New Zealand conditions (alternative technique). This involves the operator walking alongside the log using a lighter saw equipped with a shorter guide bar. A comparison of the two delimbing techniques using a static biomechanical model, and the collection of heart rate information was carried out on an operator working in the clearfelling of 30-year-old Pinus radiata. Using the alternative technique resulted in a significant reduction in compression and shear forces at the LS/S1 disc. Heart rate information collected at 1-min intervals while the operator was delimbing, uting each technique, showed no significant difference between the two techniques.
212
Applied Ergonomics
design is discussed. The concept presents a procedure for designing new task structures, their software support and qualifying steps. It helps to show the implications of design decisions and supports the communication process between system designers and users The accident frequency rate of during certain points in the design forestry field mechanics is eight phase. For both designers and users, a times the industry average. A contriprospective evaluation of design buting factor is physical fatigue caused decisions becomes possible. The need by energy-demanding tasks, difficult for corrective measures after introducing working positions and hostile environa system into a work organisation could mental conditions. The heart rate/ be reduced in this way. An instrument oxygen uptake method was used to from the field of work psychology, determine human energy expenditure based on the theory of action regulation, levels for eight specific maintenance is adapted for the analysis of task- and activities. Eight work positions were user-related issues. With this analytical also identified, and their energy expendi- instrument, newly-designed task ture levels were recorded. Mean daily structures can be valued at their implishift-level energy expenditures were cations for the categories of decisionfound to be in excess of 10 000 kJ, making latitudes and skills. A case study equivalent to a continuous average outshows the prospective redesign of a put above 20-0 k J/rain. The most task structure assuming an information energy-demanding task was removing system is introduced. Task analysis and engine protection plates. The most design proposal are based on data energy-demanding position was standing, obtained from workplaces in the German with the body bent forward at the waist, banking sector. The study makes it over some obstacle. It is concluded that evident that the skill-based concept maintenance mechanics routinely work could help to avoid the former Taylorat 33% of their predicted maximal istic path in job design. But it also oxygen uptake level, a value that is shows that the use of design scopes is considered to be at the top of the dependent on social factors and the acceptable range for physically active work relations as well as the design male workers. At this level, the potential tools. for an accident situation is high.
22.3.50 (120014) Golsse, J.M., and Rickards, J. Woodlands equipment maintenance: An analysis of mechanical labor energy expenditure. Int J Indust Ergonomics, 1990, 5 . 3 , 2 4 3 - 2 5 3 , 13 refs.
22.3.53 (120241)
Laabs, G.J., and Baker, H.G. 22.3.51 (120174)
Buzacott, J.A. Abandoning the moving assembly line: Models of human operators and job sequencing. Int J Production Res, 1990, 2 8 . 5 , 8 2 1 - 8 3 9 , 10 refs. Models are developed which 'explain' why new automobile assembly systems are abandoning traditional moving assembly line concepts if human operators perform most of the tasks. The new systems incorporate parallel stations, asynchronous work flow and small inventories. However, the paralleling creates problems in synchronising parts delivery, and models are developed to illustrate these problems and the effect of alternative part delivery systems and the impact of job resequencing requirements.
22.3.52 (120184)
Beuschel, W. Design of working tasks in the office: The use of skill-based requirements analysis. In: J. Ranta (Ed). Analysis, design and evaluation of man-machine systems 1988, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1989, pp 229-233, 10 refs.
June 1991
A human-centred approach to the requirements analysis phase of system
Selection of critical tasks for Navy job performance measures. Military Psychol, 1989, 1.I, 3 - 1 6 , 24 refs. In the Armed Services, a major research focus is the development of jobsample tests that can serve as benchmark measures against which other performance measures can be compared. This article presents the method used to identify a set of critical tasks that will be used in developing job-sample tests and other performance measures for Navy radiomen (RMs). Guion's (1979) paradigm for reducing the job to a job sample guided the selection process. A set of critical tasks was compiled based on job analyses, interviews, observations, card sorts, factor analysis and survey results. The final list of selected tasks was evaluated for acceptance by RM job experts. The evaluations confirmed the validity of the selected critical tasks. In addition, the set of tasks was superior to those produced through use of random sampling procedures. 22.3.54 (120041)
Wall, T.D., Corbett, J.M., Clegg, C.W., Jackson, P.R., and Martin, R. Advanced manufacturing technology and work design: Towards a theoretical framework. J Organizational Behavior, 1990, 11.3,201-219, 97 refs.
Manton, J.G., Hughes, P.K., and Ford, C.M. Human engineering methods and aircrew systems. In: Ergonomics, technology and productivity. Proc 25th Ann Conf of the Ergonomics Soc of Australia, 2 6 - 2 9 Nov 1989. Ergonomics Soc of Australia, Fortitude Valley, Queensland, 1989, pp 81-93, 25 refs. The introduction of a complex system such as a new aircraft may give rise to unforeseen human-machine interface problems. There are, however, many human factors oriented tools which can be used to highlight the critical aspects of system performance. This paper explores the use of traditional diagram methods to describe and analyse operator tasks in a future military helicopter. It also shows how these task descriptions can be used to generate task networks of aircrew activities which can then be modelled by a suitable computer program such a as Micro SAINT.
Work design and
organisation 22.3.49 (120012)
Gaskin, J,E. An ergonomic evaluation of two motor-manual delimbing techniques. In t J lndust Ergonomics, 1990, 5.3, 211-218, 16 refs. This report details the results of investigations into two methods of chainsaw delimbing in clearfeU of Pinus radiata in New Zealand. Motormanual delimbing in New Zealand logging typically involves the logger walking along the top of the log using the tip of the guide bar to sever branches (conventional teetmique). In an attempt to reduce the amount of bending required, longer guide bars than are necessary tend to be used. Invariably, the operator's spine is still bent close to 90 ° from the vertical for the majority of the time. Considerable research and development has been invested in adapting the Swedish style of delimbing to New Zealand conditions (alternative technique). This involves the operator walking alongside the log using a lighter saw equipped with a shorter guide bar. A comparison of the two delimbing techniques using a static biomechanical model, and the collection of heart rate information was carried out on an operator working in the clearfelling of 30-year-old Pinus radiata. Using the alternative technique resulted in a significant reduction in compression and shear forces at the LS/S1 disc. Heart rate information collected at 1-min intervals while the operator was delimbing, uting each technique, showed no significant difference between the two techniques.
212
Applied Ergonomics
design is discussed. The concept presents a procedure for designing new task structures, their software support and qualifying steps. It helps to show the implications of design decisions and supports the communication process between system designers and users The accident frequency rate of during certain points in the design forestry field mechanics is eight phase. For both designers and users, a times the industry average. A contriprospective evaluation of design buting factor is physical fatigue caused decisions becomes possible. The need by energy-demanding tasks, difficult for corrective measures after introducing working positions and hostile environa system into a work organisation could mental conditions. The heart rate/ be reduced in this way. An instrument oxygen uptake method was used to from the field of work psychology, determine human energy expenditure based on the theory of action regulation, levels for eight specific maintenance is adapted for the analysis of task- and activities. Eight work positions were user-related issues. With this analytical also identified, and their energy expendi- instrument, newly-designed task ture levels were recorded. Mean daily structures can be valued at their implishift-level energy expenditures were cations for the categories of decisionfound to be in excess of 10 000 kJ, making latitudes and skills. A case study equivalent to a continuous average outshows the prospective redesign of a put above 20-0 k J/rain. The most task structure assuming an information energy-demanding task was removing system is introduced. Task analysis and engine protection plates. The most design proposal are based on data energy-demanding position was standing, obtained from workplaces in the German with the body bent forward at the waist, banking sector. The study makes it over some obstacle. It is concluded that evident that the skill-based concept maintenance mechanics routinely work could help to avoid the former Taylorat 33% of their predicted maximal istic path in job design. But it also oxygen uptake level, a value that is shows that the use of design scopes is considered to be at the top of the dependent on social factors and the acceptable range for physically active work relations as well as the design male workers. At this level, the potential tools. for an accident situation is high.
22.3.50 (120014) Golsse, J.M., and Rickards, J. Woodlands equipment maintenance: An analysis of mechanical labor energy expenditure. Int J Indust Ergonomics, 1990, 5 . 3 , 2 4 3 - 2 5 3 , 13 refs.
22.3.53 (120241)
Laabs, G.J., and Baker, H.G. 22.3.51 (120174)
Buzacott, J.A. Abandoning the moving assembly line: Models of human operators and job sequencing. Int J Production Res, 1990, 2 8 . 5 , 8 2 1 - 8 3 9 , 10 refs. Models are developed which 'explain' why new automobile assembly systems are abandoning traditional moving assembly line concepts if human operators perform most of the tasks. The new systems incorporate parallel stations, asynchronous work flow and small inventories. However, the paralleling creates problems in synchronising parts delivery, and models are developed to illustrate these problems and the effect of alternative part delivery systems and the impact of job resequencing requirements.
22.3.52 (120184)
Beuschel, W. Design of working tasks in the office: The use of skill-based requirements analysis. In: J. Ranta (Ed). Analysis, design and evaluation of man-machine systems 1988, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1989, pp 229-233, 10 refs.
June 1991
A human-centred approach to the requirements analysis phase of system
Selection of critical tasks for Navy job performance measures. Military Psychol, 1989, 1.I, 3 - 1 6 , 24 refs. In the Armed Services, a major research focus is the development of jobsample tests that can serve as benchmark measures against which other performance measures can be compared. This article presents the method used to identify a set of critical tasks that will be used in developing job-sample tests and other performance measures for Navy radiomen (RMs). Guion's (1979) paradigm for reducing the job to a job sample guided the selection process. A set of critical tasks was compiled based on job analyses, interviews, observations, card sorts, factor analysis and survey results. The final list of selected tasks was evaluated for acceptance by RM job experts. The evaluations confirmed the validity of the selected critical tasks. In addition, the set of tasks was superior to those produced through use of random sampling procedures. 22.3.54 (120041)
Wall, T.D., Corbett, J.M., Clegg, C.W., Jackson, P.R., and Martin, R. Advanced manufacturing technology and work design: Towards a theoretical framework. J Organizational Behavior, 1990, 11.3,201-219, 97 refs.