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Wood's fusible metal
418
Mechanics, _Physics, and Chemistry.
6th. The only important precautions to which it is necessary to attend rigidly, in order to insure uniform success in the application of the magnet, are the proper insulation, throughout, of the main wire and branch wires leading from the instrument to the charges, and the thorough protection of all eonnexions of wires from the access of moisture. 7th. The system of firing charges by magneto-electriclty thus possesses important advantages over the application of the voltaic battery to this purpose: the principal of which are, the small dimensions~ weight, and cost of the magnetic exploder ; that used in the experiments alluded to in the report weighed only 32 lbs. 11 oz., and all the arrangements in connexion with the instrument are so simple that any injury which they may sustain can be repaired by ordinary workmen. The Report, we may add, is of great value to civil as well as to military engineers.
Submarine Telegraphle Cable. l~rom the London Chemical News, No, 57.
:Dr. Fairbalrn brought before the meeting four specimens of Submarine Telegraphic Cable, as constructed by Messrs. Hall and Wells. This cable has a copper wire insulated by india-rubber in the centre for the transmission of the electric current. Outside of this are twenty longitudinul strands of hemp steeped in pitch and cork-dust and eight steel wires braided together with twenty-four strands of hemp saturated with Stockholm tar. The specific gravity of the cable in seawater is 1'4 and its weight in air 0"82 ton per mile. The length that would break with its own weight when suspended in sea water is 10,810 fathoms; its tensile strength being 2"875 tons. Dr. Fairbairrt presented an account of experiments which had been made on the elongation of a sample of the cable twenty feet long by the application of different tensile forces. With a force of 4480 ~s. there was an elongation of half-an-inch, and after the weight bad been removed t h e cable was found to be permanently stretched ~ t l l s of an inch. With a force of 6440 Ibs. the cable broke after having stretched 1 ~ inches.--_Proe. Munch. Lit. # _Phil. Society, .Dee., 1860.
IVood's Fusible Metal From the Lond. Chemical Newsj No. 68,
Lipowltz has made some experiments on the cadmlum-alloy, described by Dr. Wood (see C]~emical News, vol. ii., p. 257). He found that an alloy composed of 8 parts lead, 15 parts bismuth, 4 parts tin, and 3 parts cadmium, possessed the following properties :--It is permanently silver-white, and has a brilliant metallic lustre ; it is not so brittle or hard but that it may be obtained in thin leaves or flexible plates; it has a fine-grained fracture, and may be filed without atopping uP the file. In dry air it keeps its polish. It expands in cool-
American .Patents which issued in March, 1861.
419
ing, but not so much as bismuth or antimony. Its specific gravity is from 9"4 to 9"41. It softens between 131 ° and 140 ° Fahr., and near 140 ° becomes perfectly fluid. No change in the condition of the metallic mass was observed on remelting after rapid]y cooling the alloy. The above properties show that the alloy may be applied to some useful purposes. It may supersede all the quicksilver alloys for stopping teeth : it may be used as a solder whenever the metals soldered are not likely to be exposed to heat. Tin, lead, and Brltannia-metal may be soldered together under water above 160 ° Fahr. Zinc, iron, copper, and brass may also be soldered with the greatest ease under water to which a little hydrochloric acid has been previously added. The alloy is so easily fusible that it may be mched on a piece of paper over a spirit lamp. In the preparation of the alloy, the author recommends the use of the purest bismuth.--Dingler'~ -Polytech. Journ., Bd. clviii, s. 271 and 376.
AMERICAN PATENTS. AMERICAN PATENTS ISSUED FROM MARCII I, TO MARCII 31, 1861. B
Aeromelric Balance, J. A. Gridley, Agave Plant,--Dressing Leaves E. J. y Patrulio, Air Engine, J. J E. Lenoir, Alarm Trunks, C . W . Taylor, . Anchor, Ferdinand Martin, Aquariums, J. A. Cutting, Artificial Teeth, A. M. and J. L. Asay, Ash-sifters, L. F Frazee, . Augers,--Hollow ~Vyckoff & Stevens, •
Southampton, Merida, Paris, Pittsburgh, Marseilles, Boston, Philadelphia, Tottenville, Elmira,
Mass. 26 Mexico, 5 France, 19 Penna. 19 France, 19 Mass. 12 Penna. 26 ~l. Y. 19 " lg
B an d ages,--Obstetrical Bank Notes, Barometers,--Paekings for Bed Foundation, Bee-hives,
Rochester, City of Fulton, Fisherville, Woodstock, Vermilliml co., E. Pepperell, Harrisburg, Monroe, Brooklyn, Wilkesbarre, Lynn, Poughkeepsie, Abington, Turtler, Auburn, Providence, Ellsworth, Baltimore, Buffalo, Boston, Brooklyn, Roxbury, Cleveland, Watertbrdl
l'q. Y. " " N H. Yr. Ill. Mass. Penna. Mich. ~ . Y. Penna. Mass. 1~'. Y. Mass. M~. 2N. Y, R. L Me. Md. 1~. Y. Mass. Ig. Y.
Martha WiItis, John M urdock, J. P. Simmons, W. A. N. Long, Daniels & Cobb, E. I,. Jinnett, Belt Fastening, , G . W . Blake, B lowers, T. H. Willson, T. D. Ingersoll, Boiler,--Culinary • Lyon & Doubleday, Bonnets, Boots,--Crimping L. W. Hayden, Boots & Shoes,--Apply. Heels to Jacob Jenkins, ,--Trim. Heels of C. H Helms, ,--Last for J. H. Nqyes, -,--Tip for G. A. Mitchell, Bottle 'Stoppers, M. C. Croak, J. S. Palmer, Bracelets, &c.,--Constructing Brakes for Sleighs, M. B and S. J. Lord, ~.,--Railroad Safety Daniel Pohlman, Bread Slicer, Alexaoder Dick, Brick Elevators, ° Sears & Merritt, Brusk, Daniel Fleming, T..I. Mayall, . Brushes, Butter+--Preserving = N. D. We~tm~re, Butter-worker, . P. G. Woudard,
Mass.
26 26 12 v6 12 19 26 26 26 19 12 12 12 19 12 19 19 12 19 26 19 5 5
Ohio, 5 Penna. 19
Mechanics, _Physics, and Chemistry.
6th. The only important precautions to which it is necessary to attend rigidly, in order to insure uniform success in the application of the magnet, are the proper insulation, throughout, of the main wire and branch wires leading from the instrument to the charges, and the thorough protection of all eonnexions of wires from the access of moisture. 7th. The system of firing charges by magneto-electriclty thus possesses important advantages over the application of the voltaic battery to this purpose: the principal of which are, the small dimensions~ weight, and cost of the magnetic exploder ; that used in the experiments alluded to in the report weighed only 32 lbs. 11 oz., and all the arrangements in connexion with the instrument are so simple that any injury which they may sustain can be repaired by ordinary workmen. The Report, we may add, is of great value to civil as well as to military engineers.
Submarine Telegraphle Cable. l~rom the London Chemical News, No, 57.
:Dr. Fairbalrn brought before the meeting four specimens of Submarine Telegraphic Cable, as constructed by Messrs. Hall and Wells. This cable has a copper wire insulated by india-rubber in the centre for the transmission of the electric current. Outside of this are twenty longitudinul strands of hemp steeped in pitch and cork-dust and eight steel wires braided together with twenty-four strands of hemp saturated with Stockholm tar. The specific gravity of the cable in seawater is 1'4 and its weight in air 0"82 ton per mile. The length that would break with its own weight when suspended in sea water is 10,810 fathoms; its tensile strength being 2"875 tons. Dr. Fairbairrt presented an account of experiments which had been made on the elongation of a sample of the cable twenty feet long by the application of different tensile forces. With a force of 4480 ~s. there was an elongation of half-an-inch, and after the weight bad been removed t h e cable was found to be permanently stretched ~ t l l s of an inch. With a force of 6440 Ibs. the cable broke after having stretched 1 ~ inches.--_Proe. Munch. Lit. # _Phil. Society, .Dee., 1860.
IVood's Fusible Metal From the Lond. Chemical Newsj No. 68,
Lipowltz has made some experiments on the cadmlum-alloy, described by Dr. Wood (see C]~emical News, vol. ii., p. 257). He found that an alloy composed of 8 parts lead, 15 parts bismuth, 4 parts tin, and 3 parts cadmium, possessed the following properties :--It is permanently silver-white, and has a brilliant metallic lustre ; it is not so brittle or hard but that it may be obtained in thin leaves or flexible plates; it has a fine-grained fracture, and may be filed without atopping uP the file. In dry air it keeps its polish. It expands in cool-
American .Patents which issued in March, 1861.
419
ing, but not so much as bismuth or antimony. Its specific gravity is from 9"4 to 9"41. It softens between 131 ° and 140 ° Fahr., and near 140 ° becomes perfectly fluid. No change in the condition of the metallic mass was observed on remelting after rapid]y cooling the alloy. The above properties show that the alloy may be applied to some useful purposes. It may supersede all the quicksilver alloys for stopping teeth : it may be used as a solder whenever the metals soldered are not likely to be exposed to heat. Tin, lead, and Brltannia-metal may be soldered together under water above 160 ° Fahr. Zinc, iron, copper, and brass may also be soldered with the greatest ease under water to which a little hydrochloric acid has been previously added. The alloy is so easily fusible that it may be mched on a piece of paper over a spirit lamp. In the preparation of the alloy, the author recommends the use of the purest bismuth.--Dingler'~ -Polytech. Journ., Bd. clviii, s. 271 and 376.
AMERICAN PATENTS. AMERICAN PATENTS ISSUED FROM MARCII I, TO MARCII 31, 1861. B
Aeromelric Balance, J. A. Gridley, Agave Plant,--Dressing Leaves E. J. y Patrulio, Air Engine, J. J E. Lenoir, Alarm Trunks, C . W . Taylor, . Anchor, Ferdinand Martin, Aquariums, J. A. Cutting, Artificial Teeth, A. M. and J. L. Asay, Ash-sifters, L. F Frazee, . Augers,--Hollow ~Vyckoff & Stevens, •
Southampton, Merida, Paris, Pittsburgh, Marseilles, Boston, Philadelphia, Tottenville, Elmira,
Mass. 26 Mexico, 5 France, 19 Penna. 19 France, 19 Mass. 12 Penna. 26 ~l. Y. 19 " lg
B an d ages,--Obstetrical Bank Notes, Barometers,--Paekings for Bed Foundation, Bee-hives,
Rochester, City of Fulton, Fisherville, Woodstock, Vermilliml co., E. Pepperell, Harrisburg, Monroe, Brooklyn, Wilkesbarre, Lynn, Poughkeepsie, Abington, Turtler, Auburn, Providence, Ellsworth, Baltimore, Buffalo, Boston, Brooklyn, Roxbury, Cleveland, Watertbrdl
l'q. Y. " " N H. Yr. Ill. Mass. Penna. Mich. ~ . Y. Penna. Mass. 1~'. Y. Mass. M~. 2N. Y, R. L Me. Md. 1~. Y. Mass. Ig. Y.
Martha WiItis, John M urdock, J. P. Simmons, W. A. N. Long, Daniels & Cobb, E. I,. Jinnett, Belt Fastening, , G . W . Blake, B lowers, T. H. Willson, T. D. Ingersoll, Boiler,--Culinary • Lyon & Doubleday, Bonnets, Boots,--Crimping L. W. Hayden, Boots & Shoes,--Apply. Heels to Jacob Jenkins, ,--Trim. Heels of C. H Helms, ,--Last for J. H. Nqyes, -,--Tip for G. A. Mitchell, Bottle 'Stoppers, M. C. Croak, J. S. Palmer, Bracelets, &c.,--Constructing Brakes for Sleighs, M. B and S. J. Lord, ~.,--Railroad Safety Daniel Pohlman, Bread Slicer, Alexaoder Dick, Brick Elevators, ° Sears & Merritt, Brusk, Daniel Fleming, T..I. Mayall, . Brushes, Butter+--Preserving = N. D. We~tm~re, Butter-worker, . P. G. Woudard,
Mass.
26 26 12 v6 12 19 26 26 26 19 12 12 12 19 12 19 19 12 19 26 19 5 5
Ohio, 5 Penna. 19