- Email: [email protected]
Yield and Quality of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. Capitata) Under Organic Growing Media Using Vermicompost and Earthworm Pontoscolex corethrurus Inoculation
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 11 (2016) 5 – 13
International Conference on Inventions & Innovations for Sustainable Agriculture 2016, ICIISA 2016
Yield and Quality of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.var. Capitata) Under Organic Growing Media Using Vermicompost and Earthworm Pontoscolex corethrurus Inoculation N.Nurhidayatia,*, Usman Alib, Indiyah Murwania b
a Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Islam Malang, Malang 65144, East Java, Indonesia Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, University of Islam Malang, Malang 65144, East Java, Indonesia
Abstract A pot experiment was conducted to assess the effect of three kinds of vermicompost materials and P. corethrurus population on plant yield and quality of cabbage under organic growing media compared with inorganic treatment. The factorial block randomized design was used for this experiment which consisting of two factors. The first factor is the kind of vermicompost material which consists of three levels (the mixture of mushrooms media waste, cow manure, and vegetable wastes (V1), mushrooms media waste, cow manure and leaf litter (V2), mushrooms media waste, cow manure, vegetable wastes and leaf litter (V3). The second factor is the population of P. corethrurus consisted of five levels (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 indiv.m-2) and one control treatment (inorganic treatment). The results showed that the application of various vermicompost had significantly (p< 0.05) higher yields than the inorganic treatment. Interaction between the kind of vermicompost and P.coretrurus population affected sigbificantly (p< 0.05) yield and quality of cabbage. Vermicompost V1 and V2 gave a high yield with population by 025 and 50 indiv.m-2, respectively. Vermicompost V3 gave a high yield without inoculation of earthworm P. corethrurus. Based on the quality parameters, the vermicompost V1 and V2 with population by 0-50 indiv.m-2 and V3 with population by 25 indiv.m-2 gave the best quality of cabbage. Cabbage treated with those three kinds of vermicompost increased contents of sugar and vitamin C by average 12% and 57%, respectively. Storage loss (% of initial mass) showed decrease average value by 23% under the treatment of 7 days storage at room temperature (25oC) and 8% under the treatment of 14 days storage at cold temperature (5oC) compared with the inorganic treatment by 85% and 18%, respectively. The results suggest that the application of vermicompost can increase the yield and quality of cabbage.
© by Published Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license © 2016 2016 Published The Authors. by Elsevier B.V. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the Faculty of Animal Sciences and Agricultural Technology, Silpakorn University. Peer-review under responsibility of the Faculty of Animal Sciences and Agricultural Technology, Silpakorn University Keywords: cabbage; vermicompost; P. corethrurus; vitamin C; sugar content; storage loss * Corresponding author. Tel.: +623-41551932; fax: +623-41552249. E-mail address: [email protected]
2210-7843 © 2016 Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the Faculty of Animal Sciences and Agricultural Technology, Silpakorn University doi:10.1016/j.aaspro.2016.12.002
6
N. Nurhidayati et al. / Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 11 (2016) 5 – 13
1. Introduction At the present, food and nutritional security, environmental safety, and the energy crisis are the issues of major concern for the global agriculture. To produce a healthy crop and to establish a healthy environment, farmers need to manage the soil well. This involves considering soil microorganisms, soil nutrients and soil structure. Organic farming is an agricultural method which avoids or largely excludes the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, plant growth regulations, and livestock feed additives. It makes healthy food, soils, plants and environments a priority along with crop productivity. Organic farmers use biological fertilizer inputs and management practices such as cover cropping and crop rotation to improve soil quality and build soil organic matter. Improving soil organic matter also helps it to absorb and store carbon and other nutrients needed to grow healthy crops which in turn, are better able to resist insects and diseases (Dimitri et al., 2012). The cycling of elements on the farm is a main principle of organic farming systems that are based on three practical pillars: (1) the maintenance and increase of soil fertility by the use of farmyard manure; (2) the omission of synthetic fertilizers and synthetic pesticides; (3) the lower use of high energy consuming feedstuff (Fließbach et al., 2007). Use of organic manure not only reduces the requirement of chemical fertilizers but also supplements of all essential nutrients to the plants besides improving the soil properties and processes (Purakayastha et al., 2008). Besides farmyard manure, recently vermicompost has attracted the attention of both researchers and farmers due to its immense production potential and efficient utilization of farm residues (Banik and Sharma, 2009). Sharma and Banik (2014) reported that use of vermicompost enhanced overall soil quality and health parameters. Higher baby corn productivity with greater soil health can be obtained by application of 100% recommended doses of fertilizers with vermicompost. Many studies report that vermicompost is an excellent soil conditioner and can increase the growth and yield of vegetables such as tomatoes (Gutierrez-Miceli et al., 2007), peppers (Arancon et al., 2005), and Chinese cabbage (Wang et al., 2010), garlic (Argüello et al., 2006) and strawberry (Arancon et al., 2004). However, the effect of vermicompost on the growth and yield is highly variable. The variability may depend on the cultivation system and the characteristics of vermicompost. The physical, chemical and biological characteristics of vermicompost vary depending on the original feedstock, the earthworm species used, the production process, and the age of vermicompost (Rodda et al., 2006; Roberts et al., 2007; Warman and AngLope, 2010). In order to accelerate the effect of vermicompost on the growth of plants especially plants short-lived, vermicompost needs combination of the endogenic earthworms which plays an important role in the decomposition and mineralization of organic materials. Nurhidayati et al. (2013) reported that organic input into the soil accompanied by inoculation of earthworm P. corethrurus increased the released total mineral N by 171% and 204% compared with no organic matter input in an incubation experiment. Nurhidayati and Basit (2014) also reported that earthworm inoculation decreased the net immobilization in the microbial biomass and increased N availability in the soil. Increase in mineral N realease and decrease in net immobilization happened because of the direct and indirect effects of earthworms on microbial community (Bhadauria and Saxena, 2010). Earthworms have a large influence on soil physical properties through their burrowing and casting activities. Also known as “ecosystem engineers” (Jones et al., 1994). This study aims to assess the effect of three kinds of vermicompost materials and P. corethrurus population on plant yield and quality of cabbage under organic growing media and compare with inorganic treatment. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1 Study site and soil characteristics This study is a pot experiment conducted in a polyhouse at Tawangargo village, Karangploso district, Malang regency, East Java, Indonesia with latitude 07o56 S, longitude 112o36 E, altitude 1060 m above sea level and Inceptisol soil type. in March- August 2015 and the average temperature of 17o-22oC. Soil samples were air dried and sieved to pass through a 2 mm sieve. The soil is well drained with the following characteristics; pH (H20) 5.3, 2.03 % organic C by Walkley and Black method; 0.47 % total Kjeldahl N; 131.17 mg/kg P (Bray II), 3.26 me/100 g K, cation exchange capacity 42.48 me/100 g soil, and 28 % sand, 56 % silt and 16 % clay.
N. Nurhidayati et al. / Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 11 (2016) 5 – 13
2.2 Vermicompost preparation Vermicompost used in the study is composed of mushrooms culture waste, vegetables residue, leaf litter, and cow manure .The making process of vermicompost is conducted in a container with the mushrooms culture waste as bedding in the bottom and upper of vermicomposting container as thick as 5 cm. The bedding is utilized for controlling temperature and humidity vermicomposting, additional food for earthworms and provide a suitable environment for the proliferation of earthworms Earthworm feed was placed . in the middle layer as thick as 10 cm. Earthworms feed was consisted of three mixtures with a same proportion as the first factor: V1 =mixture of cow manure and vegetables residue, V2 =cow manure and leaf litter, and V3 =cow manure, vegetable residues, and leaf litter. After that, 0.32 kg of earthworms Lumbricus rubellus were inoculated into the container .The amount of earthworms inoculated depends on the amount of feed earthworms in containers. According to Ndegwa and Thompson )1999(, feed requirements of earthworm by 0.75 kg/kg of earthworms/day. The amount of organic matter as feed worms in the container is as much as 6.72 kg. Thus, the vermicomposting process requires 0.32 kg earthworms for 28 days incubation. The moisture of vermicompost was adjusted to 80 .%Then, the vermicompost was dismantled and composted by adding egg shells flour and fish bone meal 5g /100g of material .The composting process lasted for 14 days. Every 2 days, the compost was opened and stirred again so that the temperature remains stable. 2.3 Experiment design The experiment used a randomized block design factorial. The first factor was three kinds of vermicompost has been made (V1, V2, and V3). The second factor was the population of earthworm P. corethrurus which consisted of five levels: 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 indiv.m-2. The combination of these two factors obtained 15 kinds of treatments with one control (used inorganic fertilizer) and repeated three times with three samples for each replication. Total pot used in this experiment was 144 pots. The pots were placed with randomized block design in the polyhouse. Each pot was filled with mixture of soil and cow manure with the ratio of 4 : 1. The vermicompost was applied into the pots individually with dose 200 g per 10 kg media (the mixture of soil and cow dung). The earthworms P. corethrurus were inoculated into each pot corresponding surface area of the pot. Furthermore, the pots were covered with plastic covers. One cabbage seedling was grown in each pot three days after inoculation earthworm pots. The yield of cabbage plant, vitamin C contents, sugar content and shelf life test were determined 70 days after cultivation. The yield of cabbage plant was determined by variables of total biomass and marketable weight, crop diameter, and harvest index. 2.4 Chemical analysis of the vermicompost Total nitrogen (N) was measured with the Kjeldahl method and hydrolyzable N by the alkali distillation method. Available potassium (K) was extracted with 1.0 M NH4OAc (pH=7.0) and then determined by Flame photometer (Liu et al., 2008). The available P was extracted with Bray II then the P content was determined by the colorimetric method. The pH values of the mixtures were determined with a soil : water ratio of 1:5 (w:v) (Inbar et al., 1993) after shaking for 2 h and filtration through Whatman No.1 Filter Paper. Lignin, cellulose, and ash content by Goering and Van Soest method and polyphenols content by Folin-Denis method Anderson and Ingram (1993). The results of analysis were presented in Table 1. 2.5 Determination of plant yield quality Vitamin C content was determined by iodometric titration method. Plant samples crushed with mortar. 30 g slurry was taken and put in a 100 ml volumetric flask. Distilled water was added until the volume reaches 100 ml, then filtered with filter paper. 20 ml filtrate was taken and placed in a 125 ml erlenmeyer flask then added 2 ml of 1% starch solution. The next stage was a standard titration with 0.01 N iodine solution that was made from KI and iodine until the solution blue. Sudarmadji (1989) stated in 1 ml iodine used equivalent to 0.88 mg of vitamin C, so the calculation of the content of vitamin C can be done by multiplying the volume of iodine solution used in the process of titration with 0.88 mg. The content of dissolved solids (sugar) is determined with a digital refractometer. Cabbage
7
8
N. Nurhidayati et al. / Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 11 (2016) 5 – 13
crop yields for each treatment were taken a sample of 1 g, and then pulverized using a mortar to remove fluid. The liquid is then used for readings with a refractometer. Table 1. The chemical composition of three kinds of vermicompost on dry weight basis No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10.
Chemical properties C-organic (%) Polyphenol (%) Cellulose (%) Lignin (%) Total N (%) C:N ratio P (%) K (%) pH Ash (%)
Vermicompost 1 17.07 0.49 37.21 17.74 1.33 12.69 0.77 0.59 6.63 2.72
Vermicompost 2 15.44 0.47 35.34 17.55 1.19 12.97 0.89 0.46 6.97 0.46
Vermicompost 3 16.48 0.45 34.00 18.16 1.31 12.62 0.92 0.42 6.93 0.42
2.6 Statistical analysis The collected data was statistically analyzed using analysis of variance (F-Test) at level (P ≤ 0.05) and differences in each treatment were adjudged by Tukey test (P ≤ 0.05) using Minitab Version 14.12. Dunnett test at 5% level was used to compare all treatments with control. For statistical analysis of data (charts), Microsoft Excel was employed. 3. Results and discussion 3.1 Effect of various vermicompost materials and earthworm P. corethrurus population on the plant yield The interaction between the kind of vermicompost materials and population of earthworm P. corethrurus significantly affected the plant yield. The treatment of vermicompost V2 (the mixture of cow manure and leaf litter) with the population of earthworm 50 indiv.m-2 and V3 (the mixture of cow manure, vegetables residue and leaf litter) without inoculation of earthworm had the highest total biomass, and crop diameter (Table 2). This means that V3 does not require earthworms in the process of the nutrient release into the soil. This is caused by the V3 has the lowest C/N ratio (Table 1) so that the release of nutrients is faster than the other vermicompost. In addition, vermicompost V3 had a relatively high content of N and the highest P content, while the lowest content of cellulose and polyphenol (Table 1) resulting in a faster decomposition. Handayanto et al. (1994) stated that the content of polyphenols can inhibit mineral N release rate of organic matter. Therefore, if the cellulose and polyphenols content of organic matter is low, N mineralization rate will be faster. The application of vermicompost and inoculation of earthworm P. corethrurus significantly (P< 0,05) increased the total biomass, marketable weight, crop diameter, and harvest index of cabbage compared with the inorganic treatment (control) (Table 2). These results show that the addition of organic matter into the soil can improve the physical, chemical and biological soil fertility so that the growth and yield increases. Swarup (2008) reported that the increase of soil organic carbon content will increases the nutrient availability in the soil. Hence, soil organic carbon management is one of the foremost challenges concerning resource management for agricultural systems in the tropics (Lal, 2004). The use of organic manure not only reduces the requirement of chemical fertilizers but also provides important supplements and essential nutrients to the plants besides improving the soil properties and processes (Purakayastha et al., 2008). Marashi and Scullion (2003) reported that inoculation of earthworm into the soil can improve soil properties such as soil aggregate formation, water holding capacity, and the activity of microflora by mixing plant litter and soil minerals (Frouz et al., 2008). Earthworms are also important part in soil functioning by influencing decomposition processes, like fragmentation of organic litter (Schulman and Tuinov, 1999) and stimulation of microbial activity (Binet and Curmi, 1992) and by bioturbation, increasing soil porosity and water infiltration (Pitkanen and Nuutinen, 1998; Lamande et al., 2003). Nurhidayati and Basit (2014) reported that the presence of endogeic earthworms P. corethrurus can increase the N mineralization rate of low quality organic matter and increase nutrient availability.
9
N. Nurhidayati et al. / Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 11 (2016) 5 – 13 Table 2. Total biomass and marketable weight of cabbage plants on harvest 70 days after transplanting; plants were subjected to different vermicompost materials (V) and population earthworm P. corethrurus (P). Treatments
Total Biomass Weight (g)
Marketable Weight (g)
Crop Diameter (cm)
Harvest Index (%)
Control
1426.90
531.0
12.93
37.20
V1P0
1881.57* efg
891.20* hi
17.22* cd
47.37 *e
V1P1
1789.20* cd
853.27* fghi
15.82* abc
47.69* e
V1P2
1781.10* cd
817.27* defg
15.37* ab
45.89* cde
V1P3
1657.81* ab
694.63* ab
14.62* a
41.90* ab
V1P4
1627.10* a
647.59* a
14.60* a
39.80* a
V2P0
1748.44* cd
760.63* cd
15.64* abc
43.50* abc
V2P1
1800.60* de
798.77* cdef
15.55* abc
44.40* bcd
V2P2
1892.80* fg
965.87* j
17.65* d
51.03* f
V2P3
1806.33* def
870.93* ghi
15.74* abc
48.23* ef
V2P4
1642.47* ab
790.56* cdef
14.68* a
48.13* ef
V3P0
1896.20* g
899.87* i
17.70* d
47.46* e
V3P1
1819.50* defg
874.93* ghi
15.33* ab
48.10* ef
V3P2
1799.49* de
831.26* efgh
14.93* ab
46.21* cde
V3P3
1731.00* bcd
776.53* cde
14.70* a
44.86* bcde
V3P4
1704.17* abc
744.13* bc
16.63* bcd
43.66* bc
HSD 5%
88.65
64.6
1.83
3.71
Dunnet 5%
45.95
33.5
0.95
1.92
Means followed by different letters in the same column are statistically significant different by Tukey test at P=0.05 * = significant; ns = non-significant by Dunnet test at P=0.05 ; HSD =Honest Significant Difference
3.2 Effect of various vermicompost materials and earthworm P. corethrurus population on the plant yield quality The interaction between the kind of vermicompost materials and earthworm P. corethrurus population gave significant effect on the quality of cabbage yield. The vitamin C and sugar content were higher in response to the treatment combination of the kind of vermicompost and earthworm P. corethrurus population than in response inorganic fertilization (control) (Table 3). The vermicompost V1 (the mixture of cow manure and vegetable residue) combined with inoculation of earthworm P. corethrurus by 0-25 indiv m-2 had the highest contents of vitamin C with increase of 12% (Table 3). The vermicompost V2 (the mixture of cow manure and leaf litter) combined with inoculation of earthworm P. corethrurus by 25-50 indiv m-2 had the highest sugar content, with increase of 57% compared to the inorganic treatment (Table 3). Table 3. Vitamin C and sugar content of cabbage plants harvested after 70 days and treated with different vermicompost material (V) and earthworm P. corethrurus population (P). Treatments
Sugar Content (% Brix)
Vitamin C Content (mg/100 g)
Control
5.30
36.22
V1P0
5.63* bc
74.95* h
V1P1
5.63* bc
76.17* h
V1P2
5.43
ab
68.58* g
V1P3
5.00 ns a
63.64* f
V1P4
5.33ns
ab
57.69* e
ns
10
N. Nurhidayati et al. / Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 11 (2016) 5 – 13
V2P0
6.13* de
54.70* d
V2P1
6.60* fg
55.10* d
V2P2
7.00* g
51.98* c
V2P3
5.53* b
48.71* ab
V2P4
6.00* cd
48.21* ab
V3P0
6.33* def
46.73* a
V3P1
6.47* ef
55.65* de
V3P2
6.17 * de
52.08* c
V3P3
6.23* def
49.66* bc
V3P4
5.47ns b
46.86* a
HSD 5%
0.43
2.51
Dunnet 5% 0.22 1.30 Means followed by different letters in the same column are statistically significant different by Tukey test at P=0.05; * = significant; ns = non-significant by Dunnet test at P=0.05; HSD = Honest Significant Difference
Wang et al. (2010) reported that the application of vermicompost significantly increased the contents of vitamin C, phenols, and flavonoids. Toor et al. (2010) also observed that the vitamin C content of tomatoes was decreased by high NO3− levels, but it was increased in plants grown with chicken manure and grass-clover treatments. Asami et al. (2003) found that organic fertilizer increased the levels of vitamin C in marionberry, strawberry, and corn. Phenolic compounds are a large group of plant secondary metabolites with different biological activities; for example, flavonoids show antioxidant activity (Hollman et al.,1996). Wang et al. (2010) reported that the vitamin C of leaves of Chinese cabbage cultivated in plastic pots filled with the vermicompost : soil mixtures with ratios the 4:7 had 5.8fold higher than that of full soil treatment. Lisiewska and Kmiecik (1996) reported that increasing the amount of nitrogen fertilizer from 80 to 120 kg ha-1 decreased the vitamin C content by 7 % in cauliflower. It means organic treatment can increase the yield quality of plant. Lee and Kadeer (2000) also reported that nitrogen fertilizers at high rates tend to decrease the vitamin C content in many fruits and vegetables. It has been reported that applying N, P, K, and organic fertilizers can increase sugar content of plants (Liu et al., 2008; Tejada et al., 2008). The timing and method of mineral application, chemical form of the minerals applied, and tomato genotype affect the response to varying mineral concentrations on fruit total soluble solid such sucrose content (Benard et al.,2009; Chapagain et al., 2003; Sainju et al., 2003; Beckles, 2012). Rembialkowska (2007) concluded that the quality of food products was influenced by the quality of the environment (abiotic factors) and the levels of pest and pathogen damage (biotic factors) which plants are subjected. A high nutritive quality of crops can be obtained if the plants were grown in an unpolluted environment. These contaminants include heavy metals, pesticide residues, nitrogen compounds, plant growth stimulators etc. Climate and weather are also important factors, as well as soil type and pH, soil cultivation, fertilisation and conditions of crop storage after harvest. Biotic factors can have also a significant impact on crop quality. The main biotic factors are cultivar choice, bacterial and fungal contamination (disease) and pest damage. 3.3 Effect of various vermicompost materials and earthworm P. corethrurus population on storage loss (% of initial mass) of cabbage The interaction between the kind of vermicompost materials and earthworm P. corethrurus population gave significantly effect on the storage loss (% of initial mass) of cabbage.
11
N. Nurhidayati et al. / Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 11 (2016) 5 – 13
storage loss (% of initial mass)
100 85.2 80 60 40 20
g
f ab
ab
17.6 e
e
abc
ab
de
bc cde e
f
e
e
a ab
bc
cd
e
bcd
cde cde de
de
bc
de ab
bc a
0
Room temperature
Cold temperature
Fig. 1. Storage losses of cabbage from various vermicompost materials (V) and earthworm P. corethrurus population (P) and control (in organic treatment) (Note : Means followed by different letters in the same column are statistically significant different by Tukey- test at P=0.05 for each storage condition)
Fig. 1 showed that the treatment using the vermicompost had a smaller storage loss of marketable weight than inorganic treatment (control) either cold temperature or room temperature storage. The vermicompost V2 (the mixture of cow manure and leaf litter) with population of P. corethrurus by 75 indiv.m-2 and V1 (the mixture of cow manure and vegetable residue) gave the smallest storage loss for room temperature storage. The vermicompost V1 and V2 with population of P. corethrurus by 50 indiv.m-2, and V3 with population of P. corethrurus by 75-100 indiv.m-2 gave the smallest storage loss for cold temperature storage. Rembialkowska (2007) reported that most of the available data indicate that the decay process is slower in organic crops, which therefore show better storage quality after the winter period. The better storage quality of organic crops was probably associated with a higher content of dry matter, sugars and other bioactive compounds in their flesh, resulting in less extensive decay and decomposition. The storage quality of vegetables such as cabbage greatly depends on storage conditions. The important parameters of micro-environment in the storage conditions are gas composition (oxygen,carbondioxide, inert gases, ethylene, etc), the relative humidity (% RH), pressure or mechanical stresses, light and temperature. Intrinsic factor of the food itself such as moisture and pH also affect the storage quality of a product. It may be possible to manipulate these factors to increase the storage quality of a food (Lee and Kadeer, 2000). 4. Conclusions Application of vermicompost combined with inoculation of earthworm P. corethrurus significantly increased total biomass, marketable weight, crop diameter, and harvest index compared with the cabbage grown in inorganic media as well as the quality of cabbage which determined by sugar and vitamin C content and storage loss. Each vermicompost provided the highest yield and quality at different earthworm population. Vermicompost made from the mixture of cow manure and vegetables residue (V1) gave a high yield and quality cabbage with population of P. corethrurus by 0-25 indiv.m-2. Vermicompost made from the mixture of cow manure and leaf litter (V2) with population of P. corethrurus by 50 indiv.m-2 gave a high yield and quality cabbage. Vermicompost made from the mixture of cow manureza, vegetable residue and leaf litter (V3) gave a high yield cabbage without inoculation earthworm P. corethrurus and with population of P. corethrurus by 75-100 indiv.m-2 for a high quality cabbage. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Directorate of Higher Education, Ministry of Research and Technology and High Education, Indonesia for their financial support by The Research Grant of scheme of university excellent research 2015
12
N. Nurhidayati et al. / Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 11 (2016) 5 – 13
References Anderson J.M., Ingram, J.S.I. 1993. Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility : A Handbook of Methods of Analysis. Second Edition. CAB International. ISBN 085198821. 221 pages. Arancon, N.Q., Edwards, C.A., Bierman, P., Welch, C., Metzger, J.D. 2004. Influences of vermicomposts on field strawberries: 1. effects on growth and yields. Bioresource Technology 93, 145-153. Arancon, N.Q., Edwards, C.A., Bierrhan, P., Metzger, J.D., Luchr, C. 2005. Effects of vermicomposts produced from cattle manure, food waste and paper waste on the growth and yield of peppers in the field. Pedobiologia 49, 297-306. Argüello, J.A., Ledesma, A., Núñez, S.B., Rodríguez, C.H., Díaz Goldfarb, M.D.C. 2006. Vermicompost effects on bulbing dynamics nonstructural carbohydrate content, yield, and quality of Rosado Paraguayo garlic bulbs. Hortscience 41 (3), 589-592. Asami, D.K., Hong, Y.J., Barrett, D.M., Mitchel, A.E. 2003. Comparison of the total phenolic and ascorbic acid content of freeze-dried and air dried marionberry, strawberry, and corn using conventional, organic, and sustainable agricultural practices. J Agric Food Chem. 51, 1237– 1241. Banik, P., Sharma. R.C. 2009. Effect of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on the winter crops- rice based cropping system in sub-humid tropics of India. Archive of Agronomy and Soil Science 55, 285–294. Beckles, D.M. 2012. Factors affecting the postharvest soluble solids and sugar content of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) fruit. Postharvest Biology and Technology 63,129–140. Benard, C., Gautier, H., Bourgaud, F., Grasselly, D., Navez, B., Caris-Veyrat, C., Weiss, M., Genard, M. 2009. Effects of low nitrogen supply on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit yield and quality with special emphasis on sugars, acids, ascorbate, carotenoids, and phenolic compounds. J. Agric. Food Chem.57, 4112–4123. Bhadauria, T., Saxena, K.G. 2010. Role of earthworms in soil fertility maintenance through the production of biogenic btructures. Applied and Environmental Soil Science Volume 2010 Article ID 816073, 7 pages doi:10.1155/2010/816073 Binet, F., Curmi, P. 1992. Structural effects of Lumbricus terrestris (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) on the soil-organic matter system: micromorphological observations and autoradiographs. Soil Biol Biochem. 12, 1519–1523 Chapagain, B.P., Wiesman, Z., Zaccai, M., Imas, P., Magen, H. 2003. Potassium chloride enhances fruit appearance and improves quality of fertigated greenhouse tomato as compared to potassium nitrate. J. Plant Nutr.26, 643–658. Dimitri, C. Kemp, L., Sooby, J., Sullivan, E. 2012. Organic Farming for Health and Prosperity. Organic Farming Research Foundation. Washington, D.C. Ofrf.org. 75 pages. Fließbach, A, Oberholzer, H.R., Gunst, L. Ma¨der, P. 2007. Soil organic matter and biological soil quality indicators after 21 years of organic and conventional farming. Agriculture. Ecosystems and Environment 118, 273–284 Frouz, J., Parach, K., Pizl, V., Hanel, L., Stary, J., Tajovsky ,K., Materna J., Balik, V., Kalcik, J., Rehounkova, K. 2008. Interactions between soil development, vegetation and soil fauna during spontaneous succession in post mining sites. Eur J Soil Biol.44, 109-121. Gutierrez-Miceli, F.A., Santiago-Borraz, K.S., Molina, J.A.M., Nafate, C.C., Abud-Archila, M., Liaven, M.A.O., Rincon-Rosales, R., Dendooven, L. 2007. Vermicompost as a soil supplement to improve growth, yield and fruit quality of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum), Bioresour Techno. 98, 2781-2786. Handayanto, E., Cadisch, G., Giller, K.E. 1994. Nitrogen release from prunings of legume hedgerow trees in relation to quality of the prunings and incubation method. Plant Soil 160, 237–248. Hollman, P.C.H., Hertog, M.G.L., Katan, M.B. 1996. Analysis and health effects on flavonoids. Food Chem. 57,43–46. Inbar, Y. Hadar, Y., Chen, Y. 1993. Recycling of cattle manure: the composting process and characterization of maturity. J Environ Qual. 22, 857– 863. Jones, C.G., Lawton, J.H., Shachak, M. 1994. Organisms as ecosystem engineers. Oikos 69, 373– 386. Lal, 2004. Soil carbon sequestration impacts on global climate change and food security. Science 11,1623-1627. Lamandé, M., Hallaire, V., Curmi Pérès, P.G., Cluzeau, D. 2003. Changes of pore morphology, infiltration and earthworm community in a loamy soil under different agricultural managements. Catena 54, 637–649. Lee S.K., Kader, A.A. 2000. Preharvest and postharvest factors influencing vitamin C content of horticultural crops. Postharvest Biology and Technology 20, 207–220. Lisiewska Z., Kmiecik, W. 1996. Effects of level of nitrogen fertilizer, processing conditions and period of storage of frozen broccoli and cauliflower on vitamin C retention. Food Chem.57, 267–270. Liu, Z.H., Jiang, L.H., Li, X.L., Hardter, R., Zhang, W.J., Zhang, Y.L., Zheng, D.F. 2008. Effect of N and K fertilizers on yield and quality of greenhouse vegetable crops. Pedosphere 18, 496–502. Marashi A.R.A., Scullion, J. 2003. Earthworm cast form stable aggregates in physically degraded soils. Biol Fertil Soils 37, 375-380. Ndegwa, P.M., Thompson, S.A., Das, K.C. 1999. E€ects of stocking density and feeding rate on vermicomposting of biosolids. Biores. Technol., 71 (1), 5-12. Nurhidayati, Basit A. 2013. Contributions of pontoscolex corethrurus on N mineralization of organic matters from sugar agro-industry waste in different quality. International Conference on Agriculture 2013 Proceeding: “Science and technology, economic and social welfare in developing countries” ISBN: 978-602-9372-57-1. pp. 66-74 Nurhidayati, Basit, A. 2014. Earthworm Pontoscolex corethrurus and nitrogen mineralization rate in incubation experiment with different quality organic matters from sugar agro-industry waste. International Journal of Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Technology 5(1), 127-134. Pitkanen, J., Nuutinen, V. 1998. Earthworm contribution to infiltration and surface runoff after 15 years of different soil management. Appl. Soil Ecol., 9, 411–415. Purakayastha, T.J., Rudrappa, L., Singh, D., Swarup, A., Bhadraray,S. 2008. Long-term impact of fertilizers on soil organic carbon pools and sequestration rates in maize-wheat-cowpea cropping system. Geoderma 144, 370–378. Rembiałkowska, E. 2007. Quality of plant products from organic agriculture: Review. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 87, 2757– 2762 Roberts, P., Jones D.L., Edwards-Jones, G. 2007. Yield and vitamin C content of tomatoes grown in vermicomposted wastes. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 87, 1957-1963.
N. Nurhidayati et al. / Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 11 (2016) 5 – 13 Rodda, M.R.C., Canellas, L.P., Façanha, A.R., Zandonadi, D.B., Guerra, J.G.M., De Almeida, D.L., De Santos, G.A 2006. Improving lettuce seedling root growth and ATP hydrolysis with humates from vermicompost. II- Effect of vermicompost source. Revista Brasileira de Ciencia do Solo, 30, pp. 657-664. Sainju, U.M., Dris, R., Singh, S. 2003. Mineral nutrition of tomato. Food Agric. Environ. 1, 129–140. Schulman O.P., Tuinov, A.V. 1999. Leaf litter fragmentation by the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris L. Pedobiologia, 43, 453–458. Sharma, R.C., Banik, P. 2014. Vermicompost and fertilizer application: Effect on productivity and profitability of baby corn (Zea Mays L.) and soil health. Compost Science & Utilization 22, 83–92. Sudarmadji, C. 1989. Analysis of Food and Agriculture. Liberty. Yogyakarta. 168 pages (In Indonesia). Swarup, A. 2008. Enhancing Carbon Sequestration Potential of Agricultural Soils for Sustainable Agriculture and Better Environment. NAAS News 8, 1–5. Tejada, M., Gonzalez, J.L., García-Martínez, A.M., Parrado, J. 2008. Effects of different green manures on soil biological properties and maize yield, Bioresource Technology 99, 1758–1767. Toor, R.K. Savage, G.P., Heeb, A. 2006. Influence of different types of fertilisers on the major antioxidant components of tomatoes. J. Food Compos Anal. 19, 20–27. Wang, D., Shi, Q., Wang, X.M., Wei, M. Hu, Liu, J. Yang, F. 2010. Influence of cow manure vermicompost on the growth, metabolite contents, and antioxidant activities of Chines cabbage (Brassica campestris ssp.chinensis). Biol Fertil Soils 46, 689–696 Warman, P.R., AngLope, M.J. 2010. Vermicompost derived from different feedstocks as a plant growth medium. Bioresource Technology 101, 4479-4483.
13
ScienceDirect Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 11 (2016) 5 – 13
International Conference on Inventions & Innovations for Sustainable Agriculture 2016, ICIISA 2016
Yield and Quality of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.var. Capitata) Under Organic Growing Media Using Vermicompost and Earthworm Pontoscolex corethrurus Inoculation N.Nurhidayatia,*, Usman Alib, Indiyah Murwania b
a Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Islam Malang, Malang 65144, East Java, Indonesia Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, University of Islam Malang, Malang 65144, East Java, Indonesia
Abstract A pot experiment was conducted to assess the effect of three kinds of vermicompost materials and P. corethrurus population on plant yield and quality of cabbage under organic growing media compared with inorganic treatment. The factorial block randomized design was used for this experiment which consisting of two factors. The first factor is the kind of vermicompost material which consists of three levels (the mixture of mushrooms media waste, cow manure, and vegetable wastes (V1), mushrooms media waste, cow manure and leaf litter (V2), mushrooms media waste, cow manure, vegetable wastes and leaf litter (V3). The second factor is the population of P. corethrurus consisted of five levels (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 indiv.m-2) and one control treatment (inorganic treatment). The results showed that the application of various vermicompost had significantly (p< 0.05) higher yields than the inorganic treatment. Interaction between the kind of vermicompost and P.coretrurus population affected sigbificantly (p< 0.05) yield and quality of cabbage. Vermicompost V1 and V2 gave a high yield with population by 025 and 50 indiv.m-2, respectively. Vermicompost V3 gave a high yield without inoculation of earthworm P. corethrurus. Based on the quality parameters, the vermicompost V1 and V2 with population by 0-50 indiv.m-2 and V3 with population by 25 indiv.m-2 gave the best quality of cabbage. Cabbage treated with those three kinds of vermicompost increased contents of sugar and vitamin C by average 12% and 57%, respectively. Storage loss (% of initial mass) showed decrease average value by 23% under the treatment of 7 days storage at room temperature (25oC) and 8% under the treatment of 14 days storage at cold temperature (5oC) compared with the inorganic treatment by 85% and 18%, respectively. The results suggest that the application of vermicompost can increase the yield and quality of cabbage.
© by Published Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license © 2016 2016 Published The Authors. by Elsevier B.V. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the Faculty of Animal Sciences and Agricultural Technology, Silpakorn University. Peer-review under responsibility of the Faculty of Animal Sciences and Agricultural Technology, Silpakorn University Keywords: cabbage; vermicompost; P. corethrurus; vitamin C; sugar content; storage loss * Corresponding author. Tel.: +623-41551932; fax: +623-41552249. E-mail address: [email protected]
2210-7843 © 2016 Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the Faculty of Animal Sciences and Agricultural Technology, Silpakorn University doi:10.1016/j.aaspro.2016.12.002
6
N. Nurhidayati et al. / Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 11 (2016) 5 – 13
1. Introduction At the present, food and nutritional security, environmental safety, and the energy crisis are the issues of major concern for the global agriculture. To produce a healthy crop and to establish a healthy environment, farmers need to manage the soil well. This involves considering soil microorganisms, soil nutrients and soil structure. Organic farming is an agricultural method which avoids or largely excludes the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, plant growth regulations, and livestock feed additives. It makes healthy food, soils, plants and environments a priority along with crop productivity. Organic farmers use biological fertilizer inputs and management practices such as cover cropping and crop rotation to improve soil quality and build soil organic matter. Improving soil organic matter also helps it to absorb and store carbon and other nutrients needed to grow healthy crops which in turn, are better able to resist insects and diseases (Dimitri et al., 2012). The cycling of elements on the farm is a main principle of organic farming systems that are based on three practical pillars: (1) the maintenance and increase of soil fertility by the use of farmyard manure; (2) the omission of synthetic fertilizers and synthetic pesticides; (3) the lower use of high energy consuming feedstuff (Fließbach et al., 2007). Use of organic manure not only reduces the requirement of chemical fertilizers but also supplements of all essential nutrients to the plants besides improving the soil properties and processes (Purakayastha et al., 2008). Besides farmyard manure, recently vermicompost has attracted the attention of both researchers and farmers due to its immense production potential and efficient utilization of farm residues (Banik and Sharma, 2009). Sharma and Banik (2014) reported that use of vermicompost enhanced overall soil quality and health parameters. Higher baby corn productivity with greater soil health can be obtained by application of 100% recommended doses of fertilizers with vermicompost. Many studies report that vermicompost is an excellent soil conditioner and can increase the growth and yield of vegetables such as tomatoes (Gutierrez-Miceli et al., 2007), peppers (Arancon et al., 2005), and Chinese cabbage (Wang et al., 2010), garlic (Argüello et al., 2006) and strawberry (Arancon et al., 2004). However, the effect of vermicompost on the growth and yield is highly variable. The variability may depend on the cultivation system and the characteristics of vermicompost. The physical, chemical and biological characteristics of vermicompost vary depending on the original feedstock, the earthworm species used, the production process, and the age of vermicompost (Rodda et al., 2006; Roberts et al., 2007; Warman and AngLope, 2010). In order to accelerate the effect of vermicompost on the growth of plants especially plants short-lived, vermicompost needs combination of the endogenic earthworms which plays an important role in the decomposition and mineralization of organic materials. Nurhidayati et al. (2013) reported that organic input into the soil accompanied by inoculation of earthworm P. corethrurus increased the released total mineral N by 171% and 204% compared with no organic matter input in an incubation experiment. Nurhidayati and Basit (2014) also reported that earthworm inoculation decreased the net immobilization in the microbial biomass and increased N availability in the soil. Increase in mineral N realease and decrease in net immobilization happened because of the direct and indirect effects of earthworms on microbial community (Bhadauria and Saxena, 2010). Earthworms have a large influence on soil physical properties through their burrowing and casting activities. Also known as “ecosystem engineers” (Jones et al., 1994). This study aims to assess the effect of three kinds of vermicompost materials and P. corethrurus population on plant yield and quality of cabbage under organic growing media and compare with inorganic treatment. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1 Study site and soil characteristics This study is a pot experiment conducted in a polyhouse at Tawangargo village, Karangploso district, Malang regency, East Java, Indonesia with latitude 07o56 S, longitude 112o36 E, altitude 1060 m above sea level and Inceptisol soil type. in March- August 2015 and the average temperature of 17o-22oC. Soil samples were air dried and sieved to pass through a 2 mm sieve. The soil is well drained with the following characteristics; pH (H20) 5.3, 2.03 % organic C by Walkley and Black method; 0.47 % total Kjeldahl N; 131.17 mg/kg P (Bray II), 3.26 me/100 g K, cation exchange capacity 42.48 me/100 g soil, and 28 % sand, 56 % silt and 16 % clay.
N. Nurhidayati et al. / Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 11 (2016) 5 – 13
2.2 Vermicompost preparation Vermicompost used in the study is composed of mushrooms culture waste, vegetables residue, leaf litter, and cow manure .The making process of vermicompost is conducted in a container with the mushrooms culture waste as bedding in the bottom and upper of vermicomposting container as thick as 5 cm. The bedding is utilized for controlling temperature and humidity vermicomposting, additional food for earthworms and provide a suitable environment for the proliferation of earthworms Earthworm feed was placed . in the middle layer as thick as 10 cm. Earthworms feed was consisted of three mixtures with a same proportion as the first factor: V1 =mixture of cow manure and vegetables residue, V2 =cow manure and leaf litter, and V3 =cow manure, vegetable residues, and leaf litter. After that, 0.32 kg of earthworms Lumbricus rubellus were inoculated into the container .The amount of earthworms inoculated depends on the amount of feed earthworms in containers. According to Ndegwa and Thompson )1999(, feed requirements of earthworm by 0.75 kg/kg of earthworms/day. The amount of organic matter as feed worms in the container is as much as 6.72 kg. Thus, the vermicomposting process requires 0.32 kg earthworms for 28 days incubation. The moisture of vermicompost was adjusted to 80 .%Then, the vermicompost was dismantled and composted by adding egg shells flour and fish bone meal 5g /100g of material .The composting process lasted for 14 days. Every 2 days, the compost was opened and stirred again so that the temperature remains stable. 2.3 Experiment design The experiment used a randomized block design factorial. The first factor was three kinds of vermicompost has been made (V1, V2, and V3). The second factor was the population of earthworm P. corethrurus which consisted of five levels: 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 indiv.m-2. The combination of these two factors obtained 15 kinds of treatments with one control (used inorganic fertilizer) and repeated three times with three samples for each replication. Total pot used in this experiment was 144 pots. The pots were placed with randomized block design in the polyhouse. Each pot was filled with mixture of soil and cow manure with the ratio of 4 : 1. The vermicompost was applied into the pots individually with dose 200 g per 10 kg media (the mixture of soil and cow dung). The earthworms P. corethrurus were inoculated into each pot corresponding surface area of the pot. Furthermore, the pots were covered with plastic covers. One cabbage seedling was grown in each pot three days after inoculation earthworm pots. The yield of cabbage plant, vitamin C contents, sugar content and shelf life test were determined 70 days after cultivation. The yield of cabbage plant was determined by variables of total biomass and marketable weight, crop diameter, and harvest index. 2.4 Chemical analysis of the vermicompost Total nitrogen (N) was measured with the Kjeldahl method and hydrolyzable N by the alkali distillation method. Available potassium (K) was extracted with 1.0 M NH4OAc (pH=7.0) and then determined by Flame photometer (Liu et al., 2008). The available P was extracted with Bray II then the P content was determined by the colorimetric method. The pH values of the mixtures were determined with a soil : water ratio of 1:5 (w:v) (Inbar et al., 1993) after shaking for 2 h and filtration through Whatman No.1 Filter Paper. Lignin, cellulose, and ash content by Goering and Van Soest method and polyphenols content by Folin-Denis method Anderson and Ingram (1993). The results of analysis were presented in Table 1. 2.5 Determination of plant yield quality Vitamin C content was determined by iodometric titration method. Plant samples crushed with mortar. 30 g slurry was taken and put in a 100 ml volumetric flask. Distilled water was added until the volume reaches 100 ml, then filtered with filter paper. 20 ml filtrate was taken and placed in a 125 ml erlenmeyer flask then added 2 ml of 1% starch solution. The next stage was a standard titration with 0.01 N iodine solution that was made from KI and iodine until the solution blue. Sudarmadji (1989) stated in 1 ml iodine used equivalent to 0.88 mg of vitamin C, so the calculation of the content of vitamin C can be done by multiplying the volume of iodine solution used in the process of titration with 0.88 mg. The content of dissolved solids (sugar) is determined with a digital refractometer. Cabbage
7
8
N. Nurhidayati et al. / Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 11 (2016) 5 – 13
crop yields for each treatment were taken a sample of 1 g, and then pulverized using a mortar to remove fluid. The liquid is then used for readings with a refractometer. Table 1. The chemical composition of three kinds of vermicompost on dry weight basis No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10.
Chemical properties C-organic (%) Polyphenol (%) Cellulose (%) Lignin (%) Total N (%) C:N ratio P (%) K (%) pH Ash (%)
Vermicompost 1 17.07 0.49 37.21 17.74 1.33 12.69 0.77 0.59 6.63 2.72
Vermicompost 2 15.44 0.47 35.34 17.55 1.19 12.97 0.89 0.46 6.97 0.46
Vermicompost 3 16.48 0.45 34.00 18.16 1.31 12.62 0.92 0.42 6.93 0.42
2.6 Statistical analysis The collected data was statistically analyzed using analysis of variance (F-Test) at level (P ≤ 0.05) and differences in each treatment were adjudged by Tukey test (P ≤ 0.05) using Minitab Version 14.12. Dunnett test at 5% level was used to compare all treatments with control. For statistical analysis of data (charts), Microsoft Excel was employed. 3. Results and discussion 3.1 Effect of various vermicompost materials and earthworm P. corethrurus population on the plant yield The interaction between the kind of vermicompost materials and population of earthworm P. corethrurus significantly affected the plant yield. The treatment of vermicompost V2 (the mixture of cow manure and leaf litter) with the population of earthworm 50 indiv.m-2 and V3 (the mixture of cow manure, vegetables residue and leaf litter) without inoculation of earthworm had the highest total biomass, and crop diameter (Table 2). This means that V3 does not require earthworms in the process of the nutrient release into the soil. This is caused by the V3 has the lowest C/N ratio (Table 1) so that the release of nutrients is faster than the other vermicompost. In addition, vermicompost V3 had a relatively high content of N and the highest P content, while the lowest content of cellulose and polyphenol (Table 1) resulting in a faster decomposition. Handayanto et al. (1994) stated that the content of polyphenols can inhibit mineral N release rate of organic matter. Therefore, if the cellulose and polyphenols content of organic matter is low, N mineralization rate will be faster. The application of vermicompost and inoculation of earthworm P. corethrurus significantly (P< 0,05) increased the total biomass, marketable weight, crop diameter, and harvest index of cabbage compared with the inorganic treatment (control) (Table 2). These results show that the addition of organic matter into the soil can improve the physical, chemical and biological soil fertility so that the growth and yield increases. Swarup (2008) reported that the increase of soil organic carbon content will increases the nutrient availability in the soil. Hence, soil organic carbon management is one of the foremost challenges concerning resource management for agricultural systems in the tropics (Lal, 2004). The use of organic manure not only reduces the requirement of chemical fertilizers but also provides important supplements and essential nutrients to the plants besides improving the soil properties and processes (Purakayastha et al., 2008). Marashi and Scullion (2003) reported that inoculation of earthworm into the soil can improve soil properties such as soil aggregate formation, water holding capacity, and the activity of microflora by mixing plant litter and soil minerals (Frouz et al., 2008). Earthworms are also important part in soil functioning by influencing decomposition processes, like fragmentation of organic litter (Schulman and Tuinov, 1999) and stimulation of microbial activity (Binet and Curmi, 1992) and by bioturbation, increasing soil porosity and water infiltration (Pitkanen and Nuutinen, 1998; Lamande et al., 2003). Nurhidayati and Basit (2014) reported that the presence of endogeic earthworms P. corethrurus can increase the N mineralization rate of low quality organic matter and increase nutrient availability.
9
N. Nurhidayati et al. / Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 11 (2016) 5 – 13 Table 2. Total biomass and marketable weight of cabbage plants on harvest 70 days after transplanting; plants were subjected to different vermicompost materials (V) and population earthworm P. corethrurus (P). Treatments
Total Biomass Weight (g)
Marketable Weight (g)
Crop Diameter (cm)
Harvest Index (%)
Control
1426.90
531.0
12.93
37.20
V1P0
1881.57* efg
891.20* hi
17.22* cd
47.37 *e
V1P1
1789.20* cd
853.27* fghi
15.82* abc
47.69* e
V1P2
1781.10* cd
817.27* defg
15.37* ab
45.89* cde
V1P3
1657.81* ab
694.63* ab
14.62* a
41.90* ab
V1P4
1627.10* a
647.59* a
14.60* a
39.80* a
V2P0
1748.44* cd
760.63* cd
15.64* abc
43.50* abc
V2P1
1800.60* de
798.77* cdef
15.55* abc
44.40* bcd
V2P2
1892.80* fg
965.87* j
17.65* d
51.03* f
V2P3
1806.33* def
870.93* ghi
15.74* abc
48.23* ef
V2P4
1642.47* ab
790.56* cdef
14.68* a
48.13* ef
V3P0
1896.20* g
899.87* i
17.70* d
47.46* e
V3P1
1819.50* defg
874.93* ghi
15.33* ab
48.10* ef
V3P2
1799.49* de
831.26* efgh
14.93* ab
46.21* cde
V3P3
1731.00* bcd
776.53* cde
14.70* a
44.86* bcde
V3P4
1704.17* abc
744.13* bc
16.63* bcd
43.66* bc
HSD 5%
88.65
64.6
1.83
3.71
Dunnet 5%
45.95
33.5
0.95
1.92
Means followed by different letters in the same column are statistically significant different by Tukey test at P=0.05 * = significant; ns = non-significant by Dunnet test at P=0.05 ; HSD =Honest Significant Difference
3.2 Effect of various vermicompost materials and earthworm P. corethrurus population on the plant yield quality The interaction between the kind of vermicompost materials and earthworm P. corethrurus population gave significant effect on the quality of cabbage yield. The vitamin C and sugar content were higher in response to the treatment combination of the kind of vermicompost and earthworm P. corethrurus population than in response inorganic fertilization (control) (Table 3). The vermicompost V1 (the mixture of cow manure and vegetable residue) combined with inoculation of earthworm P. corethrurus by 0-25 indiv m-2 had the highest contents of vitamin C with increase of 12% (Table 3). The vermicompost V2 (the mixture of cow manure and leaf litter) combined with inoculation of earthworm P. corethrurus by 25-50 indiv m-2 had the highest sugar content, with increase of 57% compared to the inorganic treatment (Table 3). Table 3. Vitamin C and sugar content of cabbage plants harvested after 70 days and treated with different vermicompost material (V) and earthworm P. corethrurus population (P). Treatments
Sugar Content (% Brix)
Vitamin C Content (mg/100 g)
Control
5.30
36.22
V1P0
5.63* bc
74.95* h
V1P1
5.63* bc
76.17* h
V1P2
5.43
ab
68.58* g
V1P3
5.00 ns a
63.64* f
V1P4
5.33ns
ab
57.69* e
ns
10
N. Nurhidayati et al. / Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 11 (2016) 5 – 13
V2P0
6.13* de
54.70* d
V2P1
6.60* fg
55.10* d
V2P2
7.00* g
51.98* c
V2P3
5.53* b
48.71* ab
V2P4
6.00* cd
48.21* ab
V3P0
6.33* def
46.73* a
V3P1
6.47* ef
55.65* de
V3P2
6.17 * de
52.08* c
V3P3
6.23* def
49.66* bc
V3P4
5.47ns b
46.86* a
HSD 5%
0.43
2.51
Dunnet 5% 0.22 1.30 Means followed by different letters in the same column are statistically significant different by Tukey test at P=0.05; * = significant; ns = non-significant by Dunnet test at P=0.05; HSD = Honest Significant Difference
Wang et al. (2010) reported that the application of vermicompost significantly increased the contents of vitamin C, phenols, and flavonoids. Toor et al. (2010) also observed that the vitamin C content of tomatoes was decreased by high NO3− levels, but it was increased in plants grown with chicken manure and grass-clover treatments. Asami et al. (2003) found that organic fertilizer increased the levels of vitamin C in marionberry, strawberry, and corn. Phenolic compounds are a large group of plant secondary metabolites with different biological activities; for example, flavonoids show antioxidant activity (Hollman et al.,1996). Wang et al. (2010) reported that the vitamin C of leaves of Chinese cabbage cultivated in plastic pots filled with the vermicompost : soil mixtures with ratios the 4:7 had 5.8fold higher than that of full soil treatment. Lisiewska and Kmiecik (1996) reported that increasing the amount of nitrogen fertilizer from 80 to 120 kg ha-1 decreased the vitamin C content by 7 % in cauliflower. It means organic treatment can increase the yield quality of plant. Lee and Kadeer (2000) also reported that nitrogen fertilizers at high rates tend to decrease the vitamin C content in many fruits and vegetables. It has been reported that applying N, P, K, and organic fertilizers can increase sugar content of plants (Liu et al., 2008; Tejada et al., 2008). The timing and method of mineral application, chemical form of the minerals applied, and tomato genotype affect the response to varying mineral concentrations on fruit total soluble solid such sucrose content (Benard et al.,2009; Chapagain et al., 2003; Sainju et al., 2003; Beckles, 2012). Rembialkowska (2007) concluded that the quality of food products was influenced by the quality of the environment (abiotic factors) and the levels of pest and pathogen damage (biotic factors) which plants are subjected. A high nutritive quality of crops can be obtained if the plants were grown in an unpolluted environment. These contaminants include heavy metals, pesticide residues, nitrogen compounds, plant growth stimulators etc. Climate and weather are also important factors, as well as soil type and pH, soil cultivation, fertilisation and conditions of crop storage after harvest. Biotic factors can have also a significant impact on crop quality. The main biotic factors are cultivar choice, bacterial and fungal contamination (disease) and pest damage. 3.3 Effect of various vermicompost materials and earthworm P. corethrurus population on storage loss (% of initial mass) of cabbage The interaction between the kind of vermicompost materials and earthworm P. corethrurus population gave significantly effect on the storage loss (% of initial mass) of cabbage.
11
N. Nurhidayati et al. / Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 11 (2016) 5 – 13
storage loss (% of initial mass)
100 85.2 80 60 40 20
g
f ab
ab
17.6 e
e
abc
ab
de
bc cde e
f
e
e
a ab
bc
cd
e
bcd
cde cde de
de
bc
de ab
bc a
0
Room temperature
Cold temperature
Fig. 1. Storage losses of cabbage from various vermicompost materials (V) and earthworm P. corethrurus population (P) and control (in organic treatment) (Note : Means followed by different letters in the same column are statistically significant different by Tukey- test at P=0.05 for each storage condition)
Fig. 1 showed that the treatment using the vermicompost had a smaller storage loss of marketable weight than inorganic treatment (control) either cold temperature or room temperature storage. The vermicompost V2 (the mixture of cow manure and leaf litter) with population of P. corethrurus by 75 indiv.m-2 and V1 (the mixture of cow manure and vegetable residue) gave the smallest storage loss for room temperature storage. The vermicompost V1 and V2 with population of P. corethrurus by 50 indiv.m-2, and V3 with population of P. corethrurus by 75-100 indiv.m-2 gave the smallest storage loss for cold temperature storage. Rembialkowska (2007) reported that most of the available data indicate that the decay process is slower in organic crops, which therefore show better storage quality after the winter period. The better storage quality of organic crops was probably associated with a higher content of dry matter, sugars and other bioactive compounds in their flesh, resulting in less extensive decay and decomposition. The storage quality of vegetables such as cabbage greatly depends on storage conditions. The important parameters of micro-environment in the storage conditions are gas composition (oxygen,carbondioxide, inert gases, ethylene, etc), the relative humidity (% RH), pressure or mechanical stresses, light and temperature. Intrinsic factor of the food itself such as moisture and pH also affect the storage quality of a product. It may be possible to manipulate these factors to increase the storage quality of a food (Lee and Kadeer, 2000). 4. Conclusions Application of vermicompost combined with inoculation of earthworm P. corethrurus significantly increased total biomass, marketable weight, crop diameter, and harvest index compared with the cabbage grown in inorganic media as well as the quality of cabbage which determined by sugar and vitamin C content and storage loss. Each vermicompost provided the highest yield and quality at different earthworm population. Vermicompost made from the mixture of cow manure and vegetables residue (V1) gave a high yield and quality cabbage with population of P. corethrurus by 0-25 indiv.m-2. Vermicompost made from the mixture of cow manure and leaf litter (V2) with population of P. corethrurus by 50 indiv.m-2 gave a high yield and quality cabbage. Vermicompost made from the mixture of cow manureza, vegetable residue and leaf litter (V3) gave a high yield cabbage without inoculation earthworm P. corethrurus and with population of P. corethrurus by 75-100 indiv.m-2 for a high quality cabbage. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Directorate of Higher Education, Ministry of Research and Technology and High Education, Indonesia for their financial support by The Research Grant of scheme of university excellent research 2015
12
N. Nurhidayati et al. / Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 11 (2016) 5 – 13
References Anderson J.M., Ingram, J.S.I. 1993. Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility : A Handbook of Methods of Analysis. Second Edition. CAB International. ISBN 085198821. 221 pages. Arancon, N.Q., Edwards, C.A., Bierman, P., Welch, C., Metzger, J.D. 2004. Influences of vermicomposts on field strawberries: 1. effects on growth and yields. Bioresource Technology 93, 145-153. Arancon, N.Q., Edwards, C.A., Bierrhan, P., Metzger, J.D., Luchr, C. 2005. Effects of vermicomposts produced from cattle manure, food waste and paper waste on the growth and yield of peppers in the field. Pedobiologia 49, 297-306. Argüello, J.A., Ledesma, A., Núñez, S.B., Rodríguez, C.H., Díaz Goldfarb, M.D.C. 2006. Vermicompost effects on bulbing dynamics nonstructural carbohydrate content, yield, and quality of Rosado Paraguayo garlic bulbs. Hortscience 41 (3), 589-592. Asami, D.K., Hong, Y.J., Barrett, D.M., Mitchel, A.E. 2003. Comparison of the total phenolic and ascorbic acid content of freeze-dried and air dried marionberry, strawberry, and corn using conventional, organic, and sustainable agricultural practices. J Agric Food Chem. 51, 1237– 1241. Banik, P., Sharma. R.C. 2009. Effect of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on the winter crops- rice based cropping system in sub-humid tropics of India. Archive of Agronomy and Soil Science 55, 285–294. Beckles, D.M. 2012. Factors affecting the postharvest soluble solids and sugar content of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) fruit. Postharvest Biology and Technology 63,129–140. Benard, C., Gautier, H., Bourgaud, F., Grasselly, D., Navez, B., Caris-Veyrat, C., Weiss, M., Genard, M. 2009. Effects of low nitrogen supply on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit yield and quality with special emphasis on sugars, acids, ascorbate, carotenoids, and phenolic compounds. J. Agric. Food Chem.57, 4112–4123. Bhadauria, T., Saxena, K.G. 2010. Role of earthworms in soil fertility maintenance through the production of biogenic btructures. Applied and Environmental Soil Science Volume 2010 Article ID 816073, 7 pages doi:10.1155/2010/816073 Binet, F., Curmi, P. 1992. Structural effects of Lumbricus terrestris (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) on the soil-organic matter system: micromorphological observations and autoradiographs. Soil Biol Biochem. 12, 1519–1523 Chapagain, B.P., Wiesman, Z., Zaccai, M., Imas, P., Magen, H. 2003. Potassium chloride enhances fruit appearance and improves quality of fertigated greenhouse tomato as compared to potassium nitrate. J. Plant Nutr.26, 643–658. Dimitri, C. Kemp, L., Sooby, J., Sullivan, E. 2012. Organic Farming for Health and Prosperity. Organic Farming Research Foundation. Washington, D.C. Ofrf.org. 75 pages. Fließbach, A, Oberholzer, H.R., Gunst, L. Ma¨der, P. 2007. Soil organic matter and biological soil quality indicators after 21 years of organic and conventional farming. Agriculture. Ecosystems and Environment 118, 273–284 Frouz, J., Parach, K., Pizl, V., Hanel, L., Stary, J., Tajovsky ,K., Materna J., Balik, V., Kalcik, J., Rehounkova, K. 2008. Interactions between soil development, vegetation and soil fauna during spontaneous succession in post mining sites. Eur J Soil Biol.44, 109-121. Gutierrez-Miceli, F.A., Santiago-Borraz, K.S., Molina, J.A.M., Nafate, C.C., Abud-Archila, M., Liaven, M.A.O., Rincon-Rosales, R., Dendooven, L. 2007. Vermicompost as a soil supplement to improve growth, yield and fruit quality of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum), Bioresour Techno. 98, 2781-2786. Handayanto, E., Cadisch, G., Giller, K.E. 1994. Nitrogen release from prunings of legume hedgerow trees in relation to quality of the prunings and incubation method. Plant Soil 160, 237–248. Hollman, P.C.H., Hertog, M.G.L., Katan, M.B. 1996. Analysis and health effects on flavonoids. Food Chem. 57,43–46. Inbar, Y. Hadar, Y., Chen, Y. 1993. Recycling of cattle manure: the composting process and characterization of maturity. J Environ Qual. 22, 857– 863. Jones, C.G., Lawton, J.H., Shachak, M. 1994. Organisms as ecosystem engineers. Oikos 69, 373– 386. Lal, 2004. Soil carbon sequestration impacts on global climate change and food security. Science 11,1623-1627. Lamandé, M., Hallaire, V., Curmi Pérès, P.G., Cluzeau, D. 2003. Changes of pore morphology, infiltration and earthworm community in a loamy soil under different agricultural managements. Catena 54, 637–649. Lee S.K., Kader, A.A. 2000. Preharvest and postharvest factors influencing vitamin C content of horticultural crops. Postharvest Biology and Technology 20, 207–220. Lisiewska Z., Kmiecik, W. 1996. Effects of level of nitrogen fertilizer, processing conditions and period of storage of frozen broccoli and cauliflower on vitamin C retention. Food Chem.57, 267–270. Liu, Z.H., Jiang, L.H., Li, X.L., Hardter, R., Zhang, W.J., Zhang, Y.L., Zheng, D.F. 2008. Effect of N and K fertilizers on yield and quality of greenhouse vegetable crops. Pedosphere 18, 496–502. Marashi A.R.A., Scullion, J. 2003. Earthworm cast form stable aggregates in physically degraded soils. Biol Fertil Soils 37, 375-380. Ndegwa, P.M., Thompson, S.A., Das, K.C. 1999. E€ects of stocking density and feeding rate on vermicomposting of biosolids. Biores. Technol., 71 (1), 5-12. Nurhidayati, Basit A. 2013. Contributions of pontoscolex corethrurus on N mineralization of organic matters from sugar agro-industry waste in different quality. International Conference on Agriculture 2013 Proceeding: “Science and technology, economic and social welfare in developing countries” ISBN: 978-602-9372-57-1. pp. 66-74 Nurhidayati, Basit, A. 2014. Earthworm Pontoscolex corethrurus and nitrogen mineralization rate in incubation experiment with different quality organic matters from sugar agro-industry waste. International Journal of Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Technology 5(1), 127-134. Pitkanen, J., Nuutinen, V. 1998. Earthworm contribution to infiltration and surface runoff after 15 years of different soil management. Appl. Soil Ecol., 9, 411–415. Purakayastha, T.J., Rudrappa, L., Singh, D., Swarup, A., Bhadraray,S. 2008. Long-term impact of fertilizers on soil organic carbon pools and sequestration rates in maize-wheat-cowpea cropping system. Geoderma 144, 370–378. Rembiałkowska, E. 2007. Quality of plant products from organic agriculture: Review. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 87, 2757– 2762 Roberts, P., Jones D.L., Edwards-Jones, G. 2007. Yield and vitamin C content of tomatoes grown in vermicomposted wastes. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 87, 1957-1963.
N. Nurhidayati et al. / Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 11 (2016) 5 – 13 Rodda, M.R.C., Canellas, L.P., Façanha, A.R., Zandonadi, D.B., Guerra, J.G.M., De Almeida, D.L., De Santos, G.A 2006. Improving lettuce seedling root growth and ATP hydrolysis with humates from vermicompost. II- Effect of vermicompost source. Revista Brasileira de Ciencia do Solo, 30, pp. 657-664. Sainju, U.M., Dris, R., Singh, S. 2003. Mineral nutrition of tomato. Food Agric. Environ. 1, 129–140. Schulman O.P., Tuinov, A.V. 1999. Leaf litter fragmentation by the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris L. Pedobiologia, 43, 453–458. Sharma, R.C., Banik, P. 2014. Vermicompost and fertilizer application: Effect on productivity and profitability of baby corn (Zea Mays L.) and soil health. Compost Science & Utilization 22, 83–92. Sudarmadji, C. 1989. Analysis of Food and Agriculture. Liberty. Yogyakarta. 168 pages (In Indonesia). Swarup, A. 2008. Enhancing Carbon Sequestration Potential of Agricultural Soils for Sustainable Agriculture and Better Environment. NAAS News 8, 1–5. Tejada, M., Gonzalez, J.L., García-Martínez, A.M., Parrado, J. 2008. Effects of different green manures on soil biological properties and maize yield, Bioresource Technology 99, 1758–1767. Toor, R.K. Savage, G.P., Heeb, A. 2006. Influence of different types of fertilisers on the major antioxidant components of tomatoes. J. Food Compos Anal. 19, 20–27. Wang, D., Shi, Q., Wang, X.M., Wei, M. Hu, Liu, J. Yang, F. 2010. Influence of cow manure vermicompost on the growth, metabolite contents, and antioxidant activities of Chines cabbage (Brassica campestris ssp.chinensis). Biol Fertil Soils 46, 689–696 Warman, P.R., AngLope, M.J. 2010. Vermicompost derived from different feedstocks as a plant growth medium. Bioresource Technology 101, 4479-4483.
13