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При-отсутствие субъекта: ‘Жизнь с идиотом’ Виктора Ерофеева
Russian Literature LI (2002) 261-272 North-Holland
HPH-OTCYTCTBHE
www.elsevier.comJlocate/ruslit
CYB%EKTA: ')I(H3I-Ib C I/I~/IOTOM' BHKTOPA EPOqbEEBA
PETRA HESSE
1. PaclipocrrpaHafomaaca Ha 3ana~Ie pent, M. qbyKo 06 "rIcne3aoBenHI~ cy6~eKTa" (Foucault 1974: 459) B CCCP-Poccm, I, rmnrInaa c neoqbrmI~an~,rioi~ nnTepaayp~,l Koima 1960-x rO~OB, cTaaa :ii,ITepaTypm,iM CtOXeTOM: Bo~peKH o6merIpnn~Tofi norm~e u ee r~paBHny "the I in the b o o k cannot die in the book", B p a r e ripoaaBeAeriu~ i~3o6paxaeTca cMepTr~ pacc~aan~i~a, BO BpeMenriOM r~naae npexmecTByIOiIIaa ero C06CTBemlOMy nOBeCXBOBaTem,a o ~ y ~e~CWBmO ram, rio Kpa~nefI Mepe, 3anepmerimo ~TOrO ~efiCTBI~a. TaKa~ cMepTg HepBOFO 3/I,IIIa, paccKa3~,iBaeMaa TeM )Ke nepBbIM JImlOM, He CBOJIHTCI:I HYIII He IIOJIHOCTbIO CBO~!IHTC~IK KaTeFOpIIIIM HCIIXOIIaTOJIOFItH, He 06%~C~J~eTC~ ~aBep~oiii~IMn IIp~eMaMH qbaHTaCTrIK~ I~ He n o ~ a e T c a MeTaqboprlueCI~OMy TOYlKOBaHrIIO. HanpoTrlB, ceMaHTitqecKrle OTItOmeHrIIl s e x y p e q ~ o AaaHo r o " ~ " ~aK 3HaKOM e r o IIpHCyTCTBI?IIt tI O~IHoBpeMeanm~ yTBep~;~eHrleM OTQyTCTBH/t TOFO )Ke "5f" OCTaIOTClI Hepa3pemaeMo 14 MytlHTeTIt:,HO HaT~IHyTblMI/I: O n u eott3unu ~ m e ceoe vuuno e c a m o e eopao [...] It ne anal, qTO eCTb na CBeTe TaKaa 6oJ]i,, H CKplOqHJICnOT MyKI,I [...] H
c Tex hop a He npHxoaHn B CO3HaHne,n nnKor~Ia ne npn~Iy. (Bell. EpoqbeeB 1989: 122; KypcnB B noRnrmnnKe) ~ AOFEqeCKH aM6HBaJIeHTHa.qCMepTB He TOHbKO HpOTHBOpeHHT n o T p e 6 HOGTH B HHTeFpaTIBHO~ ~ H q H O G T H KaK HeKOeM e~HHCTBe we~a H Co3HaHH~; OHa H OCBO60~AaeT p e q b OT KaKO~-~H60 o n p e ~ e a e H n o ~ g p a H a ~ a e ~ H o c T a n aonaBnOCTn. 2 Tax, K KOH~y COBeTCKOrO nep~oxa CTan3By~aTLFO~OC US nU-
0304-3479/02/$ - see front matter © 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. PII: S0304-3479(02)00090-X
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Petra Hesse
~tmo tO. B. MaMjieeBa (MaMneeB 1991), n B ero pacc~a~e ')tfgBa~I cMepTI~' "~" Hepe:~ilBaeT cMepTeJII~HI~INpacIm)I TeJIa I4 C03HaHII~I KaK 6orle314eH14oe qyScTSeHHo-ceMaHTI~qecKoe yr~pa~nem~e o6oHx rIOH~Tn~ - He CTa~O 14HCTaHII~IH, I~OTOpag ~ o r n a 6s~ n3o6paa~T~ ~x c~oppea~sHym ouHy]o CTaBKy.3 M14ItMBII~ OTBeT Ha HeBO3MO~HBI~ BoHpoc 0 BJIa)IeJII~He roBop~mero rojioca 3xecs ~aeT ~oc~eAH~ qbpa~a - cc~Iji~o~ Ha yHn~TO~eHHoe 14po~I3Be~Ien14e Foro~. 4 1]O~06Hs~e napyme14n~ (xpoHo-)jior~iqec~oro nop~i~a, BMeCTe C 6aHaJiH3~py~OIIII4M~I, 06eCCM~,ICJIgBaIOIIIgM14"14¢pe?KI4BaH14~M14"tIy)Ko~ HO3T~IFd4, xapaKTepHb~ ~ Ajin " j i ~ e j i n p ~ n " Jl. A. IIp~rosa. 5 Ero "aBTopcEoe" ~ ~a ~poHe Tpa~14IIIIOHHOfIt~OHtIeII~/14tt aBTOpCTBa ycTyIIaeT MeCTO CaMOyTBep~~laromeMyc~I CTrlXOTBOpHoMy TeKcTy "B ero OHTO3Ornqecxo~ 14epsopo~I14OCTn": "[Ioc~e c~epTn c~e~yeT HnCaT~ ropaajlo-ropaz~o npome, Kax ~ yx~e rtp~BOXrlji S npr~Mep [...]" (HpnroB 1 9 9 5 : 8 n 12). C~epTs "a" y~Ke r~e KOHCTaTnpyeTcz, a npexnonaraeTcz ~aK OCHOBHOft qbaxT caMo6r,iT14oro ~lrlCKypcnBHoro XB~eHHZ, B KOTOpO~ c r ~ y j i a l m a aBTOpCTBa rpaH14qHT C ~I14cc~Myjizttr~e~ ~upnqecKoro cy65exTa. "YI" TaXnM 06paaoM oI~a3~maeTca simulacrum'oM aBTOpa, a BJra~teH14e/I3BIKOBBIMnpocTpaHcTBOM npeBpaIJ/aeTc~ B Her~o)~oTqeTHOe CaMOBJIacTge. 2. C npo6nneMaTmKHOHa3BaTb 14poFpaMugbIM 140TOMy, qTO OH BOCIIpO143BO]IHT 14 B TO Yt(e speMa ocnapHBaeT KpeCT, 110CTaBJIeH14~I~ Ha cy6T,eKTe t~ Ha BejIymeM YIOBeCTBOBaHI4e "a" KaK ero JI14TepawypHOM Hp0TaFOH14CTe: ')IfH3Itb c 143I!/IOTOM' BHKTopa B. E p o ~ e e s a (EpoqbeeB 1991: 5-26), Ha14~ca~mero ~ Jm6peTTO ~JI~ o~Iep14o~ o6pa6oTI~ cBoero itpoi~IaBeAeHt,I~[ KOMHO3HTOpOM-HOY/HCTHJII'ICTOMA.rlbqbpe)~OM ~_[HtITKe (Schnittke 1992). 6 "fl Ha~HHaIo BHOBL Bnna~eTb HepoM" (EpoqbeeB 1991: 26), rOBOpHT paccKa3qI~K EpoqbeeBa K KOHIIy cBoero IIOBeCTBOBaHIIg,KOTOpOe TeM caM~IM Ha)~o C~I14TaTB OTqeTOM O BTOpg~IHOM npHo6peTeHrlr~ 6bmmero, no llOTepaHHOrO B ~poMex~yTEe Bjia~eHn~. 0 5 yCJIOBHOCTg3TOFO Bjiazte14nn rlpoRriueci(I~ CB14AeTeji~CTBylOT r~e TOJIbKO ayKToprIajib14oe o6pame14I~e K am6e3H O M y ~IHTaTeYItOII npe~cTaBjieHHe: "It - .~HTepaTop, 3~Ia~nln~ ce6e I~eHy, n cBoero ~ItlTaTeji~ B o 6 ~ y He OT~IaM" (8). YCJIOBHBIM OKa3I~IBaeTClt n p e ~ e Bcero OCM~icjieHI~e B~aCTg 14 I~pOTr~BOrrOCTaBJIeHH0f~eli HOpMI,~ cy6BepcrrBHOrO rIoBeAeHH~ ~ pa~Kax 6mmpHO~ MojleJm KyJIbTypBI, EOTopaa 3aHrI~aeT rIe14~pa3~Hy~o no3~r~rito B C03ItaUII!,I "~I'. 1-[OCJIe OCBe~IOMJIeI-IIt//O ~peAcTO~rueM "Ha~a3aHrm", COCTO/tIIIeM B COBMeCTI-IOt~mleI3H14 C FI~!tOTOM, pacc~a3q14K np146eraer ~ Cl?IMBOJItltIeCKOMy nopazIKy CMeXOBOfI KyJII~TypbI, HpexocTaBji~IOrJ/eI~ r~AefiH~2 KOMIIJIeKC ropo~cT~a Ka~ flBJIeHH~I OCMt,ICJIeHHoro rt OCMb~CJiaioiiIero Mr~p aHTH-Mrlpa:7
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BblHaHII,IBaYl CBOH I~eaJI H)I~OTa. COBCeM He XOTelIOCb 6paTh KaKOFO-
H ~ 6 y ~ c~yqafisoro osmro~bpeHa: [...] 5/ Me,Tan o co~epmeHHO nHO~ ~aTonorrm - 6na~ermofi, ~opo~In~o~ naTo:~orrm, uapo;IHO~ no qbopMe co~epmaHrlK). 5I npe~IcTaBs~3 ce6e CTeneHHOFO hyKaBOFO cTapt~a c BOCTpeH~r~M rsm~OM t~BeTa s~I~eTmero ~e6a. 1-[~,eT qa~I ~npH~yc~y, :ink CSeT~,~ H qHCT~I~, a ~a6em~T pu6r, 6e3yM~U -- CaM ;IbaBOYlMyTFIT. AM611~aaeHTHSt~ Ta~O~ cTapnqo~. (Epoqbee~ 1991 : 6) I/IcTopllqecRH CJIO)K11Bma~c~ KapT11Ha ~opo2nBoro oTpa)KaeTca n n a My3bIKaJIbHO~ TpaKTOBI
AeI~11e..." (Epo~bee~ 1991: 5; pa3p~lKa ~ 11oJxnrm1111~e) 1 1 ~ ~IpOCTO HpexHo~araeTcs: "]~py35a l~03~IpaB~3H MeHJt C tI]IItOTOM. [...] ~py3I~$I np~IaHa~i11c~, 9TO o11acaallcs x y R m e r o [...]" (TaM)Re). KaR naRaasmaxomaa BJIaCTb, TaK 111 B11HOBH!/IK qb113119¢eKOFO HaCkIYlIcIlt Ha)I )KeHOfI B CO3HaHIffH " / I " OT-
CyTCTByeT, ~O ~pafiHe~ Mepe 11a seI~oTopoe Bpeu~: " A ee 3BepcRn y 6 ~ n . . . " (Epodpee~ 1991: 7). I/IcKJItO911TeJIbHaJt oplle~TaIl11~ Ha 6rmapr~oe MIlpOBO33 p e H H e 14 11)IeHTHqbIIKal/H~I C O)II-IIIM IIOJItOCOU ")Io6pa" aon~KH~I IIpHBeCTII K TOMy, 9TO BJIaCTI~I4 Hac11J~e 11pHCyTCTByIOTTOYII,KO B BI;UIe CHHTa~cIa~Iecxoro n p o 6 e ~ a , W. e. IIpHcyrcTBy~OT oTCyTCTBtteM. I/ITaR, paccRa3911K AeaaeT CBOfi
264
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MHHMLI~I BI~I60p ~OpO~HBOrO, He co3liaBaslcI~ B TOM, tlTO Sl~I6~IpaeT opy~II~e BJIaCTli, "FOCH~IIOTa", OZlI4lleTBop~iolIIero HMIIJIO3HtO KyJIbTyplioro CMblCJIa BOO6IIIe BcJIe]ICTBI~e COBIIa~eHH~I MOHOHOJIH3IipOBaHHOFO " ~ o 6 p a " c e r o MHHMOI~ HpOTHBOriOJIO)KHOCTbIO.12 He3aMeTHOCTS ~JIaCZli I~aK HOC.~eXH~ c r e l i e l i ~ ee yCOBepmeHCTSOBaHli~ B n e p s s l e OIIIiCHBa:IaCS B 1906 r. s Rdflexions sur la violence :7t(. C o pe~i~ (Sorel 1981). IIpI~3blBa~ K pa~mKa2ib~oMy peBoJIIOIlliOHHOMy cvmjI~Ka~-mgMy, OH ~OXO}IIIT AO HpOrHOaa, qTO B pa3BliTrlH KarmTaJIrI3Ma HaKolielI rlcqe3Her ~IeI~CTBHepa3JIH~Ht,~X areviTOS BO.~H, a o6illecTse~Hoe tlezoe 6yJIeT nOXO~I(HM Ha opraHrd3OBaHUOe TeYlO, ~0yH~llrlOHvlpyrolIIee coBepI/leHHO CaMOCTOgTeYlbHO;TOr2Ia HCCJIeAOBaTejIHCMOryT OCttOBaTI, 3KOHOMHqecKyIO Hay~y, ~OTOpa~ HM 6y~IeT Ra~aTbc~ WaKO~ x~e TOqnO~, KaK HayKH O qbH3rI~ec~o~ r~pHpo~e. (Sorel 1981: 206-207; nepe~o~ ~o~, P.H.) H OpTO)IOKCaYIbHBIe MapKcttCTBI, rio CopeJIto, He lipoq~, yHacJ~e~IOBaTb 9Ty JI~eHay~IHyIO TeYieCliOCTb rIOTOMy, NTO Aa,'~e "lie riOllo3peBaK)T, tITO MOrJ~a 6I,I cymeCTBOBaTB p a a l i r m a M e ~ j I y aJtacmb~o, CTpeMffttle.~c~ K aBTOpliTeTy H ~ e : m I o m e ~ ocyliIeCTBHTB aBTOMaTHqecKoe IIOBliliOBelilie, I4 Hacuaue~, uaMepeHliLIM HapymHTb 9TOT aBTopliTeT" ( S o r e l 1981: 208; KypcliB B rmXJmHHri~e). 3r EpoqbeeBa, oTpriiIaHlie sc~I
Cor:taclio Copemo, COIlpOTI~IBJIIITBC/tToTaYIHTapHOMy H)!HOTH3My MO)I(HO TOYII,KO IIocpe)ICTBOM HacHJII~CTBeHHOFO IIOBpe>K)IeHH~IHJIH yHHtITO)KeHIIII BCelior~oltIalolIIero~3 JlOXrloro - rocI4AHOTCt~oro - TeJIa. 1-IOIIblTKO~ TaKoFo Hac~IJIH~ B paccKa3e ItBJDteTClI a6opT, Ha KOTOpBII~ )KeHa peIliaeTca 6e3o Bca-
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KOFO 06~gCHeriHa. Ha MeCTO FOCri,~riOTCKOFO3 a p o ~ b n u a riOCTyI~aeT "~" C ri3BeCTItbrM ripHcy:~)lerirIeM caMoro ce6~: "H - TBO~ CHri, B o s a " , ri copeBH y t o u / a a C H!4M meHa 6y)~TO OTUeri~IeT CBOe pemeririe I~peKpaTriTb pa3MHO~ e n ~ e ri~riOTOB" "Bce paBHO OH Te6e m~qero He poxriT. KaKo~ OT Hero TOni(?
A ~ Te6e p o , y china. [...] Y Te6s 6y~eT Cbm, BOSH [...]. Tb~ 6yxemb rop)Xr~T~Ca rim" (Epoqbee~ 1991: 24). I/ITaK, A~I~I c~leririqeci(o~ i(OHKpeTH3alIriri nporpeccr~py~oIIIero "H~riopa3MriO;,KeHrig" IIIHHTKe npe~IyCMaTpHBaeT He TOJIbKO gapriTOHa B poJIri "H', HO ri 6e3bIM~HHOFO "I~apriJ~", n o I o m e r o rieKOTOpt,Ie HaCTH TeKCTa "Jt" Tai(riM me TeHOpOM, i(OTOpBIM llOeT BOBa. OKa3bIBaeTCII, HTO HaKa3blBalOIIIe~ BJIaCTri B CMBICJIe CriJIbI, BO3JIeI~CTByrOg/e~ Ha "H" cHapy?KH, B CaMOM ~ter~e HeT; OqHalt CTaBKa C rie~ HeBO3MO:~KHa ri B ~ri3riqeci(OM ri B II3BIKOBOM ripocTpaHCTBe, a Tpe60Bariri~
paccKa3qrI~a "OT~a~Te Mrie MOe HaKaaaHrie!" (5 ri 26) ~loJI~rir~ OCTaTr~C~6e3 OTBeTa. I/~MMaHeriTriOCTB BYlaCTH BCeM qeYlOBeqeci(riM OTHOIrieHriHM KaK
Tai(OBr~M HpoaHHa:~riaripoBa.~IM. CI)y~o B HaqaJmi-io~ pa6oTe c~oero ripoei(Ta Histoire de la sexual#d, 1: La volontd de savoir (1976). OAI-IO ri3 ero 3aKYltOtIeHri~ COCTOHT B TOM, HTO BYIaCTB "ri)IeT CHri3y, T. e. OHa He OCHOBBIBaeTc~ Ha BCeO~ule~ MaTpri~e r n o 6 a n s r ~ o r o pa3)lBoeri-iri~[, HpoTrriBOHHOCTaB ~ I O ~ e ~ BnaCTHTeY[e~ ri r i o ~ a i m ~ , i x [...]"; cne~oBaTe:ri~HHo OTHOmeI-IH~, odpopM~eHHm,~e B:mCTS~O, "He J]Bn~rOTCg HHa,~cTpo~Ko~, Hrparou/e~ TOpMO3~Imy~o ri coxpariJ~IOIIIyIo poaB - ri r ~ e 6~,i OHH Hri Hrpanri pore,, oriri HBYIIIIOTCH rieriocpe2CTBeHriO n o p o ~ a r o m r i M r i . . . " ( F o u c a u l t 1 9 7 9 : 1 1 5 ; IIepeBoR MO~, P.H.). TaKHM o 6 p a B o u B C03Haririri e p o ~ e e s c i ( o r o pacci(aBqi~i(a ri r i o p o m ~ a e i c s CT&TIHHriCTriLIeCKri~o6pa~ "IOpO~riBO~ rIaTO:~Orriri, riapo)lrio~ rio ~ o p Me ri co~lep~a~rmo", ri Ha B~,I6Op no206HOrO "cTapriqi(a" OH p e m a e w c a "rio
r~yTpariOMy, ~KZa3r~eHHOMypacqeTy" (EpoqbeeB 1991 : 6-7). 3.
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~eHT Ha e~HHCTBO BYlaCTH H HaCHJIH~I 3aBepmaeT nepr~o~ Mo~epHa, oTpa)KasmHfiC~t Ha ypOBHe epo~eeBcKOrO cro:~ewa B yMCTBeHHO-)!yXOBHOM KOJIx a r l c e cy6~eKTa, TO OXHUeTBOpeHrIe "I~OCTyTO/IHqeci(o~ 3HTpOnttH" ( E s h e l m a n 1995: 24) B FOCH)IriOTe OTMeqaeT C~IMy3IbTaHHytO BO3MO)KHOCTB IIOCTMo)IepHHCTCKO~ riO3HIIHH Ha ypOBHe g3BIKOBOFO n o p o ~ e I - m ~ : IIricaTeY~t,CKOe "~" n o ~ 3 y e T c a BJIaCTBtO KaK n o p o ~ ) l a I o ~ r I M "B~aReririeM" ri ripriMeH~eT ee Me~)~y npoqriM K CBOeMy "~g36e3HOMy qHTaTeJIIO', OCBO60~JIa~
ero OT r~pe~He~ yC:IOBHOCTrI:"Hy, a TeIIep~,, ~-mTaTem, X.eB, KeM 6hi Tr~I riri 6BIJI: [...]" (EpoqbeeB 1991: 23). KaK noKa3r~maeT - 6e30TKa3a JmTepaTyp-
, ,~ 14 HOMy MO3IOtIKy -- 3TOT npHMep, yHoTpe6neurie MaTepHo]~ neKcrIKrI aSYbqeTClt IIOriIJITKO~ 6yKBa.rlbHO riC-lleJIriTb [sic[] CJIOBO-3HaK IIOCYle HMEIJIO3HH 3Har-IeHHH. M e ~ y TeM, I
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c r u m ' o ~ , ~5 JIeKCw-IeCKUfi cY66CTaItAapT MaTa x p a r m ~ BeC~,Ma I~pen~yIo CB~ar, C p e ~ e p e m m a ~ , H , , I M M~IpOM, OH cyIIIeCTBOBa,r~ TOnbKO KaK OTnOIIIenHe s i g n i f i a n t ' a c peqbepeuToM i~ ucKnIo'-IaJIc~ ~I3 COBeTCKOrO csioBapu-uon~zuf~mii~a) 7 Pac~oaOTOMy TaK~IM o6pa~oM CnOBy-3naKy "nnTepaTop" Mox~eT BepuyT~, IleYIOCTHOCTb MOMeHTaJIBHI~IM aKTOM i~apymeHri~, BK~IIOqa~ cy6cTaH~IapT B HopMy JII,ITepaTypHOFO ~3NKa: [/I3 c o q e T a H ~ )I~Ia~!I4qeCKOFO C0IOBa-I~OHS~TH~ c ;II~a;Iu~IecK~IM ~ CBOIO ouepeAL MaTepm,~u CSmBOM nony'-IaeTc~ c B o e r o podia Tp~a~a, ~anoBo uprIcoe;xrma~oma~ p e d p e p e m m a m , m , ~ ~ u p i( cao~ap~oIIOHIITH~HHKy: "~ItITaTeJ~ X.eB" - 3TO TOT, KTO ~OqHTa.rlC/I ~ 0 I~OCJ~e~HHX cTpaHH~ MaTOM BbIpaz~eHHblX I'OClff/~HOTCKHX06cI~eHI-IOCTe~ -- 3HaHIIT: MIoI, co~epmeHHO KOHI(peTHr~Ie (H MO~eT 6~,~T~ n:r~OKyTrmHO o6~z
Hnpy~oT Ha ~ac r~ ~L~rOIOT BaM Bam~ ~OCTOpZ(eHnr,m rrm~a Ha6moAaTe~I~uoro qber~onora. (EpoqbeeB 1991: 8-9) B IIpoLH4TNpOBaHHblX rlprlMepax ~3t,IKOBOe Hacgnrle HapyIIIaeT p e n e ByIO II j~TepaTypHyrO yCJIOBHOCTIo, CKpNBatOIIIyto IIOJII~3OBaItFIe BJIaCTI,K). ~ B a Trma HapymeHga coqeTatOTCa K KOHIIy oprHacTr~IecKoro HacnJIH~ H a l
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~KeHO~, ~OTOpOe nponcxoAr~T ~a~ 6yATO 6e3 KpoBonpoJmTr~: "f[ cn~le~, O6JIIlTbI~ TOMaTOM 14 MaJIoqbe~" (EpoqbeeB 1991: 7). H a qb~BrmecKoe rOCI4jI~IOTCKOe ~ac~Jine "sJIa~eIoiiiiifI IlepOM" TaKIIM o6pa3oM oTBeqaeT aacrIJirleM xy)Io)KeCTBeHHO-Jt3blKOBbIM. ~Ta ~iHqbqbepeattgat~i~ npo~BnaeTc~ r~ Ha peneBo~ TpaKTOBKe rOMOCeKcyaJI~HO~ mO6Bn, B KOTOpOfi ~a ypoBHe c~omeTa " z " c ~ . ~ a e T c a c rOCn~InOTOM B o)Ino nepa3JlgqIIMOe "MBI", B O~IIH "IIaM~ITHIIK". Pe~eBy~o KOHKpeTH3alIItIO, OJIHaKO, HoJIyqaeT He HOJIOBO.~ aKT KaK TaKOBOH, a eFO MOTI/IRaI~tI~I, IIpOIlgXO~lIII~aII He ~43 06J~aCT~ O)IHOHO.rIOBOFO "It)II[OB3IeqeHI'IIt",20 a OT TOFO )KeJIaHII/I OCMIc,IC3IeHHO~ BJ~aCTI4, KOTOpOe HepBOHaqaYiI, HO I4 HpgBeJ~o K Br~6opy MHHMOFO
IOpO;~I~BOrO. )KeJmsno~ rIYlg "OTBpaTttTeJII~HO"-"3aMaHqYIBO!¥' oKa3~IBaewc~ MHrlMa~t pe~epeHiItlaYil~HOCT5 BJIaCTtt-TeJ~a, T. e. ee " r p y 6 a ~ " MaTeptlaJII,HOCTS: "[...] ~ yBaAeJ~ 60pJIOBO-BeHO3Hr~e, yBeC~CT~Ie oqepTaHri~" BOBHHa q31eHa, KOTOpbIe "XOTeJIocb IIpHpy'-IIlTb" (22). 2~ 3TO ~ e a a ~ n e ")ln~o~ paa60~SgqI~efI CItJIbI" pa3pa~aeTc~ He H306pazKaeMbIU qbtt3w-IeCKItM ~!e~CWB!4eu, a cy6~Ma~I~efi i~p14 HOMOIIU/I0N!4CTFITeJIt,HOH MeTaqboprIKg ortt~I: HacI
ftpo)KaT Ha geTpy; OHO KpacHBO, 3TO rIJraM~, OHO KpenHeT, OHO CI4JIbgee Mep3ocT~I, OHO He npHHaJIJIe~T eft, 14 nJIaMa rio)K14paeT nOMOfiKy, o p a H ~ e s ~ qbaKen B Be~epHeM He6e, 6em14T )IeTBOpa -- TO-TO npaa)IHnK. (EpoqbeeB 1991: 22) B MeTaqbopI~ueCKOM H3o6pa~eHrIn me~aI~naa peqbepeHtlHaJILHOCTb OIIIlTI~ ycTynaeT MeCTO FIOHIITttt~HOCTI4,3acaoH~li<)me~ rIacmIrIe sJIacTtI-TeYta. ~TO HactlJIrIe, a B a a m m e e c a "arITarOHHCTOM BOO6parKeHrIJt" ( R y k l i n 1992: 36), HOCJIeSIOBaTe~bHO oTpmIaeT H BO3BpaTHoe Boo6pa)KenrI¢ "~i" c a u o r o ce6a. KaK TeYleCHO-~3t,IKOBa,q HOpMa, I'OCgAI4OTCKOeHacr~r~e paBUO3HaqHO cMepTII cy6~eKTa. H O B TO )Ke BpeM~ OHO, KaK tIOpMa, nO)IJIe)gllT H a p y m e n n t o n3BIKOBbIM Hacr~neM, 22 BOCCTaHaBJII4Ba~OIJIHMcy6~eKT KaK BJIa~IeJlblla uaTepllII~eFoca FOYIOCa.
268
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HPHMEqAHHfl
Ha wpa)iHt~rxro npeJlqyBCTBH~ "CO6CTBeHHO~cMeprrL KOTOpBIMI46oraTa pyccKa~ :IurepaTypa" yKa~uBaeT JIeBHn (1996: 92-93). Cp. HeCKOYIBKOHanBHl, Ifi BbIBO~, cjlenaHHb~ nO nobody O]IHOFO1t3 MeTponOJIbCKIqXpaccKa3OB Bmcropa EpoqbeeBa, 'Hplmymel-lHbi~ oprasM cwoaeTmq', B O2IHOM aMepHI
HeBHJIPlMI~IMH,HO RerlgrIMH [tBIVIIIaMH.B~pyr - paa, H yme HeT CO3HaHRa, I4 It HOttTtt He>KHBOI~[...] Id MBI Bce BI4jI!4M~ KaK np~MO nepeA naMg CHIlnT Ha mKadoy H n~IXO nrparoT Ha rHTape BbITnHyT~m m nac TpH COaHaHg~q, rIpeBpaTI~BLUHeC~rOqHO B TaKue ~ e eymecTBa, ~aK MbL [...] O, raK MyqnTeSmHO BH~eT~ ce6a mBne n ne qyBCTBOBaT~,BHyTpn!" (MaMJ~eeB 1991:72-81). "ToJ~i
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9 10
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B I, 2, TaKTaX 359-360 "H" pa3MblUI.rl~teT 06 14;leHTrlTeTe lq,/I14OTa,nepe~aBa~ eFO MH14MbIHnr~rpeHn14fi ~iHaaor (Schnittke 1992: 66). I~ocyle flepBt,IqHOFO tI3HaCHJIOBaH14H meHa OTylaeTCH BOBe ]Io6ponoYibHO 14 BII,
1, TaKTaX 452-460 rlp14coe~II4HHeTCHK ero 6ecrIpepbIBHOMy "gX" rlO~HHMalOm14MHCn ceKy14;~aMH(Schnittke 1992: 127). Cp. nonpoc~[ paccKa3qHKa, o6pameHHbie K 14c~e3HynmeMy Bone: "Y Koro TbI TeHepb B n;lnoTax? KaK caymHTCa?" (Epoc~eeB 1991: 8). H a BO3MO)I(HOGTb HeBepHorO HcrIo~B3OBaHHH ~HHapHoH Mo)IeJIH yKa3blBaeT caM paccKa3q14K: "Hy, MOmeT 6r,iTr,, MOil ~;lean 6i,ia He COBCeM y m MOHM -3a14MCTBOBarlrtH, pa3yMeeTcH, npr~cyTCTnOBaaH: 3aropcKaH nanepTb Mepem14nacb, ~Ia H rlr~eM Bce MbI C ~IeTCTBa o~[no I4 TO me ;mTepaTypHoe MOnOqKO [...] TOn~KO H He xoTea C614BaTb Ha HeM Macao!" (Epoqbeen 1991: 6). 17porpeccHpy~omHfi xapaKTep HacH~n~, oKa3~,maeMoro n;mCTbrO-Te~OM, Epoqbeen aHann3~pyeT 14 B CTaTr,e 'MapKH3 ;le Ca;I, ca;msM 14 X X neK' (Epoqbeen 1990: 225-255). KflK l
CHX rlop KameTcH e;lna BO3MOmHBIM. O 3HaqeHH14rICTaTb14 'M14~ - 14M~I-- Kym,Typa' KaK 3apo~l~,Ima IIporpaMUHOrO HepenopoTa B pyCCKOM cTpy~Typan143Me CM. Eme~r~Mati (Eshelman 1995: 3945). Oco6eHHy~O H Aame TpaBMaTH314pyIoIJ/yIO noTep~o pe~epeHIIHa.rIroHOCTi,i Ha ypoBHe a14TpO14OH!,IMOB, coBHa)xammrrx BF[YIOTB,/~O t'IH141214a.IIOB~KOHCTa-
Petra Hesse
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20
21 22
Tnpye,/~apK (1997: 246-247) B cnyqae AByx EpoqbeeBJ, ix; pemenne Jmqno~ npo6JmMbl ,-Iepe3 CHerty JmTepaTypnblx noKoJmnnfi, oanaKo, npnBeJm He K npnHtmnnam, no~ nepeoueHKe, a Jmms K BHyTpenHeMy npeo6pa3oBaHHiO napaanrM~ ~3~,moBoro cy6cTanaapTa: "IdenTpa.ri~,no~ Meraqbopo~ 60-x 6~ina ~yTblJIKa, CBfllIIeHHBI~ cocyA, HalIOYIHeHHBI~ CBItlIIeHHOI~3t(II]IKOCTbtO, LIeHTpaasHO~ MeTa~opo~ 70-X -- qba~zoc" (248). O6pa~ttOM 3TO~ accounatmn BnacTn c roMoceKcya_rnSHblMi40THOmeHnaMrI MO)KHO CqHTaTb cJ~yxrL pacnymeHH~,~e opraHaMr~ nocne paarpoMa rpyrmb~ yqacTImKOB B a~,Manaxe Mempono:~b, o roMoceKcyam, m, ix oTnomeHrtax EpodpeeBa c AKCenO~HM. B KaMnanHn npoTrm a~,uaHaxa H no~anJmc~, ocy)r4leHHe ero co)lep~aH~a KaI( riopHorpaqb~n; CM. Porter (1994: 29). DTHonorHqecKne KOpH~ 3TO~ CnMBOnnqecKo,~ arpeccnn aHaJirlaHpyeT Duerr (1993: 211-283). P~iicnrm (Ryklin 1992: 36): "TaKoe M~maeHne [Ton~yromee 31~CTaTrlKy Teppopa, P.H.] no OfHOmeHurO ~ BnaCTU ZtOJ~HO 6r,m , HauepeHo Ha 6ecnpep~iBHOe npeBocxo~CTBO B Hacnnnn c TeM, qTO~bl Ha ypOBHe Teopn~ CO3~laT~ cTpamHs~e simulacra Te~ecHoro pa3no)~eHna. [...] OnnpaTscz OHa [T. e. TaKa~ c~IaOcoqbnn, P. H.] MO*eT TOJ~SKO Ha OTXO~I~ Mbtmaenm~ [...]." TaRHMH "OTXOjIaMf[" MO)KHO cqnTaTb I4 BeCbMa o6~eMngI~ Kopnyc aHeK)IOTOB, CBIt3aHHBIX C yMeHbmnTeJ~bHO~ qbOpMOfI HMeHIt epoqbeeBclmro mXnOTa, a KpOMe HerO It JIeHgHa, "BoBoq~a"; CM. BeJmycoB (1996).
JIHTEPATYPA
BenoycoB, A. ~ . 1996 'BoBoqKa'. B: H. A. BoroMoaoB (COCT.), Attmu-.,tup pycc~o~ h"y~bmypbz. ~3bm. CbO~Tb~top../Iumepamypa. MOCKBa, 165-186. ~apK, Oner 'B.B.E., nn~I KpymeHHe ~3UKOB'. Hoeoe .~umepa~vpnoe oSo3penue, 1997 25,246-262. EpoqbeeB, Ben. B. 1989 Moc~ea-IlemymKuu np. MocKBa. EpoqbeeB, BHKT. B. B ~zagupunme npo~amb~x aonpocoa. MOCKBa. 1990 )Ku~tb c UOuOmOM.Paccxa3~,z. 17oeecm~,. MOCKBa. 1991 ~eBHH, tO. H. 1983/1996 'O5 O6CIienHb~X BbIpa~en~b~X p y c c r o r o lt3bIKa'. B: H. A. BoroMOJmB (COCT.), Attmu-~up pycc~o~ ~yJ*bmypbz. Jt3~I~. Chojbxaop. 2Iumepamypa. MOCKBa, t 08-120. KoMouenmapu~ x no~eae 'Mocxea-IIemyutnu' Be~teOuxma Epo1996 ~eeaa. MateriaIien zur Russischen Kultur, 2. Graz.
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JIHxaqeB, ]I. C., I~aH~IeHKO,A. M. 1991 Die Lachwelt des alten Russland. Mit einem Nachtrag von Jurij M. Lotman und Boris A. Uspenskij (Eingeleitet und herausgegeben von Renate Lachmann). Mtinchen ("CMexoeo~t Juup" Opee~tegt Pycu, 1976). JIoTMaH, IO. M., gcneucKI4~, B. A. 1973 'MI@ - nMn -- Kym,Typa'. TpyOb~ no 3na~oeblM cucme:~au, 6, 282303. MaM:xeeB, tO. B. 1991 Fo~oc us nuumo. PaccKazbl. MOCKBa. MycoprcKHfi, M. H. 1996 Hoanoe aKaOeMu~tecKoe co6paHue co~tunenu~. 1-2. Bopuc FoOynoe. My3bzxaabnoe npeOcma6,Tenue a ,~emblpex ~tacm~x. JIu6pemmo M. 17. MycopecKoeo no oOttowuenno~ mpaeeOuu A. C. Hyut~una. 17epea~ peOaKvlua (1869). Hapmumypa. Mainz. IIpnroB, ~. A. Jtene~ue cmuxa noc~e e2o cMepmu. MOCKBa. 1995 Duerr, Hans Peter 1993 Obsz6nitiit und Gewalt. Der Mythos vom Zivilisationsprozess. Frankfurt a/M. Eshelman, Raoul 1995 Epistemologie der Stagnation. Studien zur friihen sowjetischen Postmoderne. Hamburg. Foucault, Michel 1974 Die Ordnung der Dinge. Eine Archgiologie der Humanwissenschafien. Frankfurt a/M. (Les roots et les choses, 1966). 1979 Sexualitgit und Wahrheit. Erster Band: Der Wille zum Wissen. Frankfurt a/M. (Histoire de la sexualitd, 1: La volontd de savoir, 1976). Obermayr, Brigitte 1997 'Dichtung als M6glichkeit, sozusagen', Nachwort zum zweiten Band. B: ,~MI~TpH~AJmKCaH~lpOBn'~HpnroB, Co6panue cmuxoe, T. 2, NoNe 154-401, 1975-1976. Wiener Slawistischer Almanach, Sonderband 43,299-324. Porter, Robert Russia's Alternative Prose. Oxford/Providence. 1994 Ryklin, M. 'Ekstasis des Terrors, kollektive K6rper und die Logik der Gewalt'. 1992 B : Lettr e international, 19, 35-40. Schnittke, Alfred 1992 Leben mit einem Idioten. Oper in 2 Akten. Libretto von Viktor Jerofejew. Deutsche Adaption: J6rg Morgener (Klavierauszug). Hamburg.
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www.elsevier.comJlocate/ruslit
CYB%EKTA: ')I(H3I-Ib C I/I~/IOTOM' BHKTOPA EPOqbEEBA
PETRA HESSE
1. PaclipocrrpaHafomaaca Ha 3ana~Ie pent, M. qbyKo 06 "rIcne3aoBenHI~ cy6~eKTa" (Foucault 1974: 459) B CCCP-Poccm, I, rmnrInaa c neoqbrmI~an~,rioi~ nnTepaayp~,l Koima 1960-x rO~OB, cTaaa :ii,ITepaTypm,iM CtOXeTOM: Bo~peKH o6merIpnn~Tofi norm~e u ee r~paBHny "the I in the b o o k cannot die in the book", B p a r e ripoaaBeAeriu~ i~3o6paxaeTca cMepTr~ pacc~aan~i~a, BO BpeMenriOM r~naae npexmecTByIOiIIaa ero C06CTBemlOMy nOBeCXBOBaTem,a o ~ y ~e~CWBmO ram, rio Kpa~nefI Mepe, 3anepmerimo ~TOrO ~efiCTBI~a. TaKa~ cMepTg HepBOFO 3/I,IIIa, paccKa3~,iBaeMaa TeM )Ke nepBbIM JImlOM, He CBOJIHTCI:I HYIII He IIOJIHOCTbIO CBO~!IHTC~IK KaTeFOpIIIIM HCIIXOIIaTOJIOFItH, He 06%~C~J~eTC~ ~aBep~oiii~IMn IIp~eMaMH qbaHTaCTrIK~ I~ He n o ~ a e T c a MeTaqboprlueCI~OMy TOYlKOBaHrIIO. HanpoTrlB, ceMaHTitqecKrle OTItOmeHrIIl s e x y p e q ~ o AaaHo r o " ~ " ~aK 3HaKOM e r o IIpHCyTCTBI?IIt tI O~IHoBpeMeanm~ yTBep~;~eHrleM OTQyTCTBH/t TOFO )Ke "5f" OCTaIOTClI Hepa3pemaeMo 14 MytlHTeTIt:,HO HaT~IHyTblMI/I: O n u eott3unu ~ m e ceoe vuuno e c a m o e eopao [...] It ne anal, qTO eCTb na CBeTe TaKaa 6oJ]i,, H CKplOqHJICnOT MyKI,I [...] H
c Tex hop a He npHxoaHn B CO3HaHne,n nnKor~Ia ne npn~Iy. (Bell. EpoqbeeB 1989: 122; KypcnB B noRnrmnnKe) ~ AOFEqeCKH aM6HBaJIeHTHa.qCMepTB He TOHbKO HpOTHBOpeHHT n o T p e 6 HOGTH B HHTeFpaTIBHO~ ~ H q H O G T H KaK HeKOeM e~HHCTBe we~a H Co3HaHH~; OHa H OCBO60~AaeT p e q b OT KaKO~-~H60 o n p e ~ e a e H n o ~ g p a H a ~ a e ~ H o c T a n aonaBnOCTn. 2 Tax, K KOH~y COBeTCKOrO nep~oxa CTan3By~aTLFO~OC US nU-
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~tmo tO. B. MaMjieeBa (MaMneeB 1991), n B ero pacc~a~e ')tfgBa~I cMepTI~' "~" Hepe:~ilBaeT cMepTeJII~HI~INpacIm)I TeJIa I4 C03HaHII~I KaK 6orle314eH14oe qyScTSeHHo-ceMaHTI~qecKoe yr~pa~nem~e o6oHx rIOH~Tn~ - He CTa~O 14HCTaHII~IH, I~OTOpag ~ o r n a 6s~ n3o6paa~T~ ~x c~oppea~sHym ouHy]o CTaBKy.3 M14ItMBII~ OTBeT Ha HeBO3MO~HBI~ BoHpoc 0 BJIa)IeJII~He roBop~mero rojioca 3xecs ~aeT ~oc~eAH~ qbpa~a - cc~Iji~o~ Ha yHn~TO~eHHoe 14po~I3Be~Ien14e Foro~. 4 1]O~06Hs~e napyme14n~ (xpoHo-)jior~iqec~oro nop~i~a, BMeCTe C 6aHaJiH3~py~OIIII4M~I, 06eCCM~,ICJIgBaIOIIIgM14"14¢pe?KI4BaH14~M14"tIy)Ko~ HO3T~IFd4, xapaKTepHb~ ~ Ajin " j i ~ e j i n p ~ n " Jl. A. IIp~rosa. 5 Ero "aBTopcEoe" ~ ~a ~poHe Tpa~14IIIIOHHOfIt~OHtIeII~/14tt aBTOpCTBa ycTyIIaeT MeCTO CaMOyTBep~~laromeMyc~I CTrlXOTBOpHoMy TeKcTy "B ero OHTO3Ornqecxo~ 14epsopo~I14OCTn": "[Ioc~e c~epTn c~e~yeT HnCaT~ ropaajlo-ropaz~o npome, Kax ~ yx~e rtp~BOXrlji S npr~Mep [...]" (HpnroB 1 9 9 5 : 8 n 12). C~epTs "a" y~Ke r~e KOHCTaTnpyeTcz, a npexnonaraeTcz ~aK OCHOBHOft qbaxT caMo6r,iT14oro ~lrlCKypcnBHoro XB~eHHZ, B KOTOpO~ c r ~ y j i a l m a aBTOpCTBa rpaH14qHT C ~I14cc~Myjizttr~e~ ~upnqecKoro cy65exTa. "YI" TaXnM 06paaoM oI~a3~maeTca simulacrum'oM aBTOpa, a BJra~teH14e/I3BIKOBBIMnpocTpaHcTBOM npeBpaIJ/aeTc~ B Her~o)~oTqeTHOe CaMOBJIacTge. 2. C npo6nneMaTm
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BblHaHII,IBaYl CBOH I~eaJI H)I~OTa. COBCeM He XOTelIOCb 6paTh KaKOFO-
H ~ 6 y ~ c~yqafisoro osmro~bpeHa: [...] 5/ Me,Tan o co~epmeHHO nHO~ ~aTonorrm - 6na~ermofi, ~opo~In~o~ naTo:~orrm, uapo;IHO~ no qbopMe co~epmaHrlK). 5I npe~IcTaBs~3 ce6e CTeneHHOFO hyKaBOFO cTapt~a c BOCTpeH~r~M rsm~OM t~BeTa s~I~eTmero ~e6a. 1-[~,eT qa~I ~npH~yc~y, :ink CSeT~,~ H qHCT~I~, a ~a6em~T pu6r, 6e3yM~U -- CaM ;IbaBOYlMyTFIT. AM611~aaeHTHSt~ Ta~O~ cTapnqo~. (Epoqbee~ 1991 : 6) I/IcTopllqecRH CJIO)K11Bma~c~ KapT11Ha ~opo2nBoro oTpa)KaeTca n n a My3bIKaJIbHO~ TpaKTOBI
AeI~11e..." (Epo~bee~ 1991: 5; pa3p~lKa ~ 11oJxnrm1111~e) 1 1 ~ ~IpOCTO HpexHo~araeTcs: "]~py35a l~03~IpaB~3H MeHJt C tI]IItOTOM. [...] ~py3I~$I np~IaHa~i11c~, 9TO o11acaallcs x y R m e r o [...]" (TaM)Re). KaR naRaasmaxomaa BJIaCTb, TaK 111 B11HOBH!/IK qb113119¢eKOFO HaCkIYlIcIlt Ha)I )KeHOfI B CO3HaHIffH " / I " OT-
CyTCTByeT, ~O ~pafiHe~ Mepe 11a seI~oTopoe Bpeu~: " A ee 3BepcRn y 6 ~ n . . . " (Epodpee~ 1991: 7). I/IcKJItO911TeJIbHaJt oplle~TaIl11~ Ha 6rmapr~oe MIlpOBO33 p e H H e 14 11)IeHTHqbIIKal/H~I C O)II-IIIM IIOJItOCOU ")Io6pa" aon~KH~I IIpHBeCTII K TOMy, 9TO BJIaCTI~I4 Hac11J~e 11pHCyTCTByIOTTOYII,KO B BI;UIe CHHTa~cIa~Iecxoro n p o 6 e ~ a , W. e. IIpHcyrcTBy~OT oTCyTCTBtteM. I/ITaR, paccRa3911K AeaaeT CBOfi
264
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MHHMLI~I BI~I60p ~OpO~HBOrO, He co3liaBaslcI~ B TOM, tlTO Sl~I6~IpaeT opy~II~e BJIaCTli, "FOCH~IIOTa", OZlI4lleTBop~iolIIero HMIIJIO3HtO KyJIbTyplioro CMblCJIa BOO6IIIe BcJIe]ICTBI~e COBIIa~eHH~I MOHOHOJIH3IipOBaHHOFO " ~ o 6 p a " c e r o MHHMOI~ HpOTHBOriOJIO)KHOCTbIO.12 He3aMeTHOCTS ~JIaCZli I~aK HOC.~eXH~ c r e l i e l i ~ ee yCOBepmeHCTSOBaHli~ B n e p s s l e OIIIiCHBa:IaCS B 1906 r. s Rdflexions sur la violence :7t(. C o pe~i~ (Sorel 1981). IIpI~3blBa~ K pa~mKa2ib~oMy peBoJIIOIlliOHHOMy cvmjI~Ka~-mgMy, OH ~OXO}IIIT AO HpOrHOaa, qTO B pa3BliTrlH KarmTaJIrI3Ma HaKolielI rlcqe3Her ~IeI~CTBHepa3JIH~Ht,~X areviTOS BO.~H, a o6illecTse~Hoe tlezoe 6yJIeT nOXO~I(HM Ha opraHrd3OBaHUOe TeYlO, ~0yH~llrlOHvlpyrolIIee coBepI/leHHO CaMOCTOgTeYlbHO;TOr2Ia HCCJIeAOBaTejIHCMOryT OCttOBaTI, 3KOHOMHqecKyIO Hay~y, ~OTOpa~ HM 6y~IeT Ra~aTbc~ WaKO~ x~e TOqnO~, KaK HayKH O qbH3rI~ec~o~ r~pHpo~e. (Sorel 1981: 206-207; nepe~o~ ~o~, P.H.) H OpTO)IOKCaYIbHBIe MapKcttCTBI, rio CopeJIto, He lipoq~, yHacJ~e~IOBaTb 9Ty JI~eHay~IHyIO TeYieCliOCTb rIOTOMy, NTO Aa,'~e "lie riOllo3peBaK)T, tITO MOrJ~a 6I,I cymeCTBOBaTB p a a l i r m a M e ~ j I y aJtacmb~o, CTpeMffttle.~c~ K aBTOpliTeTy H ~ e : m I o m e ~ ocyliIeCTBHTB aBTOMaTHqecKoe IIOBliliOBelilie, I4 Hacuaue~, uaMepeHliLIM HapymHTb 9TOT aBTopliTeT" ( S o r e l 1981: 208; KypcliB B rmXJmHHri~e). 3r EpoqbeeBa, oTpriiIaHlie sc~I
Cor:taclio Copemo, COIlpOTI~IBJIIITBC/tToTaYIHTapHOMy H)!HOTH3My MO)I(HO TOYII,KO IIocpe)ICTBOM HacHJII~CTBeHHOFO IIOBpe>K)IeHH~IHJIH yHHtITO)KeHIIII BCelior~oltIalolIIero~3 JlOXrloro - rocI4AHOTCt~oro - TeJIa. 1-IOIIblTKO~ TaKoFo Hac~IJIH~ B paccKa3e ItBJDteTClI a6opT, Ha KOTOpBII~ )KeHa peIliaeTca 6e3o Bca-
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KOFO 06~gCHeriHa. Ha MeCTO FOCri,~riOTCKOFO3 a p o ~ b n u a riOCTyI~aeT "~" C ri3BeCTItbrM ripHcy:~)lerirIeM caMoro ce6~: "H - TBO~ CHri, B o s a " , ri copeBH y t o u / a a C H!4M meHa 6y)~TO OTUeri~IeT CBOe pemeririe I~peKpaTriTb pa3MHO~ e n ~ e ri~riOTOB" "Bce paBHO OH Te6e m~qero He poxriT. KaKo~ OT Hero TOni(?
A ~ Te6e p o , y china. [...] Y Te6s 6y~eT Cbm, BOSH [...]. Tb~ 6yxemb rop)Xr~T~Ca rim" (Epoqbee~ 1991: 24). I/ITaK, A~I~I c~leririqeci(o~ i(OHKpeTH3alIriri nporpeccr~py~oIIIero "H~riopa3MriO;,KeHrig" IIIHHTKe npe~IyCMaTpHBaeT He TOJIbKO gapriTOHa B poJIri "H', HO ri 6e3bIM~HHOFO "I~apriJ~", n o I o m e r o rieKOTOpt,Ie HaCTH TeKCTa "Jt" Tai(riM me TeHOpOM, i(OTOpBIM llOeT BOBa. OKa3bIBaeTCII, HTO HaKa3blBalOIIIe~ BJIaCTri B CMBICJIe CriJIbI, BO3JIeI~CTByrOg/e~ Ha "H" cHapy?KH, B CaMOM ~ter~e HeT; OqHalt CTaBKa C rie~ HeBO3MO:~KHa ri B ~ri3riqeci(OM ri B II3BIKOBOM ripocTpaHCTBe, a Tpe60Bariri~
paccKa3qrI~a "OT~a~Te Mrie MOe HaKaaaHrie!" (5 ri 26) ~loJI~rir~ OCTaTr~C~6e3 OTBeTa. I/~MMaHeriTriOCTB BYlaCTH BCeM qeYlOBeqeci(riM OTHOIrieHriHM KaK
Tai(OBr~M HpoaHHa:~riaripoBa.~IM. CI)y~o B HaqaJmi-io~ pa6oTe c~oero ripoei(Ta Histoire de la sexual#d, 1: La volontd de savoir (1976). OAI-IO ri3 ero 3aKYltOtIeHri~ COCTOHT B TOM, HTO BYIaCTB "ri)IeT CHri3y, T. e. OHa He OCHOBBIBaeTc~ Ha BCeO~ule~ MaTpri~e r n o 6 a n s r ~ o r o pa3)lBoeri-iri~[, HpoTrriBOHHOCTaB ~ I O ~ e ~ BnaCTHTeY[e~ ri r i o ~ a i m ~ , i x [...]"; cne~oBaTe:ri~HHo OTHOmeI-IH~, odpopM~eHHm,~e B:mCTS~O, "He J]Bn~rOTCg HHa,~cTpo~Ko~, Hrparou/e~ TOpMO3~Imy~o ri coxpariJ~IOIIIyIo poaB - ri r ~ e 6~,i OHH Hri Hrpanri pore,, oriri HBYIIIIOTCH rieriocpe2CTBeHriO n o p o ~ a r o m r i M r i . . . " ( F o u c a u l t 1 9 7 9 : 1 1 5 ; IIepeBoR MO~, P.H.). TaKHM o 6 p a B o u B C03Haririri e p o ~ e e s c i ( o r o pacci(aBqi~i(a ri r i o p o m ~ a e i c s CT&TIHHriCTriLIeCKri~o6pa~ "IOpO~riBO~ rIaTO:~Orriri, riapo)lrio~ rio ~ o p Me ri co~lep~a~rmo", ri Ha B~,I6Op no206HOrO "cTapriqi(a" OH p e m a e w c a "rio
r~yTpariOMy, ~KZa3r~eHHOMypacqeTy" (EpoqbeeB 1991 : 6-7). 3.
Ecan TBopeT/ TOT~AIHTapHOFOGesamtkunstwerk'a I(ai( earIrir~i~ ripeTeH-
~eHT Ha e~HHCTBO BYlaCTH H HaCHJIH~I 3aBepmaeT nepr~o~ Mo~epHa, oTpa)KasmHfiC~t Ha ypOBHe epo~eeBcKOrO cro:~ewa B yMCTBeHHO-)!yXOBHOM KOJIx a r l c e cy6~eKTa, TO OXHUeTBOpeHrIe "I~OCTyTO/IHqeci(o~ 3HTpOnttH" ( E s h e l m a n 1995: 24) B FOCH)IriOTe OTMeqaeT C~IMy3IbTaHHytO BO3MO)KHOCTB IIOCTMo)IepHHCTCKO~ riO3HIIHH Ha ypOBHe g3BIKOBOFO n o p o ~ e I - m ~ : IIricaTeY~t,CKOe "~" n o ~ 3 y e T c a BJIaCTBtO KaK n o p o ~ ) l a I o ~ r I M "B~aReririeM" ri ripriMeH~eT ee Me~)~y npoqriM K CBOeMy "~g36e3HOMy qHTaTeJIIO', OCBO60~JIa~
ero OT r~pe~He~ yC:IOBHOCTrI:"Hy, a TeIIep~,, ~-mTaTem, X.eB, KeM 6hi Tr~I riri 6BIJI: [...]" (EpoqbeeB 1991: 23). KaK noKa3r~maeT - 6e30TKa3a JmTepaTyp-
, ,~ 14 HOMy MO3IOtIKy -- 3TOT npHMep, yHoTpe6neurie MaTepHo]~ neKcrIKrI aSYbqeTClt IIOriIJITKO~ 6yKBa.rlbHO riC-lleJIriTb [sic[] CJIOBO-3HaK IIOCYle HMEIJIO3HH 3Har-IeHHH. M e ~ y TeM, I
266
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c r u m ' o ~ , ~5 JIeKCw-IeCKUfi cY66CTaItAapT MaTa x p a r m ~ BeC~,Ma I~pen~yIo CB~ar, C p e ~ e p e m m a ~ , H , , I M M~IpOM, OH cyIIIeCTBOBa,r~ TOnbKO KaK OTnOIIIenHe s i g n i f i a n t ' a c peqbepeuToM i~ ucKnIo'-IaJIc~ ~I3 COBeTCKOrO csioBapu-uon~zuf~mii~a) 7 Pac~oaOTOMy TaK~IM o6pa~oM CnOBy-3naKy "nnTepaTop" Mox~eT BepuyT~, IleYIOCTHOCTb MOMeHTaJIBHI~IM aKTOM i~apymeHri~, BK~IIOqa~ cy6cTaH~IapT B HopMy JII,ITepaTypHOFO ~3NKa: [/I3 c o q e T a H ~ )I~Ia~!I4qeCKOFO C0IOBa-I~OHS~TH~ c ;II~a;Iu~IecK~IM ~ CBOIO ouepeAL MaTepm,~u CSmBOM nony'-IaeTc~ c B o e r o podia Tp~a~a, ~anoBo uprIcoe;xrma~oma~ p e d p e p e m m a m , m , ~ ~ u p i( cao~ap~oIIOHIITH~HHKy: "~ItITaTeJ~ X.eB" - 3TO TOT, KTO ~OqHTa.rlC/I ~ 0 I~OCJ~e~HHX cTpaHH~ MaTOM BbIpaz~eHHblX I'OClff/~HOTCKHX06cI~eHI-IOCTe~ -- 3HaHIIT: MIoI, co~epmeHHO KOHI(peTHr~Ie (H MO~eT 6~,~T~ n:r~OKyTrmHO o6~z
Hnpy~oT Ha ~ac r~ ~L~rOIOT BaM Bam~ ~OCTOpZ(eHnr,m rrm~a Ha6moAaTe~I~uoro qber~onora. (EpoqbeeB 1991: 8-9) B IIpoLH4TNpOBaHHblX rlprlMepax ~3t,IKOBOe Hacgnrle HapyIIIaeT p e n e ByIO II j~TepaTypHyrO yCJIOBHOCTIo, CKpNBatOIIIyto IIOJII~3OBaItFIe BJIaCTI,K). ~ B a Trma HapymeHga coqeTatOTCa K KOHIIy oprHacTr~IecKoro HacnJIH~ H a l
')Kux~b c uOuomo~u' Buxmopa Epoqbeeea
267
~KeHO~, ~OTOpOe nponcxoAr~T ~a~ 6yATO 6e3 KpoBonpoJmTr~: "f[ cn~le~, O6JIIlTbI~ TOMaTOM 14 MaJIoqbe~" (EpoqbeeB 1991: 7). H a qb~BrmecKoe rOCI4jI~IOTCKOe ~ac~Jine "sJIa~eIoiiiiifI IlepOM" TaKIIM o6pa3oM oTBeqaeT aacrIJirleM xy)Io)KeCTBeHHO-Jt3blKOBbIM. ~Ta ~iHqbqbepeattgat~i~ npo~BnaeTc~ r~ Ha peneBo~ TpaKTOBKe rOMOCeKcyaJI~HO~ mO6Bn, B KOTOpOfi ~a ypoBHe c~omeTa " z " c ~ . ~ a e T c a c rOCn~InOTOM B o)Ino nepa3JlgqIIMOe "MBI", B O~IIH "IIaM~ITHIIK". Pe~eBy~o KOHKpeTH3alIItIO, OJIHaKO, HoJIyqaeT He HOJIOBO.~ aKT KaK TaKOBOH, a eFO MOTI/IRaI~tI~I, IIpOIlgXO~lIII~aII He ~43 06J~aCT~ O)IHOHO.rIOBOFO "It)II[OB3IeqeHI'IIt",20 a OT TOFO )KeJIaHII/I OCMIc,IC3IeHHO~ BJ~aCTI4, KOTOpOe HepBOHaqaYiI, HO I4 HpgBeJ~o K Br~6opy MHHMOFO
IOpO;~I~BOrO. )KeJmsno~ rIYlg "OTBpaTttTeJII~HO"-"3aMaHqYIBO!¥' oKa3~IBaewc~ MHrlMa~t pe~epeHiItlaYil~HOCT5 BJIaCTtt-TeJ~a, T. e. ee " r p y 6 a ~ " MaTeptlaJII,HOCTS: "[...] ~ yBaAeJ~ 60pJIOBO-BeHO3Hr~e, yBeC~CT~Ie oqepTaHri~" BOBHHa q31eHa, KOTOpbIe "XOTeJIocb IIpHpy'-IIlTb" (22). 2~ 3TO ~ e a a ~ n e ")ln~o~ paa60~SgqI~efI CItJIbI" pa3pa~aeTc~ He H306pazKaeMbIU qbtt3w-IeCKItM ~!e~CWB!4eu, a cy6~Ma~I~efi i~p14 HOMOIIU/I0N!4CTFITeJIt,HOH MeTaqboprIKg ortt~I: HacI
ftpo)KaT Ha geTpy; OHO KpacHBO, 3TO rIJraM~, OHO KpenHeT, OHO CI4JIbgee Mep3ocT~I, OHO He npHHaJIJIe~T eft, 14 nJIaMa rio)K14paeT nOMOfiKy, o p a H ~ e s ~ qbaKen B Be~epHeM He6e, 6em14T )IeTBOpa -- TO-TO npaa)IHnK. (EpoqbeeB 1991: 22) B MeTaqbopI~ueCKOM H3o6pa~eHrIn me~aI~naa peqbepeHtlHaJILHOCTb OIIIlTI~ ycTynaeT MeCTO FIOHIITttt~HOCTI4,3acaoH~li<)me~ rIacmIrIe sJIacTtI-TeYta. ~TO HactlJIrIe, a B a a m m e e c a "arITarOHHCTOM BOO6parKeHrIJt" ( R y k l i n 1992: 36), HOCJIeSIOBaTe~bHO oTpmIaeT H BO3BpaTHoe Boo6pa)KenrI¢ "~i" c a u o r o ce6a. KaK TeYleCHO-~3t,IKOBa,q HOpMa, I'OCgAI4OTCKOeHacr~r~e paBUO3HaqHO cMepTII cy6~eKTa. H O B TO )Ke BpeM~ OHO, KaK tIOpMa, nO)IJIe)gllT H a p y m e n n t o n3BIKOBbIM Hacr~neM, 22 BOCCTaHaBJII4Ba~OIJIHMcy6~eKT KaK BJIa~IeJlblla uaTepllII~eFoca FOYIOCa.
268
Petra Hesse
HPHMEqAHHfl
Ha wpa)iHt~rxro npeJlqyBCTBH~ "CO6CTBeHHO~cMeprrL KOTOpBIMI46oraTa pyccKa~ :IurepaTypa" yKa~uBaeT JIeBHn (1996: 92-93). Cp. HeCKOYIBKOHanBHl, Ifi BbIBO~, cjlenaHHb~ nO nobody O]IHOFO1t3 MeTponOJIbCKIqXpaccKa3OB Bmcropa EpoqbeeBa, 'Hplmymel-lHbi~ oprasM cwoaeTmq', B O2IHOM aMepHI
HeBHJIPlMI~IMH,HO RerlgrIMH [tBIVIIIaMH.B~pyr - paa, H yme HeT CO3HaHRa, I4 It HOttTtt He>KHBOI~[...] Id MBI Bce BI4jI!4M~ KaK np~MO nepeA naMg CHIlnT Ha mKadoy H n~IXO nrparoT Ha rHTape BbITnHyT~m m nac TpH COaHaHg~q, rIpeBpaTI~BLUHeC~rOqHO B TaKue ~ e eymecTBa, ~aK MbL [...] O, raK MyqnTeSmHO BH~eT~ ce6a mBne n ne qyBCTBOBaT~,BHyTpn!" (MaMJ~eeB 1991:72-81). "ToJ~i
')Ku~m, c uOuomo~n' But~mopa Epoqbeeea
9 10
269
B I, 2, TaKTaX 359-360 "H" pa3MblUI.rl~teT 06 14;leHTrlTeTe lq,/I14OTa,nepe~aBa~ eFO MH14MbIHnr~rpeHn14fi ~iHaaor (Schnittke 1992: 66). I~ocyle flepBt,IqHOFO tI3HaCHJIOBaH14H meHa OTylaeTCH BOBe ]Io6ponoYibHO 14 BII,
1, TaKTaX 452-460 rlp14coe~II4HHeTCHK ero 6ecrIpepbIBHOMy "gX" rlO~HHMalOm14MHCn ceKy14;~aMH(Schnittke 1992: 127). Cp. nonpoc~[ paccKa3qHKa, o6pameHHbie K 14c~e3HynmeMy Bone: "Y Koro TbI TeHepb B n;lnoTax? KaK caymHTCa?" (Epoc~eeB 1991: 8). H a BO3MO)I(HOGTb HeBepHorO HcrIo~B3OBaHHH ~HHapHoH Mo)IeJIH yKa3blBaeT caM paccKa3q14K: "Hy, MOmeT 6r,iTr,, MOil ~;lean 6i,ia He COBCeM y m MOHM -3a14MCTBOBarlrtH, pa3yMeeTcH, npr~cyTCTnOBaaH: 3aropcKaH nanepTb Mepem14nacb, ~Ia H rlr~eM Bce MbI C ~IeTCTBa o~[no I4 TO me ;mTepaTypHoe MOnOqKO [...] TOn~KO H He xoTea C614BaTb Ha HeM Macao!" (Epoqbeen 1991: 6). 17porpeccHpy~omHfi xapaKTep HacH~n~, oKa3~,maeMoro n;mCTbrO-Te~OM, Epoqbeen aHann3~pyeT 14 B CTaTr,e 'MapKH3 ;le Ca;I, ca;msM 14 X X neK' (Epoqbeen 1990: 225-255). KflK l
CHX rlop KameTcH e;lna BO3MOmHBIM. O 3HaqeHH14rICTaTb14 'M14~ - 14M~I-- Kym,Typa' KaK 3apo~l~,Ima IIporpaMUHOrO HepenopoTa B pyCCKOM cTpy~Typan143Me CM. Eme~r~Mati (Eshelman 1995: 3945). Oco6eHHy~O H Aame TpaBMaTH314pyIoIJ/yIO noTep~o pe~epeHIIHa.rIroHOCTi,i Ha ypoBHe a14TpO14OH!,IMOB, coBHa)xammrrx BF[YIOTB,/~O t'IH141214a.IIOB~KOHCTa-
Petra Hesse
270
20
21 22
Tnpye,/~apK (1997: 246-247) B cnyqae AByx EpoqbeeBJ, ix; pemenne Jmqno~ npo6JmMbl ,-Iepe3 CHerty JmTepaTypnblx noKoJmnnfi, oanaKo, npnBeJm He K npnHtmnnam, no~ nepeoueHKe, a Jmms K BHyTpenHeMy npeo6pa3oBaHHiO napaanrM~ ~3~,moBoro cy6cTanaapTa: "IdenTpa.ri~,no~ Meraqbopo~ 60-x 6~ina ~yTblJIKa, CBfllIIeHHBI~ cocyA, HalIOYIHeHHBI~ CBItlIIeHHOI~3t(II]IKOCTbtO, LIeHTpaasHO~ MeTa~opo~ 70-X -- qba~zoc" (248). O6pa~ttOM 3TO~ accounatmn BnacTn c roMoceKcya_rnSHblMi40THOmeHnaMrI MO)KHO CqHTaTb cJ~yxrL pacnymeHH~,~e opraHaMr~ nocne paarpoMa rpyrmb~ yqacTImKOB B a~,Manaxe Mempono:~b, o roMoceKcyam, m, ix oTnomeHrtax EpodpeeBa c AKCenO~HM. B KaMnanHn npoTrm a~,uaHaxa H no~anJmc~, ocy)r4leHHe ero co)lep~aH~a KaI( riopHorpaqb~n; CM. Porter (1994: 29). DTHonorHqecKne KOpH~ 3TO~ CnMBOnnqecKo,~ arpeccnn aHaJirlaHpyeT Duerr (1993: 211-283). P~iicnrm (Ryklin 1992: 36): "TaKoe M~maeHne [Ton~yromee 31~CTaTrlKy Teppopa, P.H.] no OfHOmeHurO ~ BnaCTU ZtOJ~HO 6r,m , HauepeHo Ha 6ecnpep~iBHOe npeBocxo~CTBO B Hacnnnn c TeM, qTO~bl Ha ypOBHe Teopn~ CO3~laT~ cTpamHs~e simulacra Te~ecHoro pa3no)~eHna. [...] OnnpaTscz OHa [T. e. TaKa~ c~IaOcoqbnn, P. H.] MO*eT TOJ~SKO Ha OTXO~I~ Mbtmaenm~ [...]." TaRHMH "OTXOjIaMf[" MO)KHO cqnTaTb I4 BeCbMa o6~eMngI~ Kopnyc aHeK)IOTOB, CBIt3aHHBIX C yMeHbmnTeJ~bHO~ qbOpMOfI HMeHIt epoqbeeBclmro mXnOTa, a KpOMe HerO It JIeHgHa, "BoBoq~a"; CM. BeJmycoB (1996).
JIHTEPATYPA
BenoycoB, A. ~ . 1996 'BoBoqKa'. B: H. A. BoroMoaoB (COCT.), Attmu-.,tup pycc~o~ h"y~bmypbz. ~3bm. CbO~Tb~top../Iumepamypa. MOCKBa, 165-186. ~apK, Oner 'B.B.E., nn~I KpymeHHe ~3UKOB'. Hoeoe .~umepa~vpnoe oSo3penue, 1997 25,246-262. EpoqbeeB, Ben. B. 1989 Moc~ea-IlemymKuu np. MocKBa. EpoqbeeB, BHKT. B. B ~zagupunme npo~amb~x aonpocoa. MOCKBa. 1990 )Ku~tb c UOuOmOM.Paccxa3~,z. 17oeecm~,. MOCKBa. 1991 ~eBHH, tO. H. 1983/1996 'O5 O6CIienHb~X BbIpa~en~b~X p y c c r o r o lt3bIKa'. B: H. A. BoroMOJmB (COCT.), Attmu-~up pycc~o~ ~yJ*bmypbz. Jt3~I~. Chojbxaop. 2Iumepamypa. MOCKBa, t 08-120. KoMouenmapu~ x no~eae 'Mocxea-IIemyutnu' Be~teOuxma Epo1996 ~eeaa. MateriaIien zur Russischen Kultur, 2. Graz.
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JIHxaqeB, ]I. C., I~aH~IeHKO,A. M. 1991 Die Lachwelt des alten Russland. Mit einem Nachtrag von Jurij M. Lotman und Boris A. Uspenskij (Eingeleitet und herausgegeben von Renate Lachmann). Mtinchen ("CMexoeo~t Juup" Opee~tegt Pycu, 1976). JIoTMaH, IO. M., gcneucKI4~, B. A. 1973 'MI@ - nMn -- Kym,Typa'. TpyOb~ no 3na~oeblM cucme:~au, 6, 282303. MaM:xeeB, tO. B. 1991 Fo~oc us nuumo. PaccKazbl. MOCKBa. MycoprcKHfi, M. H. 1996 Hoanoe aKaOeMu~tecKoe co6paHue co~tunenu~. 1-2. Bopuc FoOynoe. My3bzxaabnoe npeOcma6,Tenue a ,~emblpex ~tacm~x. JIu6pemmo M. 17. MycopecKoeo no oOttowuenno~ mpaeeOuu A. C. Hyut~una. 17epea~ peOaKvlua (1869). Hapmumypa. Mainz. IIpnroB, ~. A. Jtene~ue cmuxa noc~e e2o cMepmu. MOCKBa. 1995 Duerr, Hans Peter 1993 Obsz6nitiit und Gewalt. Der Mythos vom Zivilisationsprozess. Frankfurt a/M. Eshelman, Raoul 1995 Epistemologie der Stagnation. Studien zur friihen sowjetischen Postmoderne. Hamburg. Foucault, Michel 1974 Die Ordnung der Dinge. Eine Archgiologie der Humanwissenschafien. Frankfurt a/M. (Les roots et les choses, 1966). 1979 Sexualitgit und Wahrheit. Erster Band: Der Wille zum Wissen. Frankfurt a/M. (Histoire de la sexualitd, 1: La volontd de savoir, 1976). Obermayr, Brigitte 1997 'Dichtung als M6glichkeit, sozusagen', Nachwort zum zweiten Band. B: ,~MI~TpH~AJmKCaH~lpOBn'~HpnroB, Co6panue cmuxoe, T. 2, NoNe 154-401, 1975-1976. Wiener Slawistischer Almanach, Sonderband 43,299-324. Porter, Robert Russia's Alternative Prose. Oxford/Providence. 1994 Ryklin, M. 'Ekstasis des Terrors, kollektive K6rper und die Logik der Gewalt'. 1992 B : Lettr e international, 19, 35-40. Schnittke, Alfred 1992 Leben mit einem Idioten. Oper in 2 Akten. Libretto von Viktor Jerofejew. Deutsche Adaption: J6rg Morgener (Klavierauszug). Hamburg.
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