α-Galactosidase Enzyme Supplementation to Corn and Soybean Meal Broiler Diets12

2001 Poultry Science Association, Inc.

α-GALACTOSIDASE ENZYME SUPPLEMENTATION TO CORN AND SOYBEAN MEAL BROILER DIETS1,2

C. J. PRICE Sanderson Farms, Inc., Laurel, MS 39441 P. A. WELCH, F. L. BRINKHAUS, and E. A. FONTANA Kemin Industries, Inc., Des Moines, IA 50301-0070

Primary Audience: Nutritionists, Researchers, Feed Manufacturers

SUMMARY Over the last few years in the southeastern U.S. some broiler diets have been supplemented with phytase to improve phosphorus digestibility. Enzymes other than phytase, however, have not been added to broiler diets, in the southeastern U.S., with any consistent results because nutrient availability of corn and soybean meal based broiler diets is high. Moreover, most commercially available enzyme preparations are designed to allow nutritionists to include relatively high-protein grains [i.e., wheat (≈11.0%) and barley (≈11.0%) versus corn (≈8.0%)] in broiler diets. Thus, nutritionists have little experience using enzymes in broiler diets based on corn or sorghum and soybean meal. Two broiler floor-pen experiments were conducted to evaluate postpellet enzyme (KEMZYME C/S for broilers) application to corn and soybean meal diets at different environmental temperatures (warm versus thermoneutral). Growth responses, immunity, and carcass attributes of broilers were measured. The primary active enzyme in the product tested was α-galactosidase, which may improve energy digestibility of soybean meal. Broilers fed diets supplemented with enzyme preparations primarily containing α-galactosidase had improved feed conversion at both environmental temperatures. Key words: Broiler, energy, enzyme, α-galactosidase 2001 J. Appl. Poult. Res. 10:186–193

1

This is Journal Article Number J9719 from the Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station supported by MIS-322140. 2 Use of trade names in this publication does not imply endorsement by the Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station of the products mentioned, nor of similar ones not mentioned. 3 To whom correspondence should be addressed.

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M. T. KIDD3, G. W. MORGAN, JR., and C. D. ZUMWALT Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762-9665 Phone: (662) 325-5430 Fax: (662) 325-8292 e-mail: [email protected]

KIDD ET AL.: POSTPELLET LIQUID ENZYMES

DESCRIPTION OF PROBLEM

MATERIALS AND METHODS EXPERIMENT 1 Three thousand six hundred commercial broilers (Cobb × Cobb 500) were obtained from a local hatchery [6]. Chicks were wing-banded and randomly assigned to groups of 50 birds each. Each group was placed in one of 72 floor pens. Vaccinations at the local hatchery consisted of in ovo administration of Marek’s vaccine and a coarse spray of Newcastle and bron-

chitis vaccine. At Day 14, chicks were revaccinated with Newcastle and bronchitis vaccine via a coarse spray. Pen density was 0.85 feet2/bird. Each pen contained one tube feeder, one bell drinker, one electric brooding lamp, and builtup soft wood shavings. The experiment was conducted from April 5, 1999, to May 24, 1999, and average high and low house temperatures were 28.6 and 21.4°C, respectively (Table 1). The lighting program for the experimental facility was Days 0 to 3, 24 h light; Days 4 to 14, 15 h light; and Days 15 to 49, 17 h light. All birds received starter, grower, finisher, and withdrawal diets from 1 to 18, 19 to 35, 36 to 46, and 47 to 49 d of age, respectively (Table 2). Diets were based on corn and soybean meal and were fed as crumbles (Days 1 to 18) or as pellets (Days 19 to 49). After pelleting, the enzyme preparation [7] was sprayed directly on the feed during 5 min vertical mixing. The enzyme preparation primarily contained α-galactosidase activity [7], in addition to activities of α-amylase, β-glucanase, protease, xylanase, and cellulase. Dietary treatments (Table 3) consisted of 1) a corn-soybean meal diet (Table 2); 2) Diet 1 plus 112 g of the enzyme preparation with αgalactosidase source A per ton of feed; 3) Diet 1 plus 112 g of the enzyme preparation with αgalactosidase source B per ton of feed; and 4) Diet 1 plus 150 g of the enzyme preparation with α-galactosidase source B per ton of feed. Each treatment was replicated 18 times. Treatments were administered from Days 1 to 49. Body weight was measured by pen at Day 49. Feed consumption was measured throughout the experiment. The weight of mortality was measured throughout the experiment to determine livability and corrected feed conversion. At 49 d of age, seven male broilers per pen were randomly selected for processing as previously described [5]. Five of the seven carcasses were randomly chosen to obtain pectoralis major and pectoralis minor weights. EXPERIMENT 2 On January 10, 2000, three thousand six hundred straight-run broilers (Ross × Ross 308) were obtained from a commercial hatchery [8]. Chicks were wing-banded, weighed, and randomly placed into 72 floor pens (50 birds/pen). The vaccination program employed by the local

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Poultry rations based on corn and soybean meal contain highly digestible nutrients. Soybean meal supports good growth of poultry in comparison to grain legumes. However, soybean meal contains oligosaccharides that have been shown to decrease bird health and growth [1]. For example, soybean meal contains two α-galactosides [e.g., stachyose (fructose, glucose, and two galactoses) and raffinose (fructose, glucose, and galactose)] that cannot be metabolized by monogastrics. These α-galactosides have also been shown to decrease fiber digestion and TMEn, and increase feed passage rate [2]. The ability of α-galactosidase enzymes to improve nutrient availability of soybean meal has resulted in inconsistent research results in poultry. Research evaluating the addition of α-galactosidase to soybean meal based diets under thermoneutral conditions has resulted in no improvement in the nutrient value of soybean meal for leghorns and broilers [3]. However, Knap et al. [4] fed an α-galactosidase enzyme preparation to soybean meal based diets and noted improved productivity of leghorns and broilers from a heightened nutrient availability of soybean meal. Furthermore, Kidd et al. [5] fed broilers corn and soybean meal based diets with or without an α-galactosidase enzyme. They noted improved feed conversion and livability from α-galactosidase supplementation in broilers reared under hot weather conditions. The objective of this research was to evaluate the efficacy of an enzyme preparation primarily containing α-galactosidase on growth, immunity, and carcass responses of broilers reared in thermoneutral or warm weather conditions.

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TABLE 1. Average weekly temperatures of the experimental facility in Experiments 1 and 2A EXPERIMENT 1 Week

High

EXPERIMENT 2 Low

High

Low

27 24 24 24 23 24

21 18 20 17 16 15

(°C) 30 27 28 27 28 29 31

26 24 23 19 19 18 21

A

Temperatures were recorded at three locations in the experimental facility, approximately 2 ft above bird level.

TABLE 2. Experimental diets (%) fed to straight-run broilers from 1 to 49 d of age (Experiment 1) INGREDIENTS Corn Soybean meal Poultry fat Defluorinated P Limestone Sodium chloride Sodium bicarbonate Alimet Choline chloride, 70% L-lysine HCl MontebanA Mineral premixB Vitamin premixC Hy D威D 3-Nitro-20E Ferrous sulfate, 31% Copper sulfate Ethoxyquin, 66%

DAYS 1–18

DAYS 19–35

DAYS 36–46

DAYS 47–49

60.06 33.21 3.26 1.89 0.41 0.21 0.20 0.30 0.13 0.05 0.08 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.01

63.12 29.84 3.65 1.76 0.46 0.24 0.20 0.27 0.11 0.08 0.08 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01

69.42 24.53 2.97 1.51 0.50 0.26 0.20 0.25 0.09 0.08 0.00 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01

71.14 23.49 2.57 1.51 0.50 0.27 0.20 0.23 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01

3,137 20.57 0.94 1.19 0.84 1.53 0.46 0.84 0.24

3,192 19.25 0.88 1.12 0.78 1.42 0.43 0.80 0.25

3,225 17.12 0.80 0.97 0.70 1.26 0.38 0.73 0.24

3,225 16.74 0.78 0.94 0.68 1.23 0.38 0.73 0.23

CALCULATED COMPOSITION (% unless otherwise noted) ME, kcal/kg CP TSAA Lys Thr Arg Available P Ca Na A

Narasin: Elanco, a Division of Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, IN 46285. Mineral premix provides per kilogram of diet: Mn, 50 mg; Zn, 62 mg; Fe, 30 mg; Cu, 6.0 mg; I, 1.9 mg, and Se, 0.2 mg. C Vitamin premix provides per kilogram of diet: vitamin A (source unspecified) 8,820 IU; cholecalciferol 2,756 IU; vitamin E (source unspecified) 11 IU; menadione, 1.65 mg; B12, 0.01 mg; riboflavin, 6.1 mg; niacin, 39 mg; D-biotin, 0.06 mg; pyridoxine, 1.7 mg; pyridoxine hydrochloride, 2.0 mg; d-pantothenic acid, 9.9 mg; calcium d-pantothenic acid, 10.8 mg; folic acid, 0.6 mg; thiamine, 1.7 mg; thiamine mononitrate, 1.8 mg; ethoxyquin, 55 mg. D 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3; Monsanto Animal Nutrition, St. Louis, MO 63167. E 3-Nitro-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid; ALPHARMA, Fort Lee, NJ 07024. B

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7

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TABLE 3. Explanation of enzyme treatments added postpelleting to corn-soybean meal diets KEMZYME (g/ton)

SOURCE OF αGALACTOSIDASE

INVERTASE

1

1 2 3 4

0 112 112 150

None A B B

− − − −

2

1 2 3 4 5 6

0 112 125 137 150 112

None A B B B B

− − − − − +

hatchery consisted of in ovo administration of Marek’s vaccine and a coarse spray of Newcastle and bronchitis vaccine. Each pen provided 0.85 feet2/bird, and the experimental facility was identical to that in Experiment 1. The lighting program provided birds 24, 12, 14, 16, and 18 h of light from 1 to 3, 4 to 20, 21 to 25, 26 to 32, and 33 to 42 d of age, respectively. All broilers received experimental diets to which enzyme treatments [7] were added from Days 1 to 42 (Table 4). The experimental diets were based on corn, soybean meal, and poultry meal and were fed from Days 1 to 18 (crumble form), Days 19 to 35 (pelleted form), and Days 36 to 42 (pelleted form). Dietary treatments (Table 2) consisted of 1) a corn-soybean meal experimental diet (Table 4); 2) Diet 1 plus 112 g of the enzyme preparation with α-galactosidase source A per ton of feed; 3) Diet 1 plus 125 g of the enzyme preparation with α-galactosidase source B per ton of feed; 4) Diet 1 plus 137 g of the enzyme preparation with α-galactosidase source B per ton of feed; 5) Diet 1 plus 150 g of the enzyme preparation with α-galactosidase source B per ton of feed; and 6) Diet 1 plus 112 g of the enzyme preparation with α-galactosidase source B per ton of feed plus invertase (six treatments with 12 replications per treatment). Invertase hydrolyzes sucrose to glucose and fructose and was added to α-galactosidase source B at 112 g/ton so that this treatment could be compared to α-galactosidase source B without invertase from Experiment 1. The α-galactosidase source B was also derived from Aspergillus niger as in Experiment 1. Varying levels of the enzyme preparation were used in Experiment 2 because the efficacy of α-galactosidase source

B was unknown. Enzyme treatments [7] were added postpelleting as described in Experiment 1. Bird weights were obtained by pen at 1 and 42 d of age. Feed consumption was measured throughout the experiment. Birds that died during the experiment were recorded daily and used to adjust feed consumption data. At 43 d of age, two female and two male broilers per pen were randomly selected for processing. Processing methods are previously described [5]. At Day 11, two birds per pen were randomly selected for a cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity test to phytohemagglutinin-p to assess cellular immunity [9]. Briefly, 100 µg of phytohemagglutinin-p was suspended in 100 µL of sterile saline and injected into the toe web of each chick. Toe web skin swelling was measured with a constant tension caliper before injection and 24 h after. The increase in toe web swelling (in mm) was deemed the immune response. To assess humoral immunity, an additional two birds per pen were randomly selected for the primary antibody response to sheep red blood cells. Birds were injected with a 10% solution of sheep red blood cells in the abdominal cavity at Day 14. At Day 21, birds were bled to obtain serum to quantify antibodies to sheep erythrocytes [10]. All data from Experiments 1 and 2 were analyzed by the general linear model procedure of SAS software [11]. Percentage data were transformed using arcsine before analysis. When differences among treatment means were found, means were separated by repeated t test using the LSMEANS option of SAS software [11].

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TREATMENT

EXPERIMENT

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TABLE 4. Experimental diets (%) fed to straight-run broilers from 1 to 42 d of age (Experiment 2) INGREDIENTS

DAYS 19–35

DAYS 36–42

62.61 29.50 2.80 2.00 1.58 0.49 0.27 0.23 0.10 0.10 0.05 0.05 0.08 0.05 0.05 0.00 0.04 0.00

66.11 25.60 2.48 3.00 1.42 0.44 0.24 0.26 0.08 0.00 0.05 0.05 0.08 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.00 0.07

74.06 20.01 1.60 1.50 1.46 0.50 0.16 0.31 0.09 0.00 0.04 0.05 0.08 0.05 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.07

3,132 20.02 0.92 1.16 0.82 1.48 0.44 0.88 0.19

3,154 18.99 0.88 1.07 0.77 1.39 0.43 0.86 0.20

3,174 15.93 0.71 0.88 0.66 1.17 0.40 0.80 0.21

CALCULATED COMPOSITION (% unless otherwise noted) ME, kcal/kg CP TSAA Lys Thr Arg Available P Ca Na A

Mineral premix provides per kilogram of diet: Mn, 66 mg; Zn, 83 mg; Fe, 40 mg; Cu, 8.0 mg; I, 2.0 mg, and Se, 0.3 mg. Vitamin premix provides per kilogram of diet: vitamin A (source unspecified) 8,820 IU; cholecalciferol 2,756 IU; vitamin E (source unspecified) 11 IU; menadione, 1.65 mg; B12, 0.01 mg; riboflavin, 6.1 mg; niacin, 39 mg; D-biotin, 0.06 mg; pyridoxine, 1.7 mg; pyridoxine hydrochloride, 2.0 mg; d-pantothenic acid, 9.9 mg; calcium d-pantothenic acid, 10.8 mg; folic acid, 0.6 mg; thiamine, 1.7 mg; thiamine mononitrate, 1.8 mg; ethoxyquin, 55 mg. C Bacitracin methylene disalicylate: ALPHARMA, Fort Lee, NJ 07024. D 3-Nitro-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid: ALPHARMA, Fort Lee, NJ 07024. E Narasin and Nicarbazin; Elanco, a Division of Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, IN 46285. F Narasin; Elanco, a Division of Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, IN 46285. B

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Diets for Experiments 1 and 2 are presented in Tables 2 and 4, respectively. Although the duration that the diets were fed does not coincide with NRC [12] time periods, nutrient levels of experimental diets in both experiments are in close agreement with NRC [12] levels. Metabolizable energy and crude protein levels of experimental diets are lower in Experiment 2 than in Experiment 1, especially in the final feeding period. Diets in Experiment 2 were formulated to simulate industry nutrient levels. The enzyme preparations were added after diets were pelleted

to ensure that enzyme activity would not be reduced. Composite feed samples were randomly tested for the presence or absence of αgalactosidase activity. Feed samples were exposed to an extraction procedure with a phosphate buffer solution. Subsequent spectrophotometric analysis indicated detectable α-galactosidase activity in random samples. GROWTH AND IMMUNITY RESULTS Experiments 1 and 2 were conducted during different seasons to simulate warm temperature and thermoneutral conditions (Table 1), because research has shown that α-galactosidase en-

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Corn Soybean meal, 48.5% Poultry fat Poultry meal, 60% Defluorinated P Limestone Alimet Sodium chloride L-lysine HCl Mold Inhibitor Choline chloride Copper sulfate Mineral premixA Vitamin premixB BMD-50C 3-NitroD MaxibanE MontebanF

DAYS 1–18

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TABLE 5. Effect of enzyme preparations containing α-galactosidase on broiler growth parameters and carcass attributes (Experiment 1)

TREATMENTA

CALORIEB BODY WEIGHT CONVERSION

ADJUSTED CARCASS FEED:GAIN FEED:GAIN LIVABILITY YIELD

(kg)

(%)

2.611 2.634 2.610 2.611 0.016 0.700

5,381 5,335 5,381 5,380 33 0.703

1.935 1.920 1.928 1.914 0.010 0.457

1.981 1.938 1.958 1.937 0.013 0.078

94.64 96.72 95.70 97.21 0.75 0.092

72.63 72.70 72.62 72.84 0.20 0.955

18.10 17.86 17.87 17.80 0.15 0.512

A Treatments: 1) corn-soybean meal control diet; 2) control plus 112 g of the enzyme preparation containing α-galactosidase source A per ton of feed; 3) control plus 112 g of the enzyme preparation containing α-galactosidase source B per ton of feed; 4) control plus 150 g of the enzyme preparation containing α-galactosidase source B per ton of feed (Table 2). B Calorie conversion represents sum metabolizable energy (kcal/pound) multiplied by average feed consumed per bird divided by body weight gain (kg).

zymes improve broiler performance during hot temperatures [5] and thermoneutral conditions [4]. Broilers reared in hot conditions and fed diets containing α-galactosidase enzymes from Days 1 to 49 had reduced (P ≤ 0.003) feed conversion [5]. Experiment 1 was conducted to simulate past research findings [5] during hot conditions. Treatments 1 and 2 of Experiment 1 (Table 5) were similar to the results of past experimentation [5] (i.e., control and enzyme treatment). Hence, broilers fed diets containing 112 g of enzyme preparation per ton with αgalactosidase source A had improved (P ≤ 0.078) feed conversion by four points. Further, the α-

galactosidase source A was used in past research [5]. There were no differences between treatments in adjusted feed:gain in Experiment 1, because enzyme-treated birds had higher livability (P = 0.092) than birds receiving control diets. There were no differences between treatments in body weight or calorie conversion of birds. Performance results of Experiment 2 (Table 6) are in agreement with Experiment 1 (Table 5) in that body weight and calorie conversion were not affected by treatments, but feed:gain (P = 0.060) and adjusted feed:gain (P = 0.039) were. For example, birds receiving diets supplemented with 137 or 150 g of the enzyme prepara-

TABLE 6. Effect of enzyme preparations containing α-galactosidase on broiler performance (Experiment 2) TREATMENTA

BODY WEIGHT

CALORIE CONVERSIONB

ADJUSTED FEED:GAIN

FEED:GAIN

5,612 5,585 5,531 5,518 5,525 5,599 52 0.665

1.762c 1.753abc 1.756bc 1.736a 1.737a 1.743ab 0.007 0.039

1.759 1.750 1.752 1.725 1.728 1.740 0.009 0.060

(kg) 1 2 3 4 5 6 SEM P>F

2.300 2.312 2.334 2.342 2.337 2.307 0.021 0.634

Means within a column differing in superscripts differ significantly (P ≤ 0.05). Treatments: 1) corn-soybean meal control diet; 2) control plus 112 g of the enzyme preparation containing α-galactosidase source A per ton of feed; 3) control plus 125 g of the enzyme preparation containing α-galactosidase source B per ton of feed; 4) control plus 137 g of the enzyme preparation containing α-galactosidase source B per ton of feed; 5) control plus 150 g of the enzyme preparation containing α-galactosidase source B per ton of feed; and 6) control plus 112 g of the enzyme preparation containing α-galactosidase source B per ton of feed plus invertase (Table 2). B Calorie conversion represents sum metabolizable energy (kcal/pound) multiplied by average feed consumed per bird divided by body weight gain (kg). a–c A

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1 2 3 4 SEM P>F

TOTAL BREAST YIELD

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TABLE 7. Effect of enzyme preparations containing α-galactosidase on cellular immunity, humoral immunity, and livability of commercial broilers (Experiment 2) TREATMENT

A

SRBCC (log2)

LIVABILITY (%)

0.87 0.79 0.86 0.85 0.81 0.85 0.05 0.896

2.32 1.96 1.79 2.14 1.86 1.83 0.35 0.879

94.50 94.92 95.00 94.67 94.54 93.67 0.90 0.921

1 2 3 4 5 6 SEM P>F

A Treatments: 1) corn-soybean meal control diet; 2) control plus 112 g of the enzyme preparation containing α-galactosidase source A per ton of feed; 3) control plus 125 g of the enzyme preparation containing α-galactosidase source B per ton of feed; 4) control plus 137 g of the enzyme preparation containing α-galactosidase source B per ton of feed; 5) control plus 150 g of the enzyme preparation containing α-galactosidase source B per ton of feed; and 6) control plus 112 g of the enzyme preparation containing α-galactosidase source B per ton of feed plus invertase (Table 2). B PHA-p represents toe web swelling (mm) from injection of 100 µg of phytohemagglutinin-P. C SRBC represents primary antibody response to a 10% injection (i.p.) sheep red blood cells.

tion per ton of diet primarily containing α-galactosidase source B, had better (P ≤ 0.039) adjusted feed:gain than birds receiving control diets. Invertase was added to the treatment containing 112 g of α-galactosidase from source B per ton of diet in Experiment 2 due to the lack of effect of source B in Experiment 1. Invertase catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose to glucose and fructose. Addition of the invertase enzyme (α-D-glucosidase) to the enzyme preparation at 112 g/ton of feed did not improve the enzyme activity, as noted by the performance responses in Table 6. Although experimental design differences exist between Experiments 1 and 2 (bird

genetics, environmental temperature, and nutrient density), future research should address the impact of α-galactosidase enzymes on broiler feed conversion responses when diets differing in nutrient density are fed. Cellular and humoral immunity in Experiment 2 were evaluated because past research [5] has demonstrated significant reductions in mortality in birds receiving diets containing αgalactosidase. Hence, by evaluating immunity in birds receiving diets containing α-galactosidase enzymes, we could hypothesize whether past reductions of mortality under hot environments [5] were due to heightened nutrient availability

TABLE 8. Effect of enzyme preparations containing α-galactosidase on broiler carcass attributes (Experiment 2)

TREATMENTA

LIVE BODY WEIGHT

HOT CARCASS WEIGHT

2.327 2.381 2.356 2.317 2.388 2.369 0.028 0.371

1.545 1.598 1.577 1.551 1.620 1.601 0.022 0.141

FAT PAD WEIGHT

TOTAL BREAST WEIGHT

CARCASS YIELD

PERCENTAGE FAT PADB

0.397 0.404 0.407 0.403 0.421 0.406 0.007 0.279

69.42 69.74 68.94 69.67 70.29 70.09 0.42 0.265

2.49 2.65 2.85 2.34 2.39 2.49 0.13 0.098

(kg) 1 2 3 4 5 6 SEM P>F

0.038 0.042 0.045 0.036 0.039 0.040 0.002 0.098

TOTAL BREAST YIELDB

(%) 24.60 24.31 25.08 24.94 25.05 24.44 0.23 0.082

A Treatments: 1) corn-soybean meal control diet; 2) control plus 112 g of the enzyme preparation containing α-galactosidase source A per ton of feed; 3) control plus 125 g of the enzyme preparation containing α-galactosidase source B per ton of feed; 4) control plus 137 g of the enzyme preparation containing α-galactosidase source B per ton of feed; 5) control plus 150 g of the enzyme preparation containing α-galactosidase source B per ton of feed; and 6) control plus 112 g of the enzyme preparation containing α-galactosidase source B per ton of feed plus invertase (Table 2). B Percentage fat pad and total breast yield are expressed relative to hot carcass weight and cold carcass weight, respectively.

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PHA-PB (mm)

KIDD ET AL.: POSTPELLET LIQUID ENZYMES

28.6°C versus an average high temperature of 33.6°C [5]). PROCESSING RESULTS Few published papers have evaluated the impact of α-galactosidase enzymes on broiler performance [3, 4, 5] or broiler carcass attributes [5]. Previous finding have demonstrated that diets containing α-galactosidase enzymes have no effect on carcass yield or breast meat yield [5]. Results in the present experiments agree with previous findings. Thus, no significant differences in processing results, as affected by enzyme treatments, occurred in Experiments 1 (Table 5) or 2 (Table 8).

CONCLUSIONS AND APPLICATIONS 1. Application of liquid enzymes (primarily containing α-galactosidase) to pelleted corn and soybean meal based broiler diets improved feed conversion in warm and thermoneutral growing environments. 2. The liquid enzyme blend had no effect on growth, immunity, or carcass attributes.

REFERENCES AND NOTES 1. Iji, P.A., and D.R. Tivey, 1998. Natural and synthetic oligosaccharides in broiler chicken diets. World’s Poult. Sci. J. 54:129– 143. 2. Coon, C.N., K.L. Leske, O. Akavanichan, and T.K. Cheng, 1990. Effect of oligosaccharide-free soy-bean meal on true metabolizable energy and fiber digestion in adult roosters. Poult. Sci. 69:787–793. 3. Irish, G.G., G.W. Barbour, H.L. Classen, R.T. Tyler, and M.R. Bedford, 1995. Removal of the α-galactosides of sucrose from soybean meal using either ethanol extraction or exogenous αgalactosidase and broiler performance. Poult. Sci. 74:1484–1494. 4. Knap, I.H., A. Ohmann, and N. Dale, 1996. Improved bioavailability of energy and growth performance from adding alphagalactosidase (from Aspergillus sp.) to soybean meal-based diets pages 153–156 in: Proc. Aust. Poultry. Sci. Symp., Sydney, Australia. 5. Kidd, M.T., G.W. Morgan, Jr., C.J. Price, P.A. Welch, and E.A. Fontana, 2001. Enzyme supplementation to corn and soybean meal diets for broilers. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 10:65–70.

6. Tyson Foods, Inc., Magee, MS. 7. KEMZYME C/S for broilers, Kemin Industries, Inc., Des Moines, IA. The range of α-galactosidase activity in the liquid enzyme blend was 175 to 255 IU/g. The source of α-galactosidase is Aspergillus niger. 8. Sanderson Farms, Inc., Laurel, MS. 9. Corrier, D.E., and J.R. DeLoach, 1990. Evaluation of cellmedicated, cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity in young chickens by an interdigital skin test. Poult. Sci. 69:403–408. 10. Toivanen, P., A. Toivanen, and R.A. Good, 1972. Ontogeny of bursal function in chickens. III. Immunocompetent cell for humoral immunity. J. Exp. Med. 136:816–831. 11. SAS Institute, 1996. SAS威 User’s Guide: Statistics. Version 7.0. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC. 12. National Research Council, 1994. Nutrient requirements of poultry. 9th Rev. ed. Natl. Acad. Press., Washington, DC.

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or improved immune responsiveness. Treatment differences in cellular immunity, humoral immunity, and livability did not occur (Table 7). Thus, it is likely that past improvements in livability of birds receiving dietary α-galactosidase and reared in hot conditions [5] were mediated through increased nutrient availability (primarily nutrients associated with heat stress need, i.e., energy) rather than immune responsiveness. The lack of significance (P = 0.092) in livability from dietary α-galactosidase enzymes during warm temperatures in Experiment 1, versus that of past research [5], may be attributable to the differences in environmental temperatures observed between the two experiments (i.e., Experiment 1 had an average high temperature of

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