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00072 Diagenesis in North Sea HPHT clastic reservoirs—consequences for porosity and overpressure prediction
02
Liquid fuels (sources, properTies, recovery)
OOlOOO65 composition components
Reflectance pattern of vitrinite and maceral of coals as very important characteristics of and the structure of coking charges
Eremin, E. V. and Gagarin, S. G. Kokc Khim, 1998, IO. 9-1X. (In Russian) It is possible to predict the properties of coke on the basis of the vitrinite reflectance (VR) of its parent coal blends (charges). VR also has the ahility to compound charges from coals of new deposits.
Structural ordering 00/00066 and the effect on reactivity
in high temperature
coal chars
Russell, N. V. er al. Fuel, 1999. 78. (7), X03-807. This study has been undertaken to determine the extent of structural ordering and thermal deactivation, which can occur when coal chars are heated to high temperatures. The chars have heen prepared using the captive-sample wire-mesh reactor at temperatures up to 22OO’C at very short hold times (500 ms), and the microstructures have been examined using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The char structures have been compared to those of natural graphites. Regions within the chars have been observed to show a similar degree of ordering to that present in the graphites. The reactivities for oxidation of the high temperature chars and graphites have been determined by TGA methods and compared to the reactivity of chars prepared at lower temperatures. The structural ordering and reactivity data indicates that thermal deactivation may account for the low reactivity of a proportion of the char present in utility boiler fly ash.
Study on industrial test of manufacture OOlOOO67 carbon from waste semi-coke powder
of activated
Zhang, C. et a/. Meifan Zhuanhua, 1999. 22. (2), 7.5-78. (In Chinese) The paper reports on a number of aspects of the activated carbon produced by the waste semi-coke powder in the shenfu mining area. For example, the industrial test conditions and the properties and economic effect of the the effects of the technological activated carbon produced. In addition. procedure on the quality, properties and pore structure of the activated carbon were also analysed. The main conclusion drawn from the study was that the process is considered to be a feasible technique and economically competitive.
02
LIQUID Sources,
FUELS
Properties,
Recovery
Aromatic and hetero-aromatic compositional 00/00066 changes during catalytic hydrotreatment of shale oil Chistti, H. M. and Williams, P. T. Ftrel. 1999, 78. (15) 1805-1815. Oil shale from the Kimmeridge Clay, of Jurassic age from the UK was pyrolysed in a 5 kg fixed bed reactor at 525’C in a nitrogen atmosphere. The derived shale oil was then hydrotreated at 15.0 Mpa pressure and 400 C in a stirred reactor with a nickel-molybdenum (Ni-Mo) catalyst and residence times from 8 to 56 hours. The shale oils were analysed for polycycilc aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and for nitrogen-PAH (PANH) and sulfurPAH (PASH), before and after hydrotreatment time, however, single ring aromatic compounds and two ring PAH were increased. Nitrogen and sulfur containing PAH were significantly reduced in concentration in the oils with increasing hydrotreatment time to reach negligible concentrations after 56 hours. The reduction in PANH and PASH coincided with a reduction in he overall nitrogen and sulfur contents of the oils.
OOlOOO69 Capture of carbon dioxide from coal combustion and its utilization for enhanced oil recovery Hattenbach, R. er al. Greenhouse Gas Cof~rrol Techrd., Proc. Iut. Corrf:, 1998, (Pub 1999), 217-221. In the latter part of 1999, approximately 5000 tonnes of carbon dioxide will be pumped into an oil reservoir in south-eastern Saskatchewan, Canada each day, to produce an estimated 19 million m” incremental oil. The carbon dioxide originates from the Great Plains Synfuels Plant in Beulah, North Dakota, and is transported 330 Km by pipeline to Weyburn Field in Saskatchewan. The synfuels plant, operated by Dakota Gasification Company, was established in 1984. The plant at present converts 16200 tonnes of lignite coal daily into 3.54 million m3 of pipeline quality synthetic gas, 900 tonnes of anhydride ammonia and numerous other by-products. In 1954, Weyburn field was discovered. Since it began, it has produced approximately 52 million m3 of oil from primary and waterflood production. At present, however, it is in production decline having produced in excess of 80% of the estimated recoverable reserves. It is believed that carbon dioxide enhanced recovery will substantially increase the projected life of the reservoir. In addition, this paper discusses the processes of production and capture of carbon dioxide as well as the use of the gas for improved oil recovery.
6
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
January 2000
00/00070 Composition of synthetic gasoline Wu. J. et al Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu CN I. I20.065 (Cl. ‘ClOL1/04). IO Apr 19996. Appl. 95.1 10,1)43 I2 Feh 1999.5: 4 pp. (In Chinese) The composition of a synthetic gasoline is described in this paper. Hydrocarbons composing of S or between 5 and I2 carbons are mixed together with antinock agents and the solvent naphtha The gasoline is composed of l-3, di-methyl benzene l-3, acetone I-S, methyl tertiaryhutanol ether 0.3-1.2, 200 solvent naphtha 4-10 wt% and a balance of Cior C.i_,z-hydrocarbons.
00/00071 Russia
Development
of mining and use of oil shale in
Kashirskii. V. G. and Koval, A. A. C&d/, 1998. 7, 51-52. (In Russian). A review of oil shale mining and utilization in Russia. The Volea _ region _ described in specific detail.-
is
Diagenesis in North Sea HPHT elastic reservoirsOOlOOO72 consequences for porosity and overpressure prediction Osborne, M. J. and Swarbrick, R. E. Muriirr & Pct~olerrrrr C;eo/o~, 1999, 16. (4) 337-353. Upper Jurassic elastic reservoirs of the Fulmar formation in the Central North Sea possess anomalously high porosities for their present day depth of burial. Reservoirs with the highest overpressures have the highest porosities, possess less macroquartz cement and have significant secondary porosity. Quartz cementation in HPHT (High Pressure High Temperature) reservoirs has been inhibited by a combination of factors: high overpressure. limited fluid movement presence of early grain coating cements. high pore fluid salinity and possibly petroleum migration. Secondary porosity has contributed to reservoir quality with an average of 4 vol’Y extra porosity created. Quantitative prediction of porosity would require an improved depositional model for the Fulmar. accurate thermal and pressure modelling and detailed knowledge of field filling and leakage histories. Theoretical calculations indicate that diagenetic reactions occurring in the Fulmar formation (smectite illitization and quartz cementation) did not generate significant overprcssure hecause seal permeabilities were too high and the rate of volume increase associated with the reactions too small. Therefore diagenetic reactions can effectively he ignored when modelling overpressure generation in the Central North Sea. although cementation will affect rock permeability and rates of fluid dissipation.
An experimental study of the effects of asphaltenes 00100073 on heavy fuel oil droplet combustion Villasenor, R. and Garcia. F. Firel, 1999. 7X. (X). 933-944. The captive droplet technique was used to conduct experiments on isolated heavy fuel oil droplets containing high asphaltene concentrations. Highresolution video methods were used to monitor the transients experienced by the burning droplets. The suspended droplets confined in a highly radiative oxidizing environment were exposed to a maximum heating rate of IOOO’C/s. Data on size and temperature histories were obtained for different initial droplet diameters. A critical artificial lower hound for ignttton time delay was determined by applying classical thermal theory to the monitored temperature histories. The ignttion temperatures so predicted were comparable in magnitude to the ohservzed values within experimental uncertainty. The occurrence of disruptive boiling, swelling, splashing and the formation of coke were clearly identified by three characteristic combustion times. Under the experimental conditions to which the droplets were subjected, disruption behaviour was found to he attributed to the volatility differential of the high asphaltenic fuels rather than the presence of the suspended fibre. Coking of these asphaltenic fuels was accompanied by a dramatic eruption effect during the last moment\ of the droplet lifetime when the molecular structure of the cenosphere is molded. Excess burnout time or the ratio of burnout time of a high to a low asphaltenic fuel oil was strongly dependent on the initial droplet diameter, The experimental results strongly indicate that less oxidation time was required for coke particles that were low in asphaltenes. In boiler and furnace operation this means that greater residence times are required to oxidize conospheric residues if the heavy fuel oils have a substantial asphaltene content compared to droplets of the same size hut with less aromaticity.
00/00074 High-resolution sequence stratigraphic analysis and sea-level interpretation of the middle and upper Jurassic strata of the Nyurolskaya depression and vicinity (southeastern West Siberia, Russia) Pinous, O.V. er al. Marine & Petroleum Geolofl. 1999, 16. (3). 245-257. Presented is the first application of high-resolution sequence stratigraphic analysis to the Jurassic Vasyogan deposits of West Siberia. On the basis of wireline logs, lithologies and sedimentary facies a series of third-order depositional sequences that formed on a low-gradient siliciclastic ramp in shallow marine to paralic environments were identified. The sequence stratigraphic framework helped to properly distinguish specific stratigraphic units (productive sand beds). while enhancing stratigraphic correlation. Sequence stratigraphic procedures particularly aided in recognition of fluvial channels and prograding shorelines in marginal parts of positive structures that usually represent the most favourable reservoir zones,
Liquid fuels (sources, properTies, recovery)
OOlOOO65 composition components
Reflectance pattern of vitrinite and maceral of coals as very important characteristics of and the structure of coking charges
Eremin, E. V. and Gagarin, S. G. Kokc Khim, 1998, IO. 9-1X. (In Russian) It is possible to predict the properties of coke on the basis of the vitrinite reflectance (VR) of its parent coal blends (charges). VR also has the ahility to compound charges from coals of new deposits.
Structural ordering 00/00066 and the effect on reactivity
in high temperature
coal chars
Russell, N. V. er al. Fuel, 1999. 78. (7), X03-807. This study has been undertaken to determine the extent of structural ordering and thermal deactivation, which can occur when coal chars are heated to high temperatures. The chars have heen prepared using the captive-sample wire-mesh reactor at temperatures up to 22OO’C at very short hold times (500 ms), and the microstructures have been examined using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The char structures have been compared to those of natural graphites. Regions within the chars have been observed to show a similar degree of ordering to that present in the graphites. The reactivities for oxidation of the high temperature chars and graphites have been determined by TGA methods and compared to the reactivity of chars prepared at lower temperatures. The structural ordering and reactivity data indicates that thermal deactivation may account for the low reactivity of a proportion of the char present in utility boiler fly ash.
Study on industrial test of manufacture OOlOOO67 carbon from waste semi-coke powder
of activated
Zhang, C. et a/. Meifan Zhuanhua, 1999. 22. (2), 7.5-78. (In Chinese) The paper reports on a number of aspects of the activated carbon produced by the waste semi-coke powder in the shenfu mining area. For example, the industrial test conditions and the properties and economic effect of the the effects of the technological activated carbon produced. In addition. procedure on the quality, properties and pore structure of the activated carbon were also analysed. The main conclusion drawn from the study was that the process is considered to be a feasible technique and economically competitive.
02
LIQUID Sources,
FUELS
Properties,
Recovery
Aromatic and hetero-aromatic compositional 00/00066 changes during catalytic hydrotreatment of shale oil Chistti, H. M. and Williams, P. T. Ftrel. 1999, 78. (15) 1805-1815. Oil shale from the Kimmeridge Clay, of Jurassic age from the UK was pyrolysed in a 5 kg fixed bed reactor at 525’C in a nitrogen atmosphere. The derived shale oil was then hydrotreated at 15.0 Mpa pressure and 400 C in a stirred reactor with a nickel-molybdenum (Ni-Mo) catalyst and residence times from 8 to 56 hours. The shale oils were analysed for polycycilc aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and for nitrogen-PAH (PANH) and sulfurPAH (PASH), before and after hydrotreatment time, however, single ring aromatic compounds and two ring PAH were increased. Nitrogen and sulfur containing PAH were significantly reduced in concentration in the oils with increasing hydrotreatment time to reach negligible concentrations after 56 hours. The reduction in PANH and PASH coincided with a reduction in he overall nitrogen and sulfur contents of the oils.
OOlOOO69 Capture of carbon dioxide from coal combustion and its utilization for enhanced oil recovery Hattenbach, R. er al. Greenhouse Gas Cof~rrol Techrd., Proc. Iut. Corrf:, 1998, (Pub 1999), 217-221. In the latter part of 1999, approximately 5000 tonnes of carbon dioxide will be pumped into an oil reservoir in south-eastern Saskatchewan, Canada each day, to produce an estimated 19 million m” incremental oil. The carbon dioxide originates from the Great Plains Synfuels Plant in Beulah, North Dakota, and is transported 330 Km by pipeline to Weyburn Field in Saskatchewan. The synfuels plant, operated by Dakota Gasification Company, was established in 1984. The plant at present converts 16200 tonnes of lignite coal daily into 3.54 million m3 of pipeline quality synthetic gas, 900 tonnes of anhydride ammonia and numerous other by-products. In 1954, Weyburn field was discovered. Since it began, it has produced approximately 52 million m3 of oil from primary and waterflood production. At present, however, it is in production decline having produced in excess of 80% of the estimated recoverable reserves. It is believed that carbon dioxide enhanced recovery will substantially increase the projected life of the reservoir. In addition, this paper discusses the processes of production and capture of carbon dioxide as well as the use of the gas for improved oil recovery.
6
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
January 2000
00/00070 Composition of synthetic gasoline Wu. J. et al Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu CN I. I20.065 (Cl. ‘ClOL1/04). IO Apr 19996. Appl. 95.1 10,1)43 I2 Feh 1999.5: 4 pp. (In Chinese) The composition of a synthetic gasoline is described in this paper. Hydrocarbons composing of S or between 5 and I2 carbons are mixed together with antinock agents and the solvent naphtha The gasoline is composed of l-3, di-methyl benzene l-3, acetone I-S, methyl tertiaryhutanol ether 0.3-1.2, 200 solvent naphtha 4-10 wt% and a balance of Cior C.i_,z-hydrocarbons.
00/00071 Russia
Development
of mining and use of oil shale in
Kashirskii. V. G. and Koval, A. A. C&d/, 1998. 7, 51-52. (In Russian). A review of oil shale mining and utilization in Russia. The Volea _ region _ described in specific detail.-
is
Diagenesis in North Sea HPHT elastic reservoirsOOlOOO72 consequences for porosity and overpressure prediction Osborne, M. J. and Swarbrick, R. E. Muriirr & Pct~olerrrrr C;eo/o~, 1999, 16. (4) 337-353. Upper Jurassic elastic reservoirs of the Fulmar formation in the Central North Sea possess anomalously high porosities for their present day depth of burial. Reservoirs with the highest overpressures have the highest porosities, possess less macroquartz cement and have significant secondary porosity. Quartz cementation in HPHT (High Pressure High Temperature) reservoirs has been inhibited by a combination of factors: high overpressure. limited fluid movement presence of early grain coating cements. high pore fluid salinity and possibly petroleum migration. Secondary porosity has contributed to reservoir quality with an average of 4 vol’Y extra porosity created. Quantitative prediction of porosity would require an improved depositional model for the Fulmar. accurate thermal and pressure modelling and detailed knowledge of field filling and leakage histories. Theoretical calculations indicate that diagenetic reactions occurring in the Fulmar formation (smectite illitization and quartz cementation) did not generate significant overprcssure hecause seal permeabilities were too high and the rate of volume increase associated with the reactions too small. Therefore diagenetic reactions can effectively he ignored when modelling overpressure generation in the Central North Sea. although cementation will affect rock permeability and rates of fluid dissipation.
An experimental study of the effects of asphaltenes 00100073 on heavy fuel oil droplet combustion Villasenor, R. and Garcia. F. Firel, 1999. 7X. (X). 933-944. The captive droplet technique was used to conduct experiments on isolated heavy fuel oil droplets containing high asphaltene concentrations. Highresolution video methods were used to monitor the transients experienced by the burning droplets. The suspended droplets confined in a highly radiative oxidizing environment were exposed to a maximum heating rate of IOOO’C/s. Data on size and temperature histories were obtained for different initial droplet diameters. A critical artificial lower hound for ignttton time delay was determined by applying classical thermal theory to the monitored temperature histories. The ignttion temperatures so predicted were comparable in magnitude to the ohservzed values within experimental uncertainty. The occurrence of disruptive boiling, swelling, splashing and the formation of coke were clearly identified by three characteristic combustion times. Under the experimental conditions to which the droplets were subjected, disruption behaviour was found to he attributed to the volatility differential of the high asphaltenic fuels rather than the presence of the suspended fibre. Coking of these asphaltenic fuels was accompanied by a dramatic eruption effect during the last moment\ of the droplet lifetime when the molecular structure of the cenosphere is molded. Excess burnout time or the ratio of burnout time of a high to a low asphaltenic fuel oil was strongly dependent on the initial droplet diameter, The experimental results strongly indicate that less oxidation time was required for coke particles that were low in asphaltenes. In boiler and furnace operation this means that greater residence times are required to oxidize conospheric residues if the heavy fuel oils have a substantial asphaltene content compared to droplets of the same size hut with less aromaticity.
00/00074 High-resolution sequence stratigraphic analysis and sea-level interpretation of the middle and upper Jurassic strata of the Nyurolskaya depression and vicinity (southeastern West Siberia, Russia) Pinous, O.V. er al. Marine & Petroleum Geolofl. 1999, 16. (3). 245-257. Presented is the first application of high-resolution sequence stratigraphic analysis to the Jurassic Vasyogan deposits of West Siberia. On the basis of wireline logs, lithologies and sedimentary facies a series of third-order depositional sequences that formed on a low-gradient siliciclastic ramp in shallow marine to paralic environments were identified. The sequence stratigraphic framework helped to properly distinguish specific stratigraphic units (productive sand beds). while enhancing stratigraphic correlation. Sequence stratigraphic procedures particularly aided in recognition of fluvial channels and prograding shorelines in marginal parts of positive structures that usually represent the most favourable reservoir zones,