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00097 Pyrolysis and gasification kinetics of Jordanian oil-shales
02
Economics, 00/00095
Evaluation
Business,
Marketing,
of oil yield from Jordanian
Policy oil shales
Jaber, J. 0. er al. .&era, 1999, 24. (Y), 761-781. In this paper. the influences of particle size, grade and pyrolysis temperature on the oil yield have been evaluated in a laboratory scale reactor. Five categories of particle sizes from two different oil shale samples were pyrolysed by employing a fixed bed retorting system. The reactor and the 011 shale sample were heated at a constant rate and nitrogen gas was used to purge the sample. continuously, in order to remove the pyrolysis products from the reactor as well as to reduce secondary reactions. The liquid products were condensed and collected in a series of cold glass-traps and the off-gases analysed for their hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon species. Subsequent experiments were conducted, employing a thermogravimetric analyser. using only the four smallest particle sizes under similar conditions as applied to the fixed bed retort. The activation energy was determined hy using the integral method. The pyrolysis of the investigated shales was found to comply with first-order kinetics within the limits of experimental error. Increasing the particle size resulted in a small rise in the liquid oil yield, however. the total gaseous production was simultaneously decreased.
OOIOOO96 vehicles
Fuel economy
rebound
effect for U.S. household
1999, 20, (3). S-31. Greene. D. L. et N/. The Emzrgy Jownal. This paper presents an econometric estimation of the ‘rebound effect’ for household vehicle travel in the United States based on analysis of survey data collected by the Energy Information Administration (EIA) at approximately three-year intervals over a 15-year period. The rebound effect measures the tendency to ‘take back’ potential energy savings from fuel economy improvements as increased travel. Vehicle use models were estimated for one-. two-, three-, four- and five-vehicle households. The results confirm recent estimates based on national or state-level data: a long-run ‘take hack’ of about 20% of potential energy savings. Consumer responses to changes in fuel economy or fuel price per gallon appear to be equal and opposite in sign. Recognizing the interdependencies among miles of travel. fuel economy and price is key to obtaining meaningful results. 00/00097
Pyrolysis
and gasification
kinetics of Jordanian
oil-
shales Jaber, J. 0. and Probert, SD. Applird EWY~J, 1999, 63, (4), 269-286. Two Jordanian oil-shale samples have been pyrolysed and gasified, nonisothermally, using a thermogravimetric analyser. The controlling parameters studied were the final temperature and influence of particle size as well as the heating rate employed during the process of thermal degradation of the oil-shale sample. The integral method was used in the analysis of weight-loss data to determine the pyrolysis and gasification kinetics. Within experimental error, a slightly greater weight loss occurred during the devolitlization phase when carbon dioxide was used instead of nitrogen to purge the system. The magnitude of the weight loss was dependent on the final temperature, as well as, to a lesser extent, on the heating rate employed. Increasing the latter resulted in the reaction ensuing at higher temperatures. Gasification and pyrolysis of the investigated shales complied with first-order kinetics: the activation energy and temperature at which the maximum reactivity rate occurred decreased slightly as the shaleparticle size was reduced.
The Russian oil industry restructuration: 00100096 the emergence of western type enterprises?
towards
Locatelli. C. Energ’ Po/rc:v, 1999, 27, (8), 435-449. The Russian oil industry has undergone fundamental changes since the collapse of the Soviet Empire and its bureaucratic administrative structure. dominated by its various Branch Ministries. The monopoly in the Soviet oil industry has now been replaced hy a number of ‘oil companies’, some of which are very powerful. the best known of them being Lukoil. These ‘joint stock companies‘ are the product of a reform aimed essentially at implanting. out of all the numerous organizational arrangements developed in the West, the model of the vertically integrated private firm. Beyond the legal reforms in the Russian oil industry sector, however, the nature of the organizational model that has actually emerged in Russia begs several questions. Manv entities. which are complex and highly diversified, are involved m this industry. There are, of course, the many privatized structures in which the banks sometimes carry a considerable amount of weight. There are also some vertically integrated organizations, but the degree of integration is variable and their method of centralization is based on a specific form of economic logic. It should not be considered, however, that these ‘actors‘ are similar to capitalist-type private enterprises, whose behaviour is regulated hy the demands of international competition. Reform of property rights has not been sufficient to create true private enterprise in Russra. This assertion is borne out by several elements, including the Russian economic situation itself. Financial-industrial groups in the oil industry have, first and foremost. to organize and adapt themselves to deal with the essentially non-monetary relationships such as barter. interentreprise credit and non-payment, which are becoming more and more dominant in the Russian economy today, as the recent financial crisis shows. Thus, beyond the change in formal organization that the various methods of privatization show, the way in which the industry
Liquid
fuels
(defived
liquid
fuels)
behaves is still regulated to a significant extent hy planned economic relationships and not by efficiency and profitability strategies hased on reducing costs. On the other hand, the ‘survival’ strategies arc hased on the willingness to maximize exports, this being based on a ‘quantitative production development’ logic. They are written into the particular kind of compromise arrived at between the State, the banks. the regions. the workers and the oil joint stock companies. which could he summarized in the following equation: foreign currency in exchange for non-payments and for preserving jobs in the oil industry,‘s holding companies. The financial crisis in Russia has clearly shown how tragile this system is, and has to some extent shattered the compromise already weakened hy devcl~rpmcnts in international markets. The decrease in foreign currency revenue. brought about by the fall in international oil prices. has clearly shown the structural weaknesses in an oil industry that is still conspicuously heset hy hcavv production costs, costs that are proving a reriou\ hindrance to it; competitiveness. The future of the industry must he rn serious doubt if. despite the reforms introduced, it does not continue along the path of major restructuring.
Task Force reports as oil prices reach respectability E,w~Q World. 1999. 274. NovemheriDecemher. IX-IY. ooiooo99
In March 1099. oil prices were the lowest they have heen rn 50 years. Srncc then, the recovery has heen dramatic: the price of Brent crude wa\ hovering at approximately $10 per barrel between December last year and March l999-it has since increased steadily to more than $20. The future IS never certain though. and the first major report by the Oil and Gas Industry Task Force was delivered at the ‘Offshore Europe 99’ oil and gas conference in Aberdeen in September. Here. a series of initiatives were set out in a report: A template for change, by Secretary of state for Trade and Industry.
Vehicle choice in an aging population: some ooioo1oo insights from a stated preference survey for California Kavalec. C. The Energy Jourmd, 1999, 20. (3). 123-l 3X. This paper investigates the potential effects that an aging ‘baby boomer‘ generation will have on gasoline use through their vehicle choice decisions. The study uses stated preference data for both conventional and alternative fuel vehicles, and measures the impact of age of survey respondent on the perceived value of vehicle characteristics such as fuel economy. performance, and body style (e.g. car versus truck). The results suggest the possibility that average fleet fuel economy may improve in the next few years, if survey preferences translate to actual purchase hehaviour. No clear implications can be drawn regarding the demand for alternative fuel vehicles.
Derived
00/00101
Liquid Fuels
Atomization
of ultra-fine
coal-water
slurry
Ziping, Z. et al. Proc. Ann. Int. Pittsburgh Coal Cortc. 1998. 15, IX1 I-1X18. This study focused on the design and production of a small atomizing nozzle for ultra-fine coal slurry fuel, with a capacity of approximately IO kg: h. A test rig for atomization was installed in association with a Malvern Particle Size Analyser. An ultra-fine coal slurry with a Sauter diameter of 2.9711 was prepared. Both the axial and radial drrection of the spray cone were measured for the particle size distributions of atomized slurry. An analysis of the relationship between atomized droplets and slurry viscosity and atomizing medium was carried out. Finally, an experimental equation for atomization characteristics of ultra-fine coal slurry was derived, which is useful for nozzle design and analysis of combustion characteristics.
Blends of Fischer-Tropsch 00100102 route to diesel fuel
crude-A
lower cost
Inl. Pitrshrq Coul Co~f.. 1098. IS, 890-X98. Suppes, G. J. et al. Proc.Ann. The conversion of gasification products in to liquid hydrocarbon fuel using the Fischer-Tropsch method, involves synthesis followed by refining (hydrocracking and distillation) of the syncrude into primarily diesel or kerosene with small quantities of naphtha (a feedstock tor gasoline production). Refining is considered to he a vital process, possibly overlooking the exceptional fuel qualities of syncrude for more direct utilization as a compression-ignition (Cl) fuel. This review discusses the following properties of syncrude and blends of ayncrude with hlcnd stocks such as ethanol and di-Et ether; cetane number. viscosity. cloud point and pour point properties. The results of the experimental study indicate that blends comprised mostly of syncrude are potentially good Cl fuels with pour-point temperature depression being the largest development barrier. The resulting blends have the potential to provide an alternative CI fuel which costs less than petroleum based diesel, depending on the feedstock and feedstock preparation costs. Excellent market opportunities exist with Energy Policy Act (EPACT) applications.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
January 2000
11
Economics, 00/00095
Evaluation
Business,
Marketing,
of oil yield from Jordanian
Policy oil shales
Jaber, J. 0. er al. .&era, 1999, 24. (Y), 761-781. In this paper. the influences of particle size, grade and pyrolysis temperature on the oil yield have been evaluated in a laboratory scale reactor. Five categories of particle sizes from two different oil shale samples were pyrolysed by employing a fixed bed retorting system. The reactor and the 011 shale sample were heated at a constant rate and nitrogen gas was used to purge the sample. continuously, in order to remove the pyrolysis products from the reactor as well as to reduce secondary reactions. The liquid products were condensed and collected in a series of cold glass-traps and the off-gases analysed for their hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon species. Subsequent experiments were conducted, employing a thermogravimetric analyser. using only the four smallest particle sizes under similar conditions as applied to the fixed bed retort. The activation energy was determined hy using the integral method. The pyrolysis of the investigated shales was found to comply with first-order kinetics within the limits of experimental error. Increasing the particle size resulted in a small rise in the liquid oil yield, however. the total gaseous production was simultaneously decreased.
OOIOOO96 vehicles
Fuel economy
rebound
effect for U.S. household
1999, 20, (3). S-31. Greene. D. L. et N/. The Emzrgy Jownal. This paper presents an econometric estimation of the ‘rebound effect’ for household vehicle travel in the United States based on analysis of survey data collected by the Energy Information Administration (EIA) at approximately three-year intervals over a 15-year period. The rebound effect measures the tendency to ‘take back’ potential energy savings from fuel economy improvements as increased travel. Vehicle use models were estimated for one-. two-, three-, four- and five-vehicle households. The results confirm recent estimates based on national or state-level data: a long-run ‘take hack’ of about 20% of potential energy savings. Consumer responses to changes in fuel economy or fuel price per gallon appear to be equal and opposite in sign. Recognizing the interdependencies among miles of travel. fuel economy and price is key to obtaining meaningful results. 00/00097
Pyrolysis
and gasification
kinetics of Jordanian
oil-
shales Jaber, J. 0. and Probert, SD. Applird EWY~J, 1999, 63, (4), 269-286. Two Jordanian oil-shale samples have been pyrolysed and gasified, nonisothermally, using a thermogravimetric analyser. The controlling parameters studied were the final temperature and influence of particle size as well as the heating rate employed during the process of thermal degradation of the oil-shale sample. The integral method was used in the analysis of weight-loss data to determine the pyrolysis and gasification kinetics. Within experimental error, a slightly greater weight loss occurred during the devolitlization phase when carbon dioxide was used instead of nitrogen to purge the system. The magnitude of the weight loss was dependent on the final temperature, as well as, to a lesser extent, on the heating rate employed. Increasing the latter resulted in the reaction ensuing at higher temperatures. Gasification and pyrolysis of the investigated shales complied with first-order kinetics: the activation energy and temperature at which the maximum reactivity rate occurred decreased slightly as the shaleparticle size was reduced.
The Russian oil industry restructuration: 00100096 the emergence of western type enterprises?
towards
Locatelli. C. Energ’ Po/rc:v, 1999, 27, (8), 435-449. The Russian oil industry has undergone fundamental changes since the collapse of the Soviet Empire and its bureaucratic administrative structure. dominated by its various Branch Ministries. The monopoly in the Soviet oil industry has now been replaced hy a number of ‘oil companies’, some of which are very powerful. the best known of them being Lukoil. These ‘joint stock companies‘ are the product of a reform aimed essentially at implanting. out of all the numerous organizational arrangements developed in the West, the model of the vertically integrated private firm. Beyond the legal reforms in the Russian oil industry sector, however, the nature of the organizational model that has actually emerged in Russia begs several questions. Manv entities. which are complex and highly diversified, are involved m this industry. There are, of course, the many privatized structures in which the banks sometimes carry a considerable amount of weight. There are also some vertically integrated organizations, but the degree of integration is variable and their method of centralization is based on a specific form of economic logic. It should not be considered, however, that these ‘actors‘ are similar to capitalist-type private enterprises, whose behaviour is regulated hy the demands of international competition. Reform of property rights has not been sufficient to create true private enterprise in Russra. This assertion is borne out by several elements, including the Russian economic situation itself. Financial-industrial groups in the oil industry have, first and foremost. to organize and adapt themselves to deal with the essentially non-monetary relationships such as barter. interentreprise credit and non-payment, which are becoming more and more dominant in the Russian economy today, as the recent financial crisis shows. Thus, beyond the change in formal organization that the various methods of privatization show, the way in which the industry
Liquid
fuels
(defived
liquid
fuels)
behaves is still regulated to a significant extent hy planned economic relationships and not by efficiency and profitability strategies hased on reducing costs. On the other hand, the ‘survival’ strategies arc hased on the willingness to maximize exports, this being based on a ‘quantitative production development’ logic. They are written into the particular kind of compromise arrived at between the State, the banks. the regions. the workers and the oil joint stock companies. which could he summarized in the following equation: foreign currency in exchange for non-payments and for preserving jobs in the oil industry,‘s holding companies. The financial crisis in Russia has clearly shown how tragile this system is, and has to some extent shattered the compromise already weakened hy devcl~rpmcnts in international markets. The decrease in foreign currency revenue. brought about by the fall in international oil prices. has clearly shown the structural weaknesses in an oil industry that is still conspicuously heset hy hcavv production costs, costs that are proving a reriou\ hindrance to it; competitiveness. The future of the industry must he rn serious doubt if. despite the reforms introduced, it does not continue along the path of major restructuring.
Task Force reports as oil prices reach respectability E,w~Q World. 1999. 274. NovemheriDecemher. IX-IY. ooiooo99
In March 1099. oil prices were the lowest they have heen rn 50 years. Srncc then, the recovery has heen dramatic: the price of Brent crude wa\ hovering at approximately $10 per barrel between December last year and March l999-it has since increased steadily to more than $20. The future IS never certain though. and the first major report by the Oil and Gas Industry Task Force was delivered at the ‘Offshore Europe 99’ oil and gas conference in Aberdeen in September. Here. a series of initiatives were set out in a report: A template for change, by Secretary of state for Trade and Industry.
Vehicle choice in an aging population: some ooioo1oo insights from a stated preference survey for California Kavalec. C. The Energy Jourmd, 1999, 20. (3). 123-l 3X. This paper investigates the potential effects that an aging ‘baby boomer‘ generation will have on gasoline use through their vehicle choice decisions. The study uses stated preference data for both conventional and alternative fuel vehicles, and measures the impact of age of survey respondent on the perceived value of vehicle characteristics such as fuel economy. performance, and body style (e.g. car versus truck). The results suggest the possibility that average fleet fuel economy may improve in the next few years, if survey preferences translate to actual purchase hehaviour. No clear implications can be drawn regarding the demand for alternative fuel vehicles.
Derived
00/00101
Liquid Fuels
Atomization
of ultra-fine
coal-water
slurry
Ziping, Z. et al. Proc. Ann. Int. Pittsburgh Coal Cortc. 1998. 15, IX1 I-1X18. This study focused on the design and production of a small atomizing nozzle for ultra-fine coal slurry fuel, with a capacity of approximately IO kg: h. A test rig for atomization was installed in association with a Malvern Particle Size Analyser. An ultra-fine coal slurry with a Sauter diameter of 2.9711 was prepared. Both the axial and radial drrection of the spray cone were measured for the particle size distributions of atomized slurry. An analysis of the relationship between atomized droplets and slurry viscosity and atomizing medium was carried out. Finally, an experimental equation for atomization characteristics of ultra-fine coal slurry was derived, which is useful for nozzle design and analysis of combustion characteristics.
Blends of Fischer-Tropsch 00100102 route to diesel fuel
crude-A
lower cost
Inl. Pitrshrq Coul Co~f.. 1098. IS, 890-X98. Suppes, G. J. et al. Proc.Ann. The conversion of gasification products in to liquid hydrocarbon fuel using the Fischer-Tropsch method, involves synthesis followed by refining (hydrocracking and distillation) of the syncrude into primarily diesel or kerosene with small quantities of naphtha (a feedstock tor gasoline production). Refining is considered to he a vital process, possibly overlooking the exceptional fuel qualities of syncrude for more direct utilization as a compression-ignition (Cl) fuel. This review discusses the following properties of syncrude and blends of ayncrude with hlcnd stocks such as ethanol and di-Et ether; cetane number. viscosity. cloud point and pour point properties. The results of the experimental study indicate that blends comprised mostly of syncrude are potentially good Cl fuels with pour-point temperature depression being the largest development barrier. The resulting blends have the potential to provide an alternative CI fuel which costs less than petroleum based diesel, depending on the feedstock and feedstock preparation costs. Excellent market opportunities exist with Energy Policy Act (EPACT) applications.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
January 2000
11