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00458 Coal feeder of slagging-bed gasification apparatus
17
Process heating, power and incineration
(energy applications in industry)
increases the production by 72.4 percent from 2.9 to 5 mgd of potable water in addition to the 138.2 mgd of heating steam condensate. This increases the performance ratio (PR) from 15.2 to 26.2 and, thus, reduces the power requirements from 12.5 to 7.27 kWh/m’ of potable water. This is equivalent to an increase of 21.2 points for the GT thermal efficiency. Moreover, the system contributes a 1000 TR (ton refrigeration) cooling to the A/C units, as a by-product, which saves 1029 kW of equivalent power. Thus, the overall to an thermal efficiency is boosted by 2h.S points, which is equivalent annual savings of 11094 tons of Diesel fuel.
Gasification combined-cycle power generation
00100452
equipment Koga. Y. and Shinada, 0. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 10 325.505 [98 32S,SOS] (Cl. F22Dl/OO), 8 Dee 1998, Appl. 97/136,587. 27 May 1997. 6 pp. (In Japanese). The gasification combined-cycle power generation equipment is described in this paper. It consists of a gasifier and a waste heat recovery boiler containing a gas turbine and steam turbine condenser. The equipment is characterized in that water is extracted from the middle part of the boiler for cooling the machines of the equipment. After cooling, the water is recovered from the boiler.
00/00453
An overview of energy sources for electric vehicles
Chau, K. T. er al. Energy Comers. Manage., 1999, 40, (10). 1021-1039. As concerns about energy efficiency, energy diversification and environmental protection increase, electric vehicles (EVs) have launched a revenge for road transportation. Among those multidisciplinary EV technologies, energy sources are the key technology for the possible commercialization and popularization of EVs. This paper not only reviews the current status of EV energy sources. but also assesses their suitability and potentiality. Moreover, the concept of multiple energy sources for EVs is identified, hence the corresponding near-term and long-term measures are discussed.
Thermal efficiency of a regenerative Brayton cycle with isothermal heat addition
00/00454
Goktun, S. and Yavuz, H. Energ? Cotn~s. Manage., 1999. 40, (12). 12591266 The effect of two heat additions, rather than one, in a gas turbine engine is analysed using a regenerative Brayton cycle model, where all fluid friction losses in the compressor and turbine are quantified by an isentropic efficiency term and all global irreversibilities in the regenerator are taken into account by means of an effective efficiency. It has been established that the application of an isothermal heat addition process in regenerative gas turbine engines may result in significant efficiency improvements of over 10% compared with conventional engines. Moreover, substantial reductions of pollutant emissions are expected.
11 PROCESS HEATING, POWER AND INCINERATION Energy Applications
in Industry
refractory to minimize the heat loss through the reactor wall and accompanied with secondary air of 573 K. The flame front was estimated from the gas temperature and species concentration measured using an Rtype thermocouple (Pt-PtiRh 13%) and gas chromatograph at various coalair ratios and swirls. The flame front position was closely related with heating rate. The heating rate for the lifted flame was in the range of IO”10” K/s and for ignition greater than 10” K/s. The heating mechanism had little impact on the extinction limits. The swirl forced the flame front to move toward the upstream hy the rapid mixing of coal and air. However, it only slightly increased the carbon conversion and the cold gas efficiency below immediate fuel-rich conditions due to a relatively low reactor temperature and minimal increased residence time.
The benefits of co-producing power and fuels from IGCC facilities
00/00457
Gray, D. and Tomlinson, G. Proc. Ants hf. Pittsburgh Coal Conf, 1998, 15, 174-179. This paper evaluates the idea that combines the use of natural gas and coal for the remarkably efficient production of electrical power and high quality transportation fuels. In simplified terms. this co-production cofeed (CoCo) concept consists of diverting coal-derived synthesis gas from the combined cycle power block of an integrated coal gasification combined cycle (IGCC) unit to a liquid Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) synthesis reactor. Ultimately, the synthesis gas from the F-T reactor which has not reacted, and imported natural gas are then combusted in the downstream combined cycle power generation unit. The main discussion is centred around the impact on carbon emission and economic considerations.
00/00458 Coal feeder of slagging-bed gasification apparatus Yoshia, K. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 11 152,481 [99 152.4811 (Cl. ClOJ3/50), 8 Jun 1999, Appl. 1997/321,028,21 Nov 1997, hpp. (In Japanese) A coal feeding apparatus for a slagging-bed gasifier is equipped with a lock hopper system, which consists of a bag filter, an ambient pressure hopper, a rotary feeder and a lock hopper. The rotary feeder consists of two separate coal discharge outlets connected with coal transport lines, for feeding coal to both the upper and lower burner systems of the gasification chamber. which is situated in the gasifier.
Coal utilization in industrial boilers in China a prospect for mitigating COz emissions
00/00459
Fang, J. et al. Applied Energy, 1999, 63 (1) 35-52. It is estimated from GEF statistical data for 1991 that more than 500,000 industrial boilers (mostly stoker-fired) in China consume over 400 million tons of coal per year. Each year, because of low boiler efficiency. 75 million tons of coal is wasted and 130 million tons of excess carbon dioxide are emitted. An analysis of 250 boiler thermal-balance test certificates and six field visits in three provinces have shown that: (1) boilers with efficiencies of less than 70% account for 75% of the total boiler-population; (2) the main causes of the low efficiencies are high excess air and unburned carbon in the slag and fly ash. The effect of unburned carbon on carbon dioxide emission is a balance of positive and negative contributions: while the unburned carbon does not produce carbon dioxide emissions. its replacement carbon, burned at a low efficiency, contributes to a net increase in carbon dioxide emissions. It seems from the analysis that the average boiler efficiency can be raised to 73% by relatively simple means, such as the size grading of the coal, improved boiler operating practice and some inexpensive equipment modifications. This could then result in savings each year of 34 million tons of coal and a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions of 63 million tons at an estimated cost of $10 per ton of carbon dioxide.
Acoustic effects during the combustion of gaseous fuels in a bubbling fluidized bed
00/00455
Zukowski, W. Conlhusrion & Flame, 1999, 117, (3), 629-635. Acoustic effects accompany the combustion of gaseous fuels in bubbling fluidized beds of inert materials. In an exploratory study of this effect, using a laboratory-size fluidized bed in which a mixture of propane and butane was burned, the bed’s temperature was monitored continuously and the acoustic effects were recorded. The temperature ranges over which combustion was ‘noisy’ and ‘quiet’ were identified; the acoustic signals were shown to fall into a number of characteristic patterns, which can yield information about the character of the combustion process, in relation to ‘mini-explosions’ in bubbles of the combustible mixture rising through the bed, their intensity and frequency. The results could be used to develop a new method of controlling the operation of fluidized beds burning a gaseous fuel.
The behaviour of flame front with heating mechanisms in two entrained-bed coal reactors
00100456
Cho, H. C. er al. Fuel, 1999, 78, (8) 953-961. An experimental study was carried out in two laboratory-scale coal reactors to investigate the effect of heating rate on a pulverized coal flame. Each of the reactors had different heating mechanisms. Reactor ‘A’ looses a large amount of heat through its transparent quartz wall, pulverized coal particles were ignited by secondary air of 1050 K. The flame front could be visualized through the transparent wall. Reactor ‘B’ was insulated with a castable
48
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
January 2000
Effect of the hybrid concept on the operation of a pressurized fluidized bed furnace
00100460
Nagel, H. et al. VGB Technical Ver. Crosskrnftwr~ksbetr. 1998, C5/1-18. (In German) When comparing pressurized fluidized bed combustion (PFBC) with conventional firing systems it is evident that the former is more advantageous, for example, small reactor sizes, in situ pollutant removal and high thermal efficiencies even in intermediate power ranges. In order for PFBC to be widely used, the gas turbine inlet temperature needs to be raised to increase efficiencies. In a staged combustion process, which is a type of hybrid system, coal is burned substoichiomettically in a pressurized fluidized bed and a low calorific value gas is produced. After hot gas cleanup (~700”) the gas is after-burned allowing for gas turbine inlet temperatures of more than 1200”. Experiments were conducted at the IVDPFBC test facility, with regard to composition of the gas produced, carhonconversion and sulfur capture at a variety of pressures, temperatures and air ratios. Comparisons were made between the results and chemical equilibrium calculations. Using a process simulation program in association with experimental data, the increase of thermal efficiency through staged combustion was examined. Staged combustion resulted in an increase in thermal efficiency of up to 4.5% at equivalent operation conditions (thermal capacity, steam quality), when compared with a standard combined cycle with a lignite fired PFBC.
Process heating, power and incineration
(energy applications in industry)
increases the production by 72.4 percent from 2.9 to 5 mgd of potable water in addition to the 138.2 mgd of heating steam condensate. This increases the performance ratio (PR) from 15.2 to 26.2 and, thus, reduces the power requirements from 12.5 to 7.27 kWh/m’ of potable water. This is equivalent to an increase of 21.2 points for the GT thermal efficiency. Moreover, the system contributes a 1000 TR (ton refrigeration) cooling to the A/C units, as a by-product, which saves 1029 kW of equivalent power. Thus, the overall to an thermal efficiency is boosted by 2h.S points, which is equivalent annual savings of 11094 tons of Diesel fuel.
Gasification combined-cycle power generation
00100452
equipment Koga. Y. and Shinada, 0. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 10 325.505 [98 32S,SOS] (Cl. F22Dl/OO), 8 Dee 1998, Appl. 97/136,587. 27 May 1997. 6 pp. (In Japanese). The gasification combined-cycle power generation equipment is described in this paper. It consists of a gasifier and a waste heat recovery boiler containing a gas turbine and steam turbine condenser. The equipment is characterized in that water is extracted from the middle part of the boiler for cooling the machines of the equipment. After cooling, the water is recovered from the boiler.
00/00453
An overview of energy sources for electric vehicles
Chau, K. T. er al. Energy Comers. Manage., 1999, 40, (10). 1021-1039. As concerns about energy efficiency, energy diversification and environmental protection increase, electric vehicles (EVs) have launched a revenge for road transportation. Among those multidisciplinary EV technologies, energy sources are the key technology for the possible commercialization and popularization of EVs. This paper not only reviews the current status of EV energy sources. but also assesses their suitability and potentiality. Moreover, the concept of multiple energy sources for EVs is identified, hence the corresponding near-term and long-term measures are discussed.
Thermal efficiency of a regenerative Brayton cycle with isothermal heat addition
00/00454
Goktun, S. and Yavuz, H. Energ? Cotn~s. Manage., 1999. 40, (12). 12591266 The effect of two heat additions, rather than one, in a gas turbine engine is analysed using a regenerative Brayton cycle model, where all fluid friction losses in the compressor and turbine are quantified by an isentropic efficiency term and all global irreversibilities in the regenerator are taken into account by means of an effective efficiency. It has been established that the application of an isothermal heat addition process in regenerative gas turbine engines may result in significant efficiency improvements of over 10% compared with conventional engines. Moreover, substantial reductions of pollutant emissions are expected.
11 PROCESS HEATING, POWER AND INCINERATION Energy Applications
in Industry
refractory to minimize the heat loss through the reactor wall and accompanied with secondary air of 573 K. The flame front was estimated from the gas temperature and species concentration measured using an Rtype thermocouple (Pt-PtiRh 13%) and gas chromatograph at various coalair ratios and swirls. The flame front position was closely related with heating rate. The heating rate for the lifted flame was in the range of IO”10” K/s and for ignition greater than 10” K/s. The heating mechanism had little impact on the extinction limits. The swirl forced the flame front to move toward the upstream hy the rapid mixing of coal and air. However, it only slightly increased the carbon conversion and the cold gas efficiency below immediate fuel-rich conditions due to a relatively low reactor temperature and minimal increased residence time.
The benefits of co-producing power and fuels from IGCC facilities
00/00457
Gray, D. and Tomlinson, G. Proc. Ants hf. Pittsburgh Coal Conf, 1998, 15, 174-179. This paper evaluates the idea that combines the use of natural gas and coal for the remarkably efficient production of electrical power and high quality transportation fuels. In simplified terms. this co-production cofeed (CoCo) concept consists of diverting coal-derived synthesis gas from the combined cycle power block of an integrated coal gasification combined cycle (IGCC) unit to a liquid Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) synthesis reactor. Ultimately, the synthesis gas from the F-T reactor which has not reacted, and imported natural gas are then combusted in the downstream combined cycle power generation unit. The main discussion is centred around the impact on carbon emission and economic considerations.
00/00458 Coal feeder of slagging-bed gasification apparatus Yoshia, K. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 11 152,481 [99 152.4811 (Cl. ClOJ3/50), 8 Jun 1999, Appl. 1997/321,028,21 Nov 1997, hpp. (In Japanese) A coal feeding apparatus for a slagging-bed gasifier is equipped with a lock hopper system, which consists of a bag filter, an ambient pressure hopper, a rotary feeder and a lock hopper. The rotary feeder consists of two separate coal discharge outlets connected with coal transport lines, for feeding coal to both the upper and lower burner systems of the gasification chamber. which is situated in the gasifier.
Coal utilization in industrial boilers in China a prospect for mitigating COz emissions
00/00459
Fang, J. et al. Applied Energy, 1999, 63 (1) 35-52. It is estimated from GEF statistical data for 1991 that more than 500,000 industrial boilers (mostly stoker-fired) in China consume over 400 million tons of coal per year. Each year, because of low boiler efficiency. 75 million tons of coal is wasted and 130 million tons of excess carbon dioxide are emitted. An analysis of 250 boiler thermal-balance test certificates and six field visits in three provinces have shown that: (1) boilers with efficiencies of less than 70% account for 75% of the total boiler-population; (2) the main causes of the low efficiencies are high excess air and unburned carbon in the slag and fly ash. The effect of unburned carbon on carbon dioxide emission is a balance of positive and negative contributions: while the unburned carbon does not produce carbon dioxide emissions. its replacement carbon, burned at a low efficiency, contributes to a net increase in carbon dioxide emissions. It seems from the analysis that the average boiler efficiency can be raised to 73% by relatively simple means, such as the size grading of the coal, improved boiler operating practice and some inexpensive equipment modifications. This could then result in savings each year of 34 million tons of coal and a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions of 63 million tons at an estimated cost of $10 per ton of carbon dioxide.
Acoustic effects during the combustion of gaseous fuels in a bubbling fluidized bed
00/00455
Zukowski, W. Conlhusrion & Flame, 1999, 117, (3), 629-635. Acoustic effects accompany the combustion of gaseous fuels in bubbling fluidized beds of inert materials. In an exploratory study of this effect, using a laboratory-size fluidized bed in which a mixture of propane and butane was burned, the bed’s temperature was monitored continuously and the acoustic effects were recorded. The temperature ranges over which combustion was ‘noisy’ and ‘quiet’ were identified; the acoustic signals were shown to fall into a number of characteristic patterns, which can yield information about the character of the combustion process, in relation to ‘mini-explosions’ in bubbles of the combustible mixture rising through the bed, their intensity and frequency. The results could be used to develop a new method of controlling the operation of fluidized beds burning a gaseous fuel.
The behaviour of flame front with heating mechanisms in two entrained-bed coal reactors
00100456
Cho, H. C. er al. Fuel, 1999, 78, (8) 953-961. An experimental study was carried out in two laboratory-scale coal reactors to investigate the effect of heating rate on a pulverized coal flame. Each of the reactors had different heating mechanisms. Reactor ‘A’ looses a large amount of heat through its transparent quartz wall, pulverized coal particles were ignited by secondary air of 1050 K. The flame front could be visualized through the transparent wall. Reactor ‘B’ was insulated with a castable
48
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
January 2000
Effect of the hybrid concept on the operation of a pressurized fluidized bed furnace
00100460
Nagel, H. et al. VGB Technical Ver. Crosskrnftwr~ksbetr. 1998, C5/1-18. (In German) When comparing pressurized fluidized bed combustion (PFBC) with conventional firing systems it is evident that the former is more advantageous, for example, small reactor sizes, in situ pollutant removal and high thermal efficiencies even in intermediate power ranges. In order for PFBC to be widely used, the gas turbine inlet temperature needs to be raised to increase efficiencies. In a staged combustion process, which is a type of hybrid system, coal is burned substoichiomettically in a pressurized fluidized bed and a low calorific value gas is produced. After hot gas cleanup (~700”) the gas is after-burned allowing for gas turbine inlet temperatures of more than 1200”. Experiments were conducted at the IVDPFBC test facility, with regard to composition of the gas produced, carhonconversion and sulfur capture at a variety of pressures, temperatures and air ratios. Comparisons were made between the results and chemical equilibrium calculations. Using a process simulation program in association with experimental data, the increase of thermal efficiency through staged combustion was examined. Staged combustion resulted in an increase in thermal efficiency of up to 4.5% at equivalent operation conditions (thermal capacity, steam quality), when compared with a standard combined cycle with a lignite fired PFBC.