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00672 Vanadium compounds in petroleum coke and products of its gasification and combustion
02
Liquidfuels(sources,properties, recovery)
Physical characteristics of cold cured anthracite/ 00100667 coke breeze briquettes prepared from a coal tar acid resin
Thorns. L. J. et ol. Fuel. 1999, 78, (14), 1691-1695. Phenolic resins were synthesized using the whole coal tar acid fraction of the oil from a low temperature carbonization process. A series of briquettes were prepared using a number of coal tar acid concentrations, cured at amhient temperature with various concentrations of sulfuric acid and were subjected to a variety of physical tests. Excellent briquettes, in terms of mechanical strength, water-proofing characteristics and thermal degradation, were produced with both nominally IO and 9% w/w resole solution and acid concentrations down to 1.8 M, corresponding to sulfur addition in the briquettes of approximately 0.2% w/w. Briquettes hound with 8% w/w resole solution, however, required stronger acid concentrations to satisfy the test conditions. When the briquettes were comhusted up to 85O”C, they retained their core shape after 70% weight loss.
Physical structure and gasification reactivity of coal char treated at high temperature Takarada, T. et al. SekitutlkirgakuKaigi?lal)l~yo Ronhumhu. IY97, 34. 283-286. (In Japanese)
00100666
Nineteen coals were heat-treated in a nitrogen atmosphere in the range of YOO-1700 and the gasification reactivity, crystallinity, specific surface area and pore structure of the char were determined and their interrelationships discussed. The gasification rate of coal char is strongly dependent on the heat treatment temperature, and decreases with increasing temperature. For chars treated at 1700”, the dependence of gasification rate on the coal type decreases due to lessened contribution of minerals to the gasification reactivity. Further, as the heat treatment temperature increases, the specific surface area decreases due to reduction in micropores during graphitization.
00100669
Production
method
of blast-furnace
coke
Fukada, K. el’al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP II 12,575 [9Y 12,575] (Cl. I9 Jan 1999, Appl. 971171.312. 27 Jun 1997, 4 pp. (In ClOBS7/06), Japanese) In this method blast-furnace coke is manufactured by gasifying a coal hlend at 380-550’ and then coking the coal blend by adding ~5% thermoplastic plastics with particle sizes of <3 mm.
Properties of granulated domestic fuel from coals 00100670 of the Moscow and Kuznetsk Basins Savchenkov, V. E. et al. Khim. Tverd. Topl. (Moscow), 1998, (2). 93-100. (In Russian) Brown coal from the Moscow and Kuznetsk Basins is fast heated at 10,000 K/min in combustion gases for the purpose of decreasing both its moisture content and particle size. The treated brown coal, or its I:1 mixtures with coal, are granulated with 15-20 wt% aqueous lignosulfonate. It was found that the granulated fuel burns in domestic furnaces with a high efficiency.
Pyrolysis of petroleum residues: analysis by X-ray diffraction A. G. et al. Carbon, 1999, 37, (IO), 1627-1632.
OOlOO671
of
semicokes
Alvarez, Two petroleum residues of different composition were pyrolysed under different experimental conditions to obtain semicokes with a range of aromaticity, mesophase content and optical texture. The X-ray diffraction patterns show the (002) peak, and a band (zone y) at lower values of 20. In general terms, the progress of carbonization and the subsequent growth of mesophase are paralleled by a slight decrease in dcloz, an increase of the stack height L, of the lamellar structure and a decrease of the intensity registered in zone 5, due to the progressive transformation/elimination of the isotropic phase. Some semicokes have been extracted with heptane, toluene or I-methyl-2-pyrrolidone to obtain soluble and insoluble fractions. The diffraction patterns of the insoluble fractions show that there is no significant change in the value of L, or in the position of the (002) peak, only a decrease in the zone A, heing detected: this indicates that the solvent extracts isotropic material from the semicoke. On the other hand, the diffractograms of the soluble fractions indicate that the mesophase is not dissolved by heptane, hut it is partially dissolved by toluene and especially by I-methyl-2-pyrrolidone.
Vanadium compounds in petroleum coke and of its gasification and combustion M. Y. et al. Khim. Tverd. To@. (Moscowj, 1998, (2), 87-92. (In
00100672
products
Shpirt, Russian) Petroleum coke has 0.46 wt% vanadium, which is comprised of VZOs 24-25, vanadates 13-15, VO, 19-20 and carbides-sulfides-nitrides 39-40%. It has been shown that gasification of petroleum coke at 2850” in air-steam does not alter the vanadium content of the residue, however, it does change its composition.
02
LIQUID FUELS Sources,
OOlOO673
Properties,
Dating reservoir
Recovery
filling a case history from the
North Sea Bhullar, A. C. et al. Marine & Petroleum Geology, 1999, 16, (7), 581-603. Secondary petroleum inclusions in reservoir sandstones in the Frcly Field and the Rind Discovery are used in combination with burial history modelling, reservoir oils and core extracts to shed light on how and when these structures received their hydrocarbon charges. Analysis of normal alkane and biomarker distributions in these three data sets: fluid inclusions, core extracts and drill stem tests (DSTs) provide information on the changes in organic facies and maturity of petroleum in the various reservoir strata over time. The geochemistry of core extracts and DST oils in Rind and Frey reveal that the maturity of the Rind petroleum system is higher and also of slightly less anoxic facies compared to the oil present in the Frtiy system. Biodegraded oil is found today in a small sub-compartment of the Fray Field. Using the burial history of the Frey and the assumption that biodegradation effectively comes to a half at 70-8o’C, it is tentatively concluded that the filling of this subcompartment and the biodegradation of the oil must have occurred earlier than 30-40 m.y.h.p. and before oil from the Upper Jurassic Draupne shales more recently homogeneously filled the main Fray structure. In the Rind Discovery, no fluorescent petroleum inclusions are observed in K-feldspar overgrowths. However, the number of inclusions in quartz and plagioclase is larger than that observed in the shallower Frcny Field. A presently dry compartment penetrated hy well Z/2lSR2 in the Rind Discovery contains high residual oil \aturationr, indicating loss of oil from this structure either by direct cap rock leakage or displacement of oil by gas and subsequent cap rock leakage. Numerous petroleum and coexisting water inclusions were found in the presently dry overpressured structure and it is clear from measurements of homogenization temperatures that the water and the petroleum inclusions are not hoth saturated with respect to gas. Due to the lower solubility of hydrocarbon gas in water compared to in oil, it is more likely that water inclusions are closer to saturation than are the petroleum inclusions. 00100674 Hydrologic cells for recovery of hydrocarbons or thermal energy from coal, oil-shale, tar-sands and oil-bearing formations Hsu, K. J. U.S. US 5,X68,202 (Cl. 166-256, E2lB43/24), 9 Feh 1999, Appl. 936.150.22 Sep 1997, I.7 pp. A system is described for recovery of hydrocarbons or thermal energy from host-rock formations hearing coal, oil:shale. tar-sands or oil. The system uses a hydrologic cell which conveys a reacting fluid under pressure to a source-aquifer, thereafter extracting thermal energy or hydrocarbons from the host-rock, moving the hydrocarbons or thermal energy to the sinkaquifer and then removing the hydrocarbons or thermal energy to the surface for ultimate use.
Migration and accumulation of hydrocarbons in the 00100675 Swiss Molasse Basin: implications of a 2D basin modeling study Schegg, R. et al. Marine & Petroleum Geology, 1999, 16, (6), 51 l-531. This 2D modelling study attempted to quantify the processes of hydrocarbon (HC) generation, expulsion and migration along a regional section (NW-SE) in the North Alpine Foreland Basin of Western Switzerland. Modelled excess pressures increase towards the Alpine front, and are mainly related to the lithology distribution; excess pressure compartments are centred around shaly or evaporitic intervals of low permeability. By late Jurassic times a first major phase of HC generation is initiated in the deepest part of the Permo-Carhoniferous grabens in the external part (i.e. NW) of the Molasse basin. A second more important generation phase starts in Oligocene-Miocene times in the internal parts close to the Alpine front. Migration of HC seems to he controlled predominantly by the layer-cake geometry of the Mesozoic passive margin sequence. In contrast to many studies where vertical buoyancy driven migration dominates, the main driving mechanism for the migration and accumulation of HC is the excess pressure evolution. Large overpressure zones in the frontal part of the orogen (i.e. Subalpine Molasse) can drive deep fluids far updip into the foreland. The build-up of overpressured zones depends strongly on the subsidence rates, lithology and the occurrence of heterogeneities such as faults. Modelling results suggest that the presence of vertical fault zones have a dramatic influence on the pore pressure evolution (pressure drain-off). and in consequence on the HC accumulation pattern.
New, cheaper OGMJ, 1999, 100, (1175), 35.
00100676
way to find petroleum
deposits
A new technology could save oil companies millions of dollars by helping find elusive petroleum deposits and reducing dramatically the risk and cost of unnecessary exploration. This paper reports on the technology, called FAMM (fluorescence alteration of multiple macerals), which is refining the art of oil exploration by determining if minute quantities of plant material have been ‘cooked just right by the earth’.
76
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
March 2000
Liquidfuels(sources,properties, recovery)
Physical characteristics of cold cured anthracite/ 00100667 coke breeze briquettes prepared from a coal tar acid resin
Thorns. L. J. et ol. Fuel. 1999, 78, (14), 1691-1695. Phenolic resins were synthesized using the whole coal tar acid fraction of the oil from a low temperature carbonization process. A series of briquettes were prepared using a number of coal tar acid concentrations, cured at amhient temperature with various concentrations of sulfuric acid and were subjected to a variety of physical tests. Excellent briquettes, in terms of mechanical strength, water-proofing characteristics and thermal degradation, were produced with both nominally IO and 9% w/w resole solution and acid concentrations down to 1.8 M, corresponding to sulfur addition in the briquettes of approximately 0.2% w/w. Briquettes hound with 8% w/w resole solution, however, required stronger acid concentrations to satisfy the test conditions. When the briquettes were comhusted up to 85O”C, they retained their core shape after 70% weight loss.
Physical structure and gasification reactivity of coal char treated at high temperature Takarada, T. et al. SekitutlkirgakuKaigi?lal)l~yo Ronhumhu. IY97, 34. 283-286. (In Japanese)
00100666
Nineteen coals were heat-treated in a nitrogen atmosphere in the range of YOO-1700 and the gasification reactivity, crystallinity, specific surface area and pore structure of the char were determined and their interrelationships discussed. The gasification rate of coal char is strongly dependent on the heat treatment temperature, and decreases with increasing temperature. For chars treated at 1700”, the dependence of gasification rate on the coal type decreases due to lessened contribution of minerals to the gasification reactivity. Further, as the heat treatment temperature increases, the specific surface area decreases due to reduction in micropores during graphitization.
00100669
Production
method
of blast-furnace
coke
Fukada, K. el’al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP II 12,575 [9Y 12,575] (Cl. I9 Jan 1999, Appl. 971171.312. 27 Jun 1997, 4 pp. (In ClOBS7/06), Japanese) In this method blast-furnace coke is manufactured by gasifying a coal hlend at 380-550’ and then coking the coal blend by adding ~5% thermoplastic plastics with particle sizes of <3 mm.
Properties of granulated domestic fuel from coals 00100670 of the Moscow and Kuznetsk Basins Savchenkov, V. E. et al. Khim. Tverd. Topl. (Moscow), 1998, (2). 93-100. (In Russian) Brown coal from the Moscow and Kuznetsk Basins is fast heated at 10,000 K/min in combustion gases for the purpose of decreasing both its moisture content and particle size. The treated brown coal, or its I:1 mixtures with coal, are granulated with 15-20 wt% aqueous lignosulfonate. It was found that the granulated fuel burns in domestic furnaces with a high efficiency.
Pyrolysis of petroleum residues: analysis by X-ray diffraction A. G. et al. Carbon, 1999, 37, (IO), 1627-1632.
OOlOO671
of
semicokes
Alvarez, Two petroleum residues of different composition were pyrolysed under different experimental conditions to obtain semicokes with a range of aromaticity, mesophase content and optical texture. The X-ray diffraction patterns show the (002) peak, and a band (zone y) at lower values of 20. In general terms, the progress of carbonization and the subsequent growth of mesophase are paralleled by a slight decrease in dcloz, an increase of the stack height L, of the lamellar structure and a decrease of the intensity registered in zone 5, due to the progressive transformation/elimination of the isotropic phase. Some semicokes have been extracted with heptane, toluene or I-methyl-2-pyrrolidone to obtain soluble and insoluble fractions. The diffraction patterns of the insoluble fractions show that there is no significant change in the value of L, or in the position of the (002) peak, only a decrease in the zone A, heing detected: this indicates that the solvent extracts isotropic material from the semicoke. On the other hand, the diffractograms of the soluble fractions indicate that the mesophase is not dissolved by heptane, hut it is partially dissolved by toluene and especially by I-methyl-2-pyrrolidone.
Vanadium compounds in petroleum coke and of its gasification and combustion M. Y. et al. Khim. Tverd. To@. (Moscowj, 1998, (2), 87-92. (In
00100672
products
Shpirt, Russian) Petroleum coke has 0.46 wt% vanadium, which is comprised of VZOs 24-25, vanadates 13-15, VO, 19-20 and carbides-sulfides-nitrides 39-40%. It has been shown that gasification of petroleum coke at 2850” in air-steam does not alter the vanadium content of the residue, however, it does change its composition.
02
LIQUID FUELS Sources,
OOlOO673
Properties,
Dating reservoir
Recovery
filling a case history from the
North Sea Bhullar, A. C. et al. Marine & Petroleum Geology, 1999, 16, (7), 581-603. Secondary petroleum inclusions in reservoir sandstones in the Frcly Field and the Rind Discovery are used in combination with burial history modelling, reservoir oils and core extracts to shed light on how and when these structures received their hydrocarbon charges. Analysis of normal alkane and biomarker distributions in these three data sets: fluid inclusions, core extracts and drill stem tests (DSTs) provide information on the changes in organic facies and maturity of petroleum in the various reservoir strata over time. The geochemistry of core extracts and DST oils in Rind and Frey reveal that the maturity of the Rind petroleum system is higher and also of slightly less anoxic facies compared to the oil present in the Frtiy system. Biodegraded oil is found today in a small sub-compartment of the Fray Field. Using the burial history of the Frey and the assumption that biodegradation effectively comes to a half at 70-8o’C, it is tentatively concluded that the filling of this subcompartment and the biodegradation of the oil must have occurred earlier than 30-40 m.y.h.p. and before oil from the Upper Jurassic Draupne shales more recently homogeneously filled the main Fray structure. In the Rind Discovery, no fluorescent petroleum inclusions are observed in K-feldspar overgrowths. However, the number of inclusions in quartz and plagioclase is larger than that observed in the shallower Frcny Field. A presently dry compartment penetrated hy well Z/2lSR2 in the Rind Discovery contains high residual oil \aturationr, indicating loss of oil from this structure either by direct cap rock leakage or displacement of oil by gas and subsequent cap rock leakage. Numerous petroleum and coexisting water inclusions were found in the presently dry overpressured structure and it is clear from measurements of homogenization temperatures that the water and the petroleum inclusions are not hoth saturated with respect to gas. Due to the lower solubility of hydrocarbon gas in water compared to in oil, it is more likely that water inclusions are closer to saturation than are the petroleum inclusions. 00100674 Hydrologic cells for recovery of hydrocarbons or thermal energy from coal, oil-shale, tar-sands and oil-bearing formations Hsu, K. J. U.S. US 5,X68,202 (Cl. 166-256, E2lB43/24), 9 Feh 1999, Appl. 936.150.22 Sep 1997, I.7 pp. A system is described for recovery of hydrocarbons or thermal energy from host-rock formations hearing coal, oil:shale. tar-sands or oil. The system uses a hydrologic cell which conveys a reacting fluid under pressure to a source-aquifer, thereafter extracting thermal energy or hydrocarbons from the host-rock, moving the hydrocarbons or thermal energy to the sinkaquifer and then removing the hydrocarbons or thermal energy to the surface for ultimate use.
Migration and accumulation of hydrocarbons in the 00100675 Swiss Molasse Basin: implications of a 2D basin modeling study Schegg, R. et al. Marine & Petroleum Geology, 1999, 16, (6), 51 l-531. This 2D modelling study attempted to quantify the processes of hydrocarbon (HC) generation, expulsion and migration along a regional section (NW-SE) in the North Alpine Foreland Basin of Western Switzerland. Modelled excess pressures increase towards the Alpine front, and are mainly related to the lithology distribution; excess pressure compartments are centred around shaly or evaporitic intervals of low permeability. By late Jurassic times a first major phase of HC generation is initiated in the deepest part of the Permo-Carhoniferous grabens in the external part (i.e. NW) of the Molasse basin. A second more important generation phase starts in Oligocene-Miocene times in the internal parts close to the Alpine front. Migration of HC seems to he controlled predominantly by the layer-cake geometry of the Mesozoic passive margin sequence. In contrast to many studies where vertical buoyancy driven migration dominates, the main driving mechanism for the migration and accumulation of HC is the excess pressure evolution. Large overpressure zones in the frontal part of the orogen (i.e. Subalpine Molasse) can drive deep fluids far updip into the foreland. The build-up of overpressured zones depends strongly on the subsidence rates, lithology and the occurrence of heterogeneities such as faults. Modelling results suggest that the presence of vertical fault zones have a dramatic influence on the pore pressure evolution (pressure drain-off). and in consequence on the HC accumulation pattern.
New, cheaper OGMJ, 1999, 100, (1175), 35.
00100676
way to find petroleum
deposits
A new technology could save oil companies millions of dollars by helping find elusive petroleum deposits and reducing dramatically the risk and cost of unnecessary exploration. This paper reports on the technology, called FAMM (fluorescence alteration of multiple macerals), which is refining the art of oil exploration by determining if minute quantities of plant material have been ‘cooked just right by the earth’.
76
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
March 2000