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01094 Emissions of toxic trace elements and ways of reducing them in industrial coal combustion
15
Environment
(pollution, health protection,
safety)
F-T diesel fuel, the latter emitted approximately nitrogen (NO,) and 24% lower particulate matter cycle.
12% lower oxides of over a five-mile driving
Emissions of toxic trace elements 00101094 reducing them in industrial coal combustion
and ways of
Shpirt, M. Ya.. er al. Khim. Therd. Top/. (Moscow) 1998, 2. 311-38 (In Russian) The discussion in this review is concerned with the hehaviour of heavy metals in the high-temperature zone of the combustion chamber. the process of combustion product cooling is also considered.
Environmental aspects and prediction 00101095 during the exploitation of coal fields
of emissions
Gagarin, S. G. ef al. Khim. Tverd. Topl. (Moscow), 1998, 2, 53-63. (In Russian) The factors affecting the emissions of CHI and CO, during coal mining are considered in this paper. The tectonics of coal deposits and genetic character of coal are taken into consideration.
Environmental aspects of the hydrogenation OOlO1096 brown coals of the Kansk-Achinsk Basin
of
Krichko, A. A. et ul. #rim. Tverd. Top1 (Moscow), 1998. (2) 14-20. (In Russian) Existing technologies can be used to significantly lower atmospheric emissions from h,ydrogenation of Kansk-Achinsk brown coals. The use of clean nuclear energy for power, steam and heat generation can reduce air pollution by 30-40%.
Environmental problems in the production of coal00/01097 water suspensions from brown coals of the Kansk-Achinsk Basin Gorlov, E. G. et al. Khim. Tverd. Topl. (Moscow), 1998, (2). 64-74. (In Russian) During the thermal treatment of aqueous brown coal suspensions, at 250310” and elevated pressure, a water condensate is generated. A combination of mechanical cleaning, adsorption, coagulation and other methods should by used to treat this condensate to make it environmentally safe.
Environmental regulation 00101096 mining operations in Asian countries
of exploration
and
Otto, .I. et al. Natural Resources Forum, 1999, 23, (4). 323-334. This paper offers a new perspective on the environmental laws in Asian nations affecting the exploration, mining and reclamation activities of the mineral resource industry: the perspective of the senior government officials in those countries, whose job is to enforce these new environmental laws. The article presents the results of a 1998 survey of national environmental officials in Asia conducted by the Colorado School of Mines and the Metal Mining Agency of Japan. Officials in ten diverse countries Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Mongolia, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam - responded to a detailed questionnaire covering applicable law’s, agencies, protected areas, covered mineral activities, financial assurance, environmental impact assessment, public involvement, environmental standards, permit and reclamation requirements. The survey confirms that Asian nations are part of the global trend towards national government regulatory structures that balance mineral development objectives with environmental considerations. The survey also shows developing regulatory systems (some embryonic, some mcrre mature) utilizing a combination of mining and environmental acts, and often an ‘insider’ perspective of the national officials administering the laws. While that perspective is not without its biases (not least the rigor of enforcement), it may nevertheless be of use in company planning. The emerging regulatory picture contradicts the conventional notion that it is the ‘lower’ level of regulation in Asia that is attracting foreign direct investment in mining.
Experiments of using solid sorbents 00101099 heavy metal during coal combustion
to control
Zhang, Z. et al. Ranliao Huaxue Xuebao, 1998, 26, (6), 486-491. (In Chinese) During coal combustion, limestone, CaS04 and bauxite sorbents can be used to control heavy metal contents. Absorbing efficiency is related to the sort and size of absorbents. The test shows that CaO can reduce the emissions of cadmium, lead and nickel, CaS04 can absorb cadmium, lead, cobalt and copper and bauxite can reduce all the five heavy metal elements. The effects of adding absorbents to coal on the emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitric oxides are also considered.
00/01100 Fire in old workings OGMJ, 1999, 100, (1174), 50.
offers a challenge
The Department of Mines and Energy’s Safety in Mines Testing and Research Station (SIMTARS) are currently faced with a technical challenge in the form of a fire in old underground workings at Pacific Coal’s Blair Athol mine in central Queensland Bowen Basin.
120
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
March 2000
00/01101 in LDCs
Foreign investment
and environmental
regulations
1999. 21, (2), 191-199. Beladi, H. et al. Resource & Enew Economics. This paper examines the welfare and policy issues of pollution taxes and foreign-investment quotas for a small, developing economy. Each policy is considered in isolation along with their joint optimum. It is evident that for a country with capital inflows, an active environmental policy with a liberal policy on foreign capital is optimal.
00101102 Impact of energy sector of the Indian sub-continent on environment Verma, S and Narasimhan, K. S. FACT, (Am. Sot. Mech. Eng.). 199X. 22, (I), 789-794. India has the second largest population in the world and is the third largest consumer of coal. At present, the approximate total energy consumption is equivalent to S50 million tons of oil. The ambitious programme for economic development is expected to enhance the energy consumption by several fold. For a reasonable growth, it is estimated that the level will reach equivalent to 1300 million tons of oil by the year 2020. Energy consumption of such a magnitude will have a significant impact on the environment g!:)hally due to major pollutants. including oxides ot carbon. sulfur and nitrogen. This paper considers the options available to meet the increased energy needs and their environmental impact. It ts believed that one way of fulfilling the requirements and at the same time containing pollution is to adopt clean coal technologies.
00/01103 Influence coal combustion
on PAH emissions
of the air flow in AFB
Mastral, A. et al. Fuel. 1999. 78, (l3), 1553-1557. From the many variables influencing the emissions at the new power stations provided with fluidized bed combustors, the airflow influence on PAH emissions at coal AFBC has been studied in this paper. The interval from 700 to II00 I/h with gradual increases of 100 l/h is studied in detail in relation to polycyclic hydrocarbons emissions. Similar conditions to those used in coal AFBC at the power stations have heen simulated in an experimental pilot plant, laboratory scale. The influence of varying flows on emissions of the priority PAH pollutants listed by USEPA is analysed keeping constant the percentage of oxygen excess (IO%), the combustion temperature (SSOC) and the coal particle size (0.5-l mm). The PAH analyses are performed by fluorescence spectroscopy at the synchronous mode. A dramatic increase of total PAH emission is observed between 850 and 900 I/h probably due to the slugging regime at higher flows. Results on the most relevant polyaromatics are reported and commented upon.
00101104 Marginal abatement costs of CO? emission reductions, geographical flexibility and concrete ceilings: assessment using the POLES model
an
Criqui, P. ef al. Energy Policy, 1999, 27, (IO), 585-601. The Kyoto Protocol envisage the setting-up of flexibility mechanisms allowing Annex B countries to fulfil their commitments to reducing greenhouse gases with respect for the principle of economic efficiency. The current negotiations relate in particular to the possibility of setting up a system of tradable emissions permits for Annex B countries and also of introducing ‘ceilings’ to trade. This paper analyses the stakes and economic potential of adopting this instrument, both for those countries that made commitments in Kyoto and for developing countries. It is based on a formal approach that allows for a consistent framework of analysis. The emission permit market, is, in fact, simulated on the basis of a reference scenario and of marginal abatement cost curves and estimated by the POLES model: after analysing these marginal abatement cost curves and comparing them with those produced by other models, two different configurations for a competitive market are explored: a market limited to the Annex B countries and a world market. The results produced by the model show that widening the market to include developing countries is more effective than the Annex B market solution; it reduces the cost of implementing Kyoto for OECD countries and at the same time allows the countries of the South to benefit from selling the permits. This research also shows that introducing restrictions on exchanges for Annex B countries could have a counterproductive redistribution effect, with the ethical argument that underlies that particular measure.
00/01106 application
Material for covering
fly ash and method for its
Huang, Z. Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu CN 1,118,828, (Cl. E04B1/62), 20 Mar 1996, Appl. . . 94,105,182, I6 May 1994, 4 pp. (In Chinese) The title material is a slurry which is sprayed onto flv ash (from the combustion of coal) by using either a sump pump, a* slurry’ pump, a centrifugal pump, or a sprayer to form a water-proofing, alkali-resisting, ageing resistant and antifreezing film for pollution prevention. The slurry is prepared from (1) NazSiOs colloidal sol, KzSiOa colloidal sol, CaS04, CaO, portland cement, Mg oxychloride cement, kaolin, bentonite and/or starch; (2) asbestos fibres, glass fibres, plant fibres and/or polymer fibres; and (3) NazSiFh, NaNOz, NazS04, CaClz and/or NaCl (hardening agents).
Environment
(pollution, health protection,
safety)
F-T diesel fuel, the latter emitted approximately nitrogen (NO,) and 24% lower particulate matter cycle.
12% lower oxides of over a five-mile driving
Emissions of toxic trace elements 00101094 reducing them in industrial coal combustion
and ways of
Shpirt, M. Ya.. er al. Khim. Therd. Top/. (Moscow) 1998, 2. 311-38 (In Russian) The discussion in this review is concerned with the hehaviour of heavy metals in the high-temperature zone of the combustion chamber. the process of combustion product cooling is also considered.
Environmental aspects and prediction 00101095 during the exploitation of coal fields
of emissions
Gagarin, S. G. ef al. Khim. Tverd. Topl. (Moscow), 1998, 2, 53-63. (In Russian) The factors affecting the emissions of CHI and CO, during coal mining are considered in this paper. The tectonics of coal deposits and genetic character of coal are taken into consideration.
Environmental aspects of the hydrogenation OOlO1096 brown coals of the Kansk-Achinsk Basin
of
Krichko, A. A. et ul. #rim. Tverd. Top1 (Moscow), 1998. (2) 14-20. (In Russian) Existing technologies can be used to significantly lower atmospheric emissions from h,ydrogenation of Kansk-Achinsk brown coals. The use of clean nuclear energy for power, steam and heat generation can reduce air pollution by 30-40%.
Environmental problems in the production of coal00/01097 water suspensions from brown coals of the Kansk-Achinsk Basin Gorlov, E. G. et al. Khim. Tverd. Topl. (Moscow), 1998, (2). 64-74. (In Russian) During the thermal treatment of aqueous brown coal suspensions, at 250310” and elevated pressure, a water condensate is generated. A combination of mechanical cleaning, adsorption, coagulation and other methods should by used to treat this condensate to make it environmentally safe.
Environmental regulation 00101096 mining operations in Asian countries
of exploration
and
Otto, .I. et al. Natural Resources Forum, 1999, 23, (4). 323-334. This paper offers a new perspective on the environmental laws in Asian nations affecting the exploration, mining and reclamation activities of the mineral resource industry: the perspective of the senior government officials in those countries, whose job is to enforce these new environmental laws. The article presents the results of a 1998 survey of national environmental officials in Asia conducted by the Colorado School of Mines and the Metal Mining Agency of Japan. Officials in ten diverse countries Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Mongolia, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam - responded to a detailed questionnaire covering applicable law’s, agencies, protected areas, covered mineral activities, financial assurance, environmental impact assessment, public involvement, environmental standards, permit and reclamation requirements. The survey confirms that Asian nations are part of the global trend towards national government regulatory structures that balance mineral development objectives with environmental considerations. The survey also shows developing regulatory systems (some embryonic, some mcrre mature) utilizing a combination of mining and environmental acts, and often an ‘insider’ perspective of the national officials administering the laws. While that perspective is not without its biases (not least the rigor of enforcement), it may nevertheless be of use in company planning. The emerging regulatory picture contradicts the conventional notion that it is the ‘lower’ level of regulation in Asia that is attracting foreign direct investment in mining.
Experiments of using solid sorbents 00101099 heavy metal during coal combustion
to control
Zhang, Z. et al. Ranliao Huaxue Xuebao, 1998, 26, (6), 486-491. (In Chinese) During coal combustion, limestone, CaS04 and bauxite sorbents can be used to control heavy metal contents. Absorbing efficiency is related to the sort and size of absorbents. The test shows that CaO can reduce the emissions of cadmium, lead and nickel, CaS04 can absorb cadmium, lead, cobalt and copper and bauxite can reduce all the five heavy metal elements. The effects of adding absorbents to coal on the emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitric oxides are also considered.
00/01100 Fire in old workings OGMJ, 1999, 100, (1174), 50.
offers a challenge
The Department of Mines and Energy’s Safety in Mines Testing and Research Station (SIMTARS) are currently faced with a technical challenge in the form of a fire in old underground workings at Pacific Coal’s Blair Athol mine in central Queensland Bowen Basin.
120
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
March 2000
00/01101 in LDCs
Foreign investment
and environmental
regulations
1999. 21, (2), 191-199. Beladi, H. et al. Resource & Enew Economics. This paper examines the welfare and policy issues of pollution taxes and foreign-investment quotas for a small, developing economy. Each policy is considered in isolation along with their joint optimum. It is evident that for a country with capital inflows, an active environmental policy with a liberal policy on foreign capital is optimal.
00101102 Impact of energy sector of the Indian sub-continent on environment Verma, S and Narasimhan, K. S. FACT, (Am. Sot. Mech. Eng.). 199X. 22, (I), 789-794. India has the second largest population in the world and is the third largest consumer of coal. At present, the approximate total energy consumption is equivalent to S50 million tons of oil. The ambitious programme for economic development is expected to enhance the energy consumption by several fold. For a reasonable growth, it is estimated that the level will reach equivalent to 1300 million tons of oil by the year 2020. Energy consumption of such a magnitude will have a significant impact on the environment g!:)hally due to major pollutants. including oxides ot carbon. sulfur and nitrogen. This paper considers the options available to meet the increased energy needs and their environmental impact. It ts believed that one way of fulfilling the requirements and at the same time containing pollution is to adopt clean coal technologies.
00/01103 Influence coal combustion
on PAH emissions
of the air flow in AFB
Mastral, A. et al. Fuel. 1999. 78, (l3), 1553-1557. From the many variables influencing the emissions at the new power stations provided with fluidized bed combustors, the airflow influence on PAH emissions at coal AFBC has been studied in this paper. The interval from 700 to II00 I/h with gradual increases of 100 l/h is studied in detail in relation to polycyclic hydrocarbons emissions. Similar conditions to those used in coal AFBC at the power stations have heen simulated in an experimental pilot plant, laboratory scale. The influence of varying flows on emissions of the priority PAH pollutants listed by USEPA is analysed keeping constant the percentage of oxygen excess (IO%), the combustion temperature (SSOC) and the coal particle size (0.5-l mm). The PAH analyses are performed by fluorescence spectroscopy at the synchronous mode. A dramatic increase of total PAH emission is observed between 850 and 900 I/h probably due to the slugging regime at higher flows. Results on the most relevant polyaromatics are reported and commented upon.
00101104 Marginal abatement costs of CO? emission reductions, geographical flexibility and concrete ceilings: assessment using the POLES model
an
Criqui, P. ef al. Energy Policy, 1999, 27, (IO), 585-601. The Kyoto Protocol envisage the setting-up of flexibility mechanisms allowing Annex B countries to fulfil their commitments to reducing greenhouse gases with respect for the principle of economic efficiency. The current negotiations relate in particular to the possibility of setting up a system of tradable emissions permits for Annex B countries and also of introducing ‘ceilings’ to trade. This paper analyses the stakes and economic potential of adopting this instrument, both for those countries that made commitments in Kyoto and for developing countries. It is based on a formal approach that allows for a consistent framework of analysis. The emission permit market, is, in fact, simulated on the basis of a reference scenario and of marginal abatement cost curves and estimated by the POLES model: after analysing these marginal abatement cost curves and comparing them with those produced by other models, two different configurations for a competitive market are explored: a market limited to the Annex B countries and a world market. The results produced by the model show that widening the market to include developing countries is more effective than the Annex B market solution; it reduces the cost of implementing Kyoto for OECD countries and at the same time allows the countries of the South to benefit from selling the permits. This research also shows that introducing restrictions on exchanges for Annex B countries could have a counterproductive redistribution effect, with the ethical argument that underlies that particular measure.
00/01106 application
Material for covering
fly ash and method for its
Huang, Z. Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu CN 1,118,828, (Cl. E04B1/62), 20 Mar 1996, Appl. . . 94,105,182, I6 May 1994, 4 pp. (In Chinese) The title material is a slurry which is sprayed onto flv ash (from the combustion of coal) by using either a sump pump, a* slurry’ pump, a centrifugal pump, or a sprayer to form a water-proofing, alkali-resisting, ageing resistant and antifreezing film for pollution prevention. The slurry is prepared from (1) NazSiOs colloidal sol, KzSiOa colloidal sol, CaS04, CaO, portland cement, Mg oxychloride cement, kaolin, bentonite and/or starch; (2) asbestos fibres, glass fibres, plant fibres and/or polymer fibres; and (3) NazSiFh, NaNOz, NazS04, CaClz and/or NaCl (hardening agents).