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01258 Progress in the China Shenhua coal liquefaction project
02 Liquid fuels (derived liquid fuels) 00/01252 slurries
Manufacture and storage method for gelled coal
Kubota, N. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 11 61,161 [99 61.1611 (Cl. ClOLl/ 32) 5 March 1999, Appl. 971231,579, 27 August 1997. 6. (In Japanese) A method for manufacturing gelled coal slurries or coal-water mixtures (CWM) involves powered coal being slurried with water, the addition of polyacrylic acid, which is a gelling agent and Ca(OH)a addition to the gel for increasing gelling and desulfurization.
Method for decomposing coal at relatively low temperature without using hydrogen
00101253
Shim& M. and Saito, I. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 11 61,145 [99 61,145) (Cl. ClOG1100). 5 Mar 1999, Appl. 97/224,035, 20 Aug 1997. 5. (In Japanese) The decomposition of coal into liquid form involves treating the granular coal at 50-250” in 1.0-6.0 MPa in the presence of a catalyst containing HF and optionally BFs and a liquid phase hydrocarbon solvent. The decomposition process is continuously carried out by taking out some of the liquid product, separating the catalyst and then turning back the remaining liquid hydrocarbon which contains the rest of the liquid product to the decomposition system. Coal is decomposed in conditions of relatively low temperature and pressure and at the same time the catalyst is easily recovered and made reusable 00101254 Preparation of coal liquid fuels for kitchen use Duan, C. P. Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu CN 1,114,677 (Cl. ClOL1/32), 10 Jan 1996, Appl. 95,111,273, 13 Mar 1995. 5. (In Chinese) The preparation process of coal liquid fuels for kitchen use is presented. First, raw coal containing 0-~10 mm is crushed, it is then mixed with an alkali solution and stirred for approximately 30 minutes. The mixture is dewatered until the water content is <5%, the detwatered coal is milled with deionized water to obtain a refined coal slurry (particle size 400-500 mesh) and the pH is adjusted to 7. Finally, other components are added to the fuel to make up the desired fuel composition. 00/01255 Preparation of emulsified fuel oils and gasoline Lu, X. Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu CN 1.120.576 (Cl. ClOLl l/O), 17 Apr 1996, Appl. 94,111,926, 10 Ott 1994. 6. (In Chinese) The preparation of emulsified fuel oils and gasoline involves the addition of an emulsifying agent, such as HLB 3-7, to a water solution (containing an amine, formaldehyde, methanol, or ethanol), and additives, which are primarily organic compounds of phosphorus, boron, nitrogen, and surfactant, in a fuel (gasoline, diesel fuel, or kerosine) to produce a water-in-oil phase.
Process for producing liquid and, optionally, gaseous products from gaseous reactants
00/01256
Steynberg, A. P. PCT Int. Appl. WO 99 17,870 (Cl. BOlJ8/22), 15 Apr 1999, ZA Appl. 9718,966, 7 Ott 1997. 35. Liquid can be produced from gaseous reactants. The process involves the gaseous reactants being fed into a slurry bed of particles suspended in a liquid. The gaseous reactants react and form a liquid and, optionally, gaseous products. The liquid product in association with the suspension liquid forms the liquid phase of the slurry bed. Any gaseous product and unreacted gaseous reactants disengage from the slurry bed, and pass upwardly, together with any entrained solid particles and liquid phase. The gas phase is subjected to distillation and, optionally, washing in the headspace above the slurry bed, to separate any entrained solid particles and liquid phase from the gas phase. Any separated entrained solid particles and, optionally, liquid phase is returned to the slurry bed. Finally, the treated gas phase is removed from the headspace. 00/01257
Process of coal liquefaction using Iron hydroxide
catalyst Uesugi, K. Pat. Specif. (Aust.) AU 696,287 (Cl. ClOG1/08), 3 Sep 1998, JP Appl. 96/279,076, 21 Ott 1996. 42. A novel process for coal liquefaction is provided. In comparison to the conventional process of coal liquefaction, this procedure suppresses undesirable reactions that are derived from the thermal decomposition of coal, reduces the consumption of hydrogen gas and higher yields of liquefied oil can be obtained. A process for coal liquefaction which comprises the hydrogenation step wherein coal is hydrogenated in the presence of a solvent and catalyst, characterized in that an iron compound capable of conversion into pyrrhotite at 250” or below is used as a catalyst, and low temperature hydrogenation is carried out at 250-400”, followed by high temperature hydrogenation at a temperature which is higher than the temperature in the low temperature hydrogenation. 00101256
Progress in the China Shenhua coal liquefaction
project Zhou, P. Proc. -- A,trrrr. I,rf. Pit/.rhitrgh Cocrl Co,& 1998. 1730. 15th Pittsburgh Coal Conference, University of Pittsburgh. Hydrocarbon Technologies, Inc. (HTI) signed an agreement with Shenhua Group, Ltd. (Shenhua) and China Coal Research Institute (CCRI) to conduct a feasibility study of the construction of a coal liquefaction commercial plant in Shaanxi Province of People’s Republic of China. Coals produced in the Shenhua coal field, one of China’s largest developing coal fields, will be used as feedstock. HTI’s coal direct liquefaction process,
which incorporates a two-stage reactor system with interstage separator and an in-line fixed-bed hydrotreater, will be employed in the plant design. Also used in the process will be GelCat, which is HTI’s proprietary iron-based catalyst. Two phases are included in the feasibility study. Phase I work involves bench-scale liquefaction testing of Shenhua coals from two seams and a preliminary economic evaluation. This work has been completed. The bench-scale testing results indicate that Shenhua coals, despite their low volatile matter and high inert macerals contents among the 14 Chinese coals studies by CCRI, performed well: fairly high coal conversions (up to 93%) and high distillate yields (63-68%). A preliminary economic evaluation conducted on the basis of the bench-scale testing results and local economic data appear to be favourable. The Phase II work includes a 3-5 ton/day process development unit (PDU) testing on Shenhua coals to confirm and improve the bench-scale performance, to collect a large product sample for refining studies, to obtain process data for an in-depth techno-economic analysis and to provide engineering data for scale-up design. All the experimental data is presented.
00101259 Progresses of coal liquefaction catalysts in Japan Mochida, I. Catal. Surv. Jpn.. 1998. 2. (I), 17-30. Baltzer Science Publishers. Research and development of catalysts and their performances for coal liquefaction are reviewed. The contribution from the Japanese over the last 20 years is emphasized. A variety of iron based catalysts were extensively examined to define the pyrrhotite as the active species produced in the liquefaction process. Synthetic pyrite, synthesized hydroxy ferric oxide, finely ground pyrite and limonite have been employed in the coal liquefaction process. Iron impregnation onto coal particles using wastewater was also studied in a continuous-flow reactor. Finer particles were found to significantly reduce the amount of catalyst required for obtaining the same oil yield. The usefulness of such catalysts is proved in the continuous operation of a large-scale pilot plant. Iron, iron-nickel, and iron-molybdenum sulfides were found to be active catalysts when they are supported on nano-particles of carbon. Research is currently being carried out into catalysts used for recovery, repeated use and for selective aromatic ring opening.
00101260 Recent developments in high-energy density liquid hydrocarbon fuels Chung, H. S. Energy Fuels. 1999. 13. (3). 641-649. American Chemical Society. The evolution of high-energy density fuels over the past three decades is briefly described in this review. This period can be characterized by exceedingly slow progress and notable lack of success toward the development of practical and economically viable fuel systems. However, two novel ultra-high energy-density fuels, one naturally occurring and one synthetic, have emerged recently; these fuels, which are both composed of compact hydrocarbon molecules, have energy contents or heating values significantly greater than that of currently used standard missile fuel JP-10 (up to 160K Btuigal (44.7K MJlm”) versus 141.7k Btulgal (39.6K MJ/m’)). In addition these fuels also exhibit low-temperature, viscometric, flashpoint, and other properties that are desired and required for practical fuels.
00101261 Stabilization of coal liquid Komatsu, N. Jpn, Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 11 106,757 [99 106,757] (Cl. ClOg1/06), 20 Apr 1999, Appl. 97/275,774, 8 Ott 1997. 7. (In Japanese) The stabilization of coal liquid involves the reforming method, which consists of a hydro-liquefaction process for controlling the nitrogen content
Study on polycondensation of coprocessing of Yangcun coal with petroleum residue at high temperature
00101262
Shen, J. Rmlitro
Huawc~ Xwhoo. 1998. 26. (6). 501-505. (In Chinese) Kexue Chubanshe. The reactivity of polycondensation in coprocessing process of Yangcun coal with petroleum residue at 470” was investigated by using aCJ-2 microreactor. A programmed temperature procedure was used to improve coal conversion. Adding tetralin to petroleum residues can restrain polycondensation. Rehydrogenation of liquid products obtained from coprocessing produces a little residue, thus indicating that polycondensation does occur during rehydrogenation under coprocessing conditions.
OOiO1263 The agitative mixing and shearing of the CWM
Zhang, R. Proc. - Afrnu. Ott. Pitt.vhurgh Cocrl Cor!f.. 1998. 1877-i 88 I. 15th Pittsburgh Coal Conference, University of Pittsburgh. During the process of coal water mixture (CWM) preparation, the purpose of agitation is different for different steps. Based on previous findings of agitation from other processes, the CWM agitation is discussed and scaleup guidelines are proposed. The experimental data provided for the agitation for CWM varies with different rotation speeds for four types of impellers, spiral, flat-blade, anchor and propeller.
00/01264
The slurriability model of Chinese
Zhang, R. Proc. - Annu. Int. Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Coal Conference, University
Cod
Cor$.
coals 1998, 1379-1387.
15th
of Pittsburgh.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
May 2000
143
Manufacture and storage method for gelled coal
Kubota, N. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 11 61,161 [99 61.1611 (Cl. ClOLl/ 32) 5 March 1999, Appl. 971231,579, 27 August 1997. 6. (In Japanese) A method for manufacturing gelled coal slurries or coal-water mixtures (CWM) involves powered coal being slurried with water, the addition of polyacrylic acid, which is a gelling agent and Ca(OH)a addition to the gel for increasing gelling and desulfurization.
Method for decomposing coal at relatively low temperature without using hydrogen
00101253
Shim& M. and Saito, I. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 11 61,145 [99 61,145) (Cl. ClOG1100). 5 Mar 1999, Appl. 97/224,035, 20 Aug 1997. 5. (In Japanese) The decomposition of coal into liquid form involves treating the granular coal at 50-250” in 1.0-6.0 MPa in the presence of a catalyst containing HF and optionally BFs and a liquid phase hydrocarbon solvent. The decomposition process is continuously carried out by taking out some of the liquid product, separating the catalyst and then turning back the remaining liquid hydrocarbon which contains the rest of the liquid product to the decomposition system. Coal is decomposed in conditions of relatively low temperature and pressure and at the same time the catalyst is easily recovered and made reusable 00101254 Preparation of coal liquid fuels for kitchen use Duan, C. P. Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu CN 1,114,677 (Cl. ClOL1/32), 10 Jan 1996, Appl. 95,111,273, 13 Mar 1995. 5. (In Chinese) The preparation process of coal liquid fuels for kitchen use is presented. First, raw coal containing 0-~10 mm is crushed, it is then mixed with an alkali solution and stirred for approximately 30 minutes. The mixture is dewatered until the water content is <5%, the detwatered coal is milled with deionized water to obtain a refined coal slurry (particle size 400-500 mesh) and the pH is adjusted to 7. Finally, other components are added to the fuel to make up the desired fuel composition. 00/01255 Preparation of emulsified fuel oils and gasoline Lu, X. Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu CN 1.120.576 (Cl. ClOLl l/O), 17 Apr 1996, Appl. 94,111,926, 10 Ott 1994. 6. (In Chinese) The preparation of emulsified fuel oils and gasoline involves the addition of an emulsifying agent, such as HLB 3-7, to a water solution (containing an amine, formaldehyde, methanol, or ethanol), and additives, which are primarily organic compounds of phosphorus, boron, nitrogen, and surfactant, in a fuel (gasoline, diesel fuel, or kerosine) to produce a water-in-oil phase.
Process for producing liquid and, optionally, gaseous products from gaseous reactants
00/01256
Steynberg, A. P. PCT Int. Appl. WO 99 17,870 (Cl. BOlJ8/22), 15 Apr 1999, ZA Appl. 9718,966, 7 Ott 1997. 35. Liquid can be produced from gaseous reactants. The process involves the gaseous reactants being fed into a slurry bed of particles suspended in a liquid. The gaseous reactants react and form a liquid and, optionally, gaseous products. The liquid product in association with the suspension liquid forms the liquid phase of the slurry bed. Any gaseous product and unreacted gaseous reactants disengage from the slurry bed, and pass upwardly, together with any entrained solid particles and liquid phase. The gas phase is subjected to distillation and, optionally, washing in the headspace above the slurry bed, to separate any entrained solid particles and liquid phase from the gas phase. Any separated entrained solid particles and, optionally, liquid phase is returned to the slurry bed. Finally, the treated gas phase is removed from the headspace. 00/01257
Process of coal liquefaction using Iron hydroxide
catalyst Uesugi, K. Pat. Specif. (Aust.) AU 696,287 (Cl. ClOG1/08), 3 Sep 1998, JP Appl. 96/279,076, 21 Ott 1996. 42. A novel process for coal liquefaction is provided. In comparison to the conventional process of coal liquefaction, this procedure suppresses undesirable reactions that are derived from the thermal decomposition of coal, reduces the consumption of hydrogen gas and higher yields of liquefied oil can be obtained. A process for coal liquefaction which comprises the hydrogenation step wherein coal is hydrogenated in the presence of a solvent and catalyst, characterized in that an iron compound capable of conversion into pyrrhotite at 250” or below is used as a catalyst, and low temperature hydrogenation is carried out at 250-400”, followed by high temperature hydrogenation at a temperature which is higher than the temperature in the low temperature hydrogenation. 00101256
Progress in the China Shenhua coal liquefaction
project Zhou, P. Proc. -- A,trrrr. I,rf. Pit/.rhitrgh Cocrl Co,& 1998. 1730. 15th Pittsburgh Coal Conference, University of Pittsburgh. Hydrocarbon Technologies, Inc. (HTI) signed an agreement with Shenhua Group, Ltd. (Shenhua) and China Coal Research Institute (CCRI) to conduct a feasibility study of the construction of a coal liquefaction commercial plant in Shaanxi Province of People’s Republic of China. Coals produced in the Shenhua coal field, one of China’s largest developing coal fields, will be used as feedstock. HTI’s coal direct liquefaction process,
which incorporates a two-stage reactor system with interstage separator and an in-line fixed-bed hydrotreater, will be employed in the plant design. Also used in the process will be GelCat, which is HTI’s proprietary iron-based catalyst. Two phases are included in the feasibility study. Phase I work involves bench-scale liquefaction testing of Shenhua coals from two seams and a preliminary economic evaluation. This work has been completed. The bench-scale testing results indicate that Shenhua coals, despite their low volatile matter and high inert macerals contents among the 14 Chinese coals studies by CCRI, performed well: fairly high coal conversions (up to 93%) and high distillate yields (63-68%). A preliminary economic evaluation conducted on the basis of the bench-scale testing results and local economic data appear to be favourable. The Phase II work includes a 3-5 ton/day process development unit (PDU) testing on Shenhua coals to confirm and improve the bench-scale performance, to collect a large product sample for refining studies, to obtain process data for an in-depth techno-economic analysis and to provide engineering data for scale-up design. All the experimental data is presented.
00101259 Progresses of coal liquefaction catalysts in Japan Mochida, I. Catal. Surv. Jpn.. 1998. 2. (I), 17-30. Baltzer Science Publishers. Research and development of catalysts and their performances for coal liquefaction are reviewed. The contribution from the Japanese over the last 20 years is emphasized. A variety of iron based catalysts were extensively examined to define the pyrrhotite as the active species produced in the liquefaction process. Synthetic pyrite, synthesized hydroxy ferric oxide, finely ground pyrite and limonite have been employed in the coal liquefaction process. Iron impregnation onto coal particles using wastewater was also studied in a continuous-flow reactor. Finer particles were found to significantly reduce the amount of catalyst required for obtaining the same oil yield. The usefulness of such catalysts is proved in the continuous operation of a large-scale pilot plant. Iron, iron-nickel, and iron-molybdenum sulfides were found to be active catalysts when they are supported on nano-particles of carbon. Research is currently being carried out into catalysts used for recovery, repeated use and for selective aromatic ring opening.
00101260 Recent developments in high-energy density liquid hydrocarbon fuels Chung, H. S. Energy Fuels. 1999. 13. (3). 641-649. American Chemical Society. The evolution of high-energy density fuels over the past three decades is briefly described in this review. This period can be characterized by exceedingly slow progress and notable lack of success toward the development of practical and economically viable fuel systems. However, two novel ultra-high energy-density fuels, one naturally occurring and one synthetic, have emerged recently; these fuels, which are both composed of compact hydrocarbon molecules, have energy contents or heating values significantly greater than that of currently used standard missile fuel JP-10 (up to 160K Btuigal (44.7K MJlm”) versus 141.7k Btulgal (39.6K MJ/m’)). In addition these fuels also exhibit low-temperature, viscometric, flashpoint, and other properties that are desired and required for practical fuels.
00101261 Stabilization of coal liquid Komatsu, N. Jpn, Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 11 106,757 [99 106,757] (Cl. ClOg1/06), 20 Apr 1999, Appl. 97/275,774, 8 Ott 1997. 7. (In Japanese) The stabilization of coal liquid involves the reforming method, which consists of a hydro-liquefaction process for controlling the nitrogen content
Study on polycondensation of coprocessing of Yangcun coal with petroleum residue at high temperature
00101262
Shen, J. Rmlitro
Huawc~ Xwhoo. 1998. 26. (6). 501-505. (In Chinese) Kexue Chubanshe. The reactivity of polycondensation in coprocessing process of Yangcun coal with petroleum residue at 470” was investigated by using aCJ-2 microreactor. A programmed temperature procedure was used to improve coal conversion. Adding tetralin to petroleum residues can restrain polycondensation. Rehydrogenation of liquid products obtained from coprocessing produces a little residue, thus indicating that polycondensation does occur during rehydrogenation under coprocessing conditions.
OOiO1263 The agitative mixing and shearing of the CWM
Zhang, R. Proc. - Afrnu. Ott. Pitt.vhurgh Cocrl Cor!f.. 1998. 1877-i 88 I. 15th Pittsburgh Coal Conference, University of Pittsburgh. During the process of coal water mixture (CWM) preparation, the purpose of agitation is different for different steps. Based on previous findings of agitation from other processes, the CWM agitation is discussed and scaleup guidelines are proposed. The experimental data provided for the agitation for CWM varies with different rotation speeds for four types of impellers, spiral, flat-blade, anchor and propeller.
00/01264
The slurriability model of Chinese
Zhang, R. Proc. - Annu. Int. Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Coal Conference, University
Cod
Cor$.
coals 1998, 1379-1387.
15th
of Pittsburgh.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
May 2000
143