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01270 Natural gas. Formation of hydrates—transportation
03 Gaseous
fuels (economics, business, marketing, policy)
It is well documented that the extent of difficulties in slurry preparation is considerably different with the varied types of coal. It is consistently accepted that low coal rank coals with high-internal moisture, or high ratio of oxygen/carbon, more hydrophilic groups, more opulent pores, or more soluble ions are associated with difficulty in preparing coal water mixtures.
00/01265 Three-phase flow characteristics in a direct coal liquefaction reactor Idogawa, K. Hokkrrido Kogj.0 Gjjrr/su K~r~k.ws/to Hokoku. 1999, 72. l-l 2. (In Japanese) Hokkaido Kogyo Gijutsu Kenkyusho. A direct coal liquefaction reactor is described. During liquefaction, a slurry composed of coal particles and preheated coal liquids, is fed together with pressurized hydrogen gas into the liquefaction reactor through the reactor bottom. Under high temperature and pressure, hydrogen gas, in the form of bubbles, ascends in the reactor and mixes the slurry. Thus, gas hold-up governs the residence time or the mixing of the slurry. The flow characteristics of the bubbles and the gas hold-up were measured using a cold model of a liquefaction, reactor under a selection of operating conditions and the effect of pressure on flow characteristics of bubbles was elucidated. A batch reactor and a continuous reactor of a bench-scale liquefaction process was used to conduct a liquefaction experiment.
Throat and cone gas injector and gas distribution grid for slurry reactor
00101266
Charm. M. PCT lnt. Appl. WO 99 20,385 (Cl. BOlJ8/44), 29 Apr 1999, US Appl.Y555,130, 21 Ott i997. 23. The gas distribution grid and throat and cone gas injector for a slurry reactor is described in detail in this paper. The gas distribution grid for a slurry reactor includes at least one gas injector, horizontally arrayed across and extending through an otherwise gas- and liquid-impervious plate. The injectors have openings, called throats at both ends, with a gas pressurereducing bore at one end and an opening into an upward opening cone at the other. A flow-diverting means in the injectors prevents slurry solids from entering the throat and being attrited by the high-velocity gas jet exiting the bore into the throat. To prevent solids accumulating at the top of the gas distribution grid, the gas injectors do not protrude above the top surface of the grid. This grid has shown to be particularly useful for injecting gas into a Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbon synthesis slurry in a slurry reactor
Transport, storage 00101269 Hydraulic fracture design and optimization of gas storage wells Mohaghegh, S. J. of‘ Perrolerrrn Science and Engimvring. 1999, 23. (3-4). 161-171. Conventional hydraulic fracture design and optimization involves the use of two- or three-dimensional hydraulic fracture simulators. These simulators need a wealth of reservoir data as input to provide users with useable results. In many cases, such data are not available or very expensive to acquire. This paper provides a new methodology that can be used in cases where detailed reservoir data are not available or prohibitively expensive to acquire. Through the use of two virtual intelligence techniques, namely neural networks and genetic algorithms, hydraulic fracture treatments are designed using only the available data. This method uses the available data on each well, which includes basic well information, production history and results of previous frac job treatments, and provides the engineer with a detailed optimum hydraulic fracture design unique to each well. The expected post-hydraulic fracture deliverability for the designed treatment is also provided to assist engineers in estimating incremental increase in recovery to be used in economic calculation’s, There are no simulated data throughout this study and all data used for development and verification of all methods are actual field data.
00/01270
Natural gas. Formation of hydrates-transportation
Rao, B. K. B. FACT IAm. Sot. M~~clr. Org.). 1998, 22. 337-345. American Society of Mechanical Engineers. India has seen a significant increase in natural gas based industries, this has forced the industry to look elsewhere for new fields and sources. Naturally, a phenomenal growth of gas networks has occurred. A great effort is required in the transportation of gas over thousands of kilometers through caprious ambient conditions. Many difficulties such as condensation of light liquids (NGLS), choking of lines due to formation of hydrates, improper distribution of gas into branches are experienced during pipe line transportation of natural gas. The thermodynamic conditions suitable for the forming of solid hydrates have been derived depending upon the constituents of natural gas. Further effects of branching in pipeline transportation are discussed in this paper.
00/01271 Thermodynamic analysis of the system for transportation of hydrocarbon gas
03
GASEOUS FUELS Sources, properties, recovery, treatment
Evenko, V. I. Khinz. Nt?ftcgazov. Morhino.rrr., 1997, 4, 33-36. (In Russian) Izdatel’skii Tsentr ‘Novyi Vek’. The thermodynamic efficiency of natural gas transportation system (e.g. centrifugal compressor, air cooled apparatus and gas-turbine drive for the compressor) and petroleum gas transportation system (e.g. high and low pressure compressor, air cooled apparatus and separator) is analysed bv using the exergy analysis method. The exergy efficiency of the gas transport systems have been correlated and the results are provided.
Economics, business, marketing, policy
00101267 Corrosion inhibitor mixtures with oxygen scavengers for use in alkanolamine solutions for treatment of light hydrocarbons or natural gas Veldman, R. R. and Trahan, D. 0. PCT Int. Appl. WO 99 19,539 (Cl. C23F), 22 Apr 1999, US Appl. 950,218, 14 Ott 1997. 17. The Corrosion in aqueous alkanolamine solutions can be decreased either by the addition of Oa scavengers at O.OOl-50,000 ppm, as mixtures of quinone and oximes, or optional sodium molybdate. The quinone promotes iron reduction reactions with the oxime of hydroxime at a decreased temperature, which results in the reduction of iron-corrosion oxides to stable magnetite. The resulting solutions are suitable for removing acid gases from natural gas, synthetic fuel gas, or light hydrocarbon streams in petroleum refining. The O2 scavengers promote passivation of the metal surface in contact with the alkanolamine solutions at the treatment temperature, and decrease formation of corrosion scale deposits on heatexchanger apparatus. The sodium molybdate provides additional passivation, especially on the metal surface susceptible to accelerated corrosion.
00/01266 Effect of oil saturation on foam propagation in Snorre reservoir core Mannhardt, K. and Svorstol, I. J. of Pe~ro/cum Science and Enginewing, 1999, 23, (3-4), 189-200. A series of foam floods was conducted in Snorre reservoir core at 90°C and 300 bar, at different oil saturations. The rate of foam propagation decreased and the time required to reach the maximum attainable apparent foam viscosity increased strongly with oil saturation. Apparent foam viscosity decreased steeply at a ‘critical’ oil saturation of 13% to 15%. Extremely high apparent foam viscosities, up to 1000 cP, were generated at miscible gas flood residual oil saturation (13%). Above the critical oil saturation, strong foams with apparent viscosities of about 200 CP were still formed, compared to apparent gas viscosities in the absence of surfactant of 0.5-0.7 cP. The effect of gas composition (Snorre field gas, methane, nitrogen) on foam performance was minor. Significant residual gas mobility reduction was observed during gas injection into the foam-filled core.
144
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
May 2000
00101272 Environmental consequences of parallel marketing of LPG in India Das, T. K. &erg)?, 2000, 25, (I), 81-84. In 1993, the government of India introduced a parallel marketing system for petroleum products, particularly for liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). LPG, under the parallel marketing system, is distributed at higher price without any subsidy. The government distributors, however, distribute LPG at subsidized rate. The consumers who get LPG at higher price, therefore, opt for a mixed energy use. The present study, based on a field survey, deals with the pattern of this mixed energy use and its environmental consequences.
Industry trends and market opportunities for gasification technologies
00101273
Childress, J. Proc. - Annu. hr. Pit/hug/~ Coal Co&, 1998. 181. 15th Pittsburgh Coal Conference, University of Pittsburgh. The main near term opportunities for gasification-based power projects are in the refining and chemical industries. The electricity industry restructuring in the US, along with low prices of natural gas, have pushed back plans for most stand alone coal plants, including IGCC. However, market and regulatory forces across the world are making the technology an increasingly attractive processing option in today’s petroleum refinery. Among the more pressing problems addressed by gasification are: the growing prevalence of heavy, sour, metals-laden crudes which often results in low-value bottoms with significant handling and disposal problems; continuing market pressures, which place a premium on improved efficiency, maximum use of all hydrocarbons, reduced costs of energy inputs and minimization of waste; and increasingly stringent environmental regulation of plant operations and product characteristics that severely limit the options open to refiners to deal with air emissions, waste disposal and product slates. Gasification addresses all of these issues, providing refiners
fuels (economics, business, marketing, policy)
It is well documented that the extent of difficulties in slurry preparation is considerably different with the varied types of coal. It is consistently accepted that low coal rank coals with high-internal moisture, or high ratio of oxygen/carbon, more hydrophilic groups, more opulent pores, or more soluble ions are associated with difficulty in preparing coal water mixtures.
00/01265 Three-phase flow characteristics in a direct coal liquefaction reactor Idogawa, K. Hokkrrido Kogj.0 Gjjrr/su K~r~k.ws/to Hokoku. 1999, 72. l-l 2. (In Japanese) Hokkaido Kogyo Gijutsu Kenkyusho. A direct coal liquefaction reactor is described. During liquefaction, a slurry composed of coal particles and preheated coal liquids, is fed together with pressurized hydrogen gas into the liquefaction reactor through the reactor bottom. Under high temperature and pressure, hydrogen gas, in the form of bubbles, ascends in the reactor and mixes the slurry. Thus, gas hold-up governs the residence time or the mixing of the slurry. The flow characteristics of the bubbles and the gas hold-up were measured using a cold model of a liquefaction, reactor under a selection of operating conditions and the effect of pressure on flow characteristics of bubbles was elucidated. A batch reactor and a continuous reactor of a bench-scale liquefaction process was used to conduct a liquefaction experiment.
Throat and cone gas injector and gas distribution grid for slurry reactor
00101266
Charm. M. PCT lnt. Appl. WO 99 20,385 (Cl. BOlJ8/44), 29 Apr 1999, US Appl.Y555,130, 21 Ott i997. 23. The gas distribution grid and throat and cone gas injector for a slurry reactor is described in detail in this paper. The gas distribution grid for a slurry reactor includes at least one gas injector, horizontally arrayed across and extending through an otherwise gas- and liquid-impervious plate. The injectors have openings, called throats at both ends, with a gas pressurereducing bore at one end and an opening into an upward opening cone at the other. A flow-diverting means in the injectors prevents slurry solids from entering the throat and being attrited by the high-velocity gas jet exiting the bore into the throat. To prevent solids accumulating at the top of the gas distribution grid, the gas injectors do not protrude above the top surface of the grid. This grid has shown to be particularly useful for injecting gas into a Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbon synthesis slurry in a slurry reactor
Transport, storage 00101269 Hydraulic fracture design and optimization of gas storage wells Mohaghegh, S. J. of‘ Perrolerrrn Science and Engimvring. 1999, 23. (3-4). 161-171. Conventional hydraulic fracture design and optimization involves the use of two- or three-dimensional hydraulic fracture simulators. These simulators need a wealth of reservoir data as input to provide users with useable results. In many cases, such data are not available or very expensive to acquire. This paper provides a new methodology that can be used in cases where detailed reservoir data are not available or prohibitively expensive to acquire. Through the use of two virtual intelligence techniques, namely neural networks and genetic algorithms, hydraulic fracture treatments are designed using only the available data. This method uses the available data on each well, which includes basic well information, production history and results of previous frac job treatments, and provides the engineer with a detailed optimum hydraulic fracture design unique to each well. The expected post-hydraulic fracture deliverability for the designed treatment is also provided to assist engineers in estimating incremental increase in recovery to be used in economic calculation’s, There are no simulated data throughout this study and all data used for development and verification of all methods are actual field data.
00/01270
Natural gas. Formation of hydrates-transportation
Rao, B. K. B. FACT IAm. Sot. M~~clr. Org.). 1998, 22. 337-345. American Society of Mechanical Engineers. India has seen a significant increase in natural gas based industries, this has forced the industry to look elsewhere for new fields and sources. Naturally, a phenomenal growth of gas networks has occurred. A great effort is required in the transportation of gas over thousands of kilometers through caprious ambient conditions. Many difficulties such as condensation of light liquids (NGLS), choking of lines due to formation of hydrates, improper distribution of gas into branches are experienced during pipe line transportation of natural gas. The thermodynamic conditions suitable for the forming of solid hydrates have been derived depending upon the constituents of natural gas. Further effects of branching in pipeline transportation are discussed in this paper.
00/01271 Thermodynamic analysis of the system for transportation of hydrocarbon gas
03
GASEOUS FUELS Sources, properties, recovery, treatment
Evenko, V. I. Khinz. Nt?ftcgazov. Morhino.rrr., 1997, 4, 33-36. (In Russian) Izdatel’skii Tsentr ‘Novyi Vek’. The thermodynamic efficiency of natural gas transportation system (e.g. centrifugal compressor, air cooled apparatus and gas-turbine drive for the compressor) and petroleum gas transportation system (e.g. high and low pressure compressor, air cooled apparatus and separator) is analysed bv using the exergy analysis method. The exergy efficiency of the gas transport systems have been correlated and the results are provided.
Economics, business, marketing, policy
00101267 Corrosion inhibitor mixtures with oxygen scavengers for use in alkanolamine solutions for treatment of light hydrocarbons or natural gas Veldman, R. R. and Trahan, D. 0. PCT Int. Appl. WO 99 19,539 (Cl. C23F), 22 Apr 1999, US Appl. 950,218, 14 Ott 1997. 17. The Corrosion in aqueous alkanolamine solutions can be decreased either by the addition of Oa scavengers at O.OOl-50,000 ppm, as mixtures of quinone and oximes, or optional sodium molybdate. The quinone promotes iron reduction reactions with the oxime of hydroxime at a decreased temperature, which results in the reduction of iron-corrosion oxides to stable magnetite. The resulting solutions are suitable for removing acid gases from natural gas, synthetic fuel gas, or light hydrocarbon streams in petroleum refining. The O2 scavengers promote passivation of the metal surface in contact with the alkanolamine solutions at the treatment temperature, and decrease formation of corrosion scale deposits on heatexchanger apparatus. The sodium molybdate provides additional passivation, especially on the metal surface susceptible to accelerated corrosion.
00/01266 Effect of oil saturation on foam propagation in Snorre reservoir core Mannhardt, K. and Svorstol, I. J. of Pe~ro/cum Science and Enginewing, 1999, 23, (3-4), 189-200. A series of foam floods was conducted in Snorre reservoir core at 90°C and 300 bar, at different oil saturations. The rate of foam propagation decreased and the time required to reach the maximum attainable apparent foam viscosity increased strongly with oil saturation. Apparent foam viscosity decreased steeply at a ‘critical’ oil saturation of 13% to 15%. Extremely high apparent foam viscosities, up to 1000 cP, were generated at miscible gas flood residual oil saturation (13%). Above the critical oil saturation, strong foams with apparent viscosities of about 200 CP were still formed, compared to apparent gas viscosities in the absence of surfactant of 0.5-0.7 cP. The effect of gas composition (Snorre field gas, methane, nitrogen) on foam performance was minor. Significant residual gas mobility reduction was observed during gas injection into the foam-filled core.
144
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
May 2000
00101272 Environmental consequences of parallel marketing of LPG in India Das, T. K. &erg)?, 2000, 25, (I), 81-84. In 1993, the government of India introduced a parallel marketing system for petroleum products, particularly for liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). LPG, under the parallel marketing system, is distributed at higher price without any subsidy. The government distributors, however, distribute LPG at subsidized rate. The consumers who get LPG at higher price, therefore, opt for a mixed energy use. The present study, based on a field survey, deals with the pattern of this mixed energy use and its environmental consequences.
Industry trends and market opportunities for gasification technologies
00101273
Childress, J. Proc. - Annu. hr. Pit/hug/~ Coal Co&, 1998. 181. 15th Pittsburgh Coal Conference, University of Pittsburgh. The main near term opportunities for gasification-based power projects are in the refining and chemical industries. The electricity industry restructuring in the US, along with low prices of natural gas, have pushed back plans for most stand alone coal plants, including IGCC. However, market and regulatory forces across the world are making the technology an increasingly attractive processing option in today’s petroleum refinery. Among the more pressing problems addressed by gasification are: the growing prevalence of heavy, sour, metals-laden crudes which often results in low-value bottoms with significant handling and disposal problems; continuing market pressures, which place a premium on improved efficiency, maximum use of all hydrocarbons, reduced costs of energy inputs and minimization of waste; and increasingly stringent environmental regulation of plant operations and product characteristics that severely limit the options open to refiners to deal with air emissions, waste disposal and product slates. Gasification addresses all of these issues, providing refiners