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01292 Permeability of packed coal beds: the effect of particle size distribution, particle size and coal type
03 Gaseous fuels (derivedgaseous fuels)
00101285 Heat recovery cokemaking at Sun Coke
Westbrook, R. W. and Richard, W. Iron Steel Eng., 1999, 76, (I), 25-28. Association of Iron and Steel Engineers. This paper is concerned with cokemaking at Sun Coke. A 268-oven, 1.3 million ton per year nonrecovery cokemakingicogeneration complex has reached full-scale production. A discussion of possible enhancements to this technology is also included.
00101288 High-efficiency method for the preparation of dimethyl ether from synthesis gas Van Der Ham, A. G. J. PCT Int. Appl. WO 99 21,814 (Cl. CO7C41/01), 6 May 1999, NL Appl. 10/7,389, 29 Ott 1997. 20. Dimethyl ether can be manufactured from synthesis gas having an HCR [i.e. [(Hz) -(COz)]/[(CO) + (CO,)]] value of 1 1.4. The procedure involves the conversion of synthesis gas in a reactor into a reaction mixture containing dimethyl ether, methanol, and water. The reaction mixture is then cooled and it forms its first liquid phase containing methanol, dimethyl ether, and water, and a first gas phase containing unconverted synthesis gas, COz, dimethyl ether, methanol, and water. The first gas phase is washed with a washing liquid containing methanol, thus, forming a second gas phase containing Hz, CO, and CO*, and a second liquid phase consisting of methanol, dimethyl ether, water, and COz. Finally, CO2 is recovered from the first and the second liquid phase and recirculated together with the second gas phase to the reactor, dimethyl ether is also recovered from the first and the second liquid phases. The paper also presents this process in the form of Process flow diagrams.
00/01287 Manufacture of gasification briquettes from meagerlean coal for use in chemical fertilizer plant gasifiers Coal Cottf.. 1998, 1953-1958. 15th Pittsburgh Coal Conference, University of Pittsburgh. The manufacture of gasification briquettes from meagre-lean coal is presented. The particle size distribution throughout the coal briquette, the binder, briquetting moisture in the coal sample, briquetting pressure, air drying of the coal pellet and strength enhancement are discussed. The coal pellets produced can be used in fuel gas and syngas production in chemical fertilizer plants.
Sasol operates 97 Lurgi type gasifiers for the production of syngas using lump coal obtained from seven coal mines. Permeability of packed coal beds of the coal was identified as one of the major variables affecting stable operation, which in turn affects maximum coal throughput and production of gas. A tenth scale instrumented ‘cold’ perspex model simulating a gasifier was constructed in which the pressure drop per unit bed length for a given gas flow could be measured. Measurements were made of the effect of particle size distribution, particle size and coal type on the pressure drop. Measuring void fractions for the different coal types augmented the results. Investigations were also made into the effect of size segregation during filling of the scale model. Results have shown that bed permeability is strongly affected by the variables investigated. The change in void fraction was small and could not be linked to the change in permeability. Size segregation resulted in a difference in gas flow rate between the centre of the coal bed and against the wall of the model. The significance of the observations are discussed in terms of the stability of the gasifier, optimum pressure drop and the effect of thermal size stability of coal upon entering the gasifier.
00/01293
Preparation of fuel gas from Cs gasification
Li, B. Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu CN I,1 14,978 (Cl. ClOL3/08). 17 Jan 1996, Appl. 94,106,888, 13 Jul 1994. 3. (In Chinese) The preparation of a fuel gas which is composed of CT (pentane) and additives A, B, C and D is presented. The gas is prepared by firstly mixing Cs and a chemical additive A to obtain an azeotropic mixture with a low boiling point, the chemical additive B is then added to activate the Cg, thirdly, Cs is isomerized in the presence of catalyst C to gasify and change its molecular structure. Finally, additive D is added to stabilize the gasification.
Xu, Z. Pror. - Annu. Int. Pittsburgh
00101288 Medium pressure hot synthesis gas quench system development and demonstration McClung, J. and Froehlich, R. Proc. - Attnu. Int. Pittsburgh Coal Cot$, Coal Conference. University of Pittsburgh. 1998, 1683. 15th Pittsburgh Fludized bed reactors involved in the conversion of coal to fuel gas generally operate in the pressure range of 50-400 psig and at a temperature of 1500-1900 “F. To allow for downstream clean up and usage, the high temperature of the raw product gas may require some form of quenching. This paper reviews the technology being considered for downstream quenching of the hot product gas generated within the Foster Wheeler Topping cycle/S generation pressurized circulating fluidized-bed combustion (PCFB) Plant.
00101289 Method and catalysts for the preparation of di-tertiary amines by the aminomethylatlon of nonconjugated dienes with synthesis gas and secondary amines Juergen, H. and Richard Walter, F. Ger. Offen. DE 19,747,470 (Cl. CO7C211/18), 29 Apr 1999, Appl. 19,747,470, 28 Ott 1997. 4. (In German) Di-tertiary amines are useful as catalysts for polyurethane foams, additives for lubricants and templates for zeolite syntheses. The preparation of ditertiary amines involves the aminomethylation of nonconjugated dienes with synthesis gas and secondary amines at elevated temperatures and pressures using homogeneous Rh-and Ru-compound catalysts. In detail, dicyclopentadiene, dimethylamine (amine-diene ratio 1:1.9), toluene, rhodium acetate, and ruthenium acetylacetonate were mixed together and allowed to react with synthesis gas at 145”/150 bar, producing (dimethylamino)methylated products.
00101290 Natural and secondary feedstock resources for production of reducing gases
Zubilin, I. G. and Starovoit, A. G. Metall. Gornorudn. Prom-st., 1997,4, l620. (In Russian) NII Ukrmetallurginform. The production of reducing gases (synthesis gas) is reviewed. The procedure involves the gasification of coal and steam reforming of natural gas and liquid hydrocarbon feedstocks.
00101291 New process for coal gasification from Shell Corp Gao, S. Huqfei Gongye, 1998, 25. (4). 3-4. (In Chinese) Huafei Gongye Bianjibu. The features of synthesis gas manufacturing by the pulverized coal gasification process from Shell Corporation of Holland is reviewed. The process under investigation was also compared with other processes for coal gasification.
00101292 Permeability of packed coal beds: the effect of particle size distribution, particle size and coal type Greeff, S. C. Proc. - Annu. Int. Pittsburgh Coal Cotzf., 1998, ,158. 15th Pittsburgh Coal Conference. University of Pittsburgh.
146 Fuel and Energy Abstracts
May 2000
00/01294 Process and apparatus for gasifying solid carbonaceous material McIntosh, M. J. and Bhattacharya, S. PCT Int. Appl. WO 99 13.025 (Cl. ClOJ3/48), 18 March 1999, AU Appl. 9719,100, IO Sep 1997. 30. The process and apparatus for gasifying high moisture content carbonaceous material, such as coal is presented. The steps in the process include (a) the introduction of the first solid carbonaceous material into at least one pressurized drier vessel, the first carbonaceous material must have a high moisture content 230 wt% wet basis, (b) the moisture content of the first carbonaceous material is reduced by passing it through a hot flue gas through the pressurized drier vessels, (c) the dried first carbonaceous material is transferred from the pressurized drier vessels to a pressurized carbonizer vessel, (d) the dried first carbonaceous material is partially gasified in the pressurized carbonizer vessel to produce a high-temperature fuel gas and a solid residual material, (e) the solid residual material is transferred to a pressurized combustion chamber, and (f) burning of the solid residual material in the pressurized combustion chamber to produce the low-oxygen flue gas.
00101295 Results of the tracer tests during the El Tremedal underground coal gasification at great depth Pirard, J. P. Fuel, 2000, 79, (5). 471-478. During the underground coal gasification (UCG) experiments at Alcorisa, Spain, a series of helium tracer tests were carried out to follow the underground cavity growth. The volume of the cavity increases progressively with the cumulated quantity of oxygen injected. Models based on exchange of matter between the flowing fluid and transverse dead zone were used. Results indicate that the gasifier behaves almost like a small number of stirred tanks in series with a high level of back mixing.
00101298 Simulation of the direct production of synthesis gas from sour natural gas by noncatalytic partial oxidation (NCPO): thermodynamics and stoichiometry Abdel-Aal, H. K. Ittd. Ettg. Chetn. Res.. 1999. 38. (3). 1069-1074. American Chemical Society. The simulation of the direct production of synthesis gas by noncatalytic partial oxidation of sour natural gas is proposed in this paper. The process is generally integrated with ammonia or methanol production. The proposed scheme has many potential advantages over the existing steamreforming process of sweet natural gas. The sour feed does not require desulfurization because the process is noncatalytic. The combustion of sour natural gas in oxygen under noncatalytic partial oxidation (NCPO) conditions is investigated theoretically using AspenPlus simulation techniques. The main scope of the work is to study the stoichiometry and thermodynamics of the proposed scheme.
OOIO1297 Synthesis gas drying and CO2 removal Golden, T. C. and Barnes, D. R. U.S. US 5,897,686 (Cl. 95-99; BOlD5.31 047). 27 Apr 1999. Appl. 956,075, 22 Ott 1997. 5. The method and apparatus for drying and removing carbon dioxide from a hydrogen and carbon monoxide containing synthesis gas is described in this paper. Adsorption vessels containing a layer of 13X-zeolite and a second layer of 3A-zeolite are used. The 3A-zeolite precludes the formation of water of reaction when dry and carbon dioxide-free synthesis gas is used to regenerate the adsorption vessel countercurrent to feed flow of the synthesis gas.
00101285 Heat recovery cokemaking at Sun Coke
Westbrook, R. W. and Richard, W. Iron Steel Eng., 1999, 76, (I), 25-28. Association of Iron and Steel Engineers. This paper is concerned with cokemaking at Sun Coke. A 268-oven, 1.3 million ton per year nonrecovery cokemakingicogeneration complex has reached full-scale production. A discussion of possible enhancements to this technology is also included.
00101288 High-efficiency method for the preparation of dimethyl ether from synthesis gas Van Der Ham, A. G. J. PCT Int. Appl. WO 99 21,814 (Cl. CO7C41/01), 6 May 1999, NL Appl. 10/7,389, 29 Ott 1997. 20. Dimethyl ether can be manufactured from synthesis gas having an HCR [i.e. [(Hz) -(COz)]/[(CO) + (CO,)]] value of 1 1.4. The procedure involves the conversion of synthesis gas in a reactor into a reaction mixture containing dimethyl ether, methanol, and water. The reaction mixture is then cooled and it forms its first liquid phase containing methanol, dimethyl ether, and water, and a first gas phase containing unconverted synthesis gas, COz, dimethyl ether, methanol, and water. The first gas phase is washed with a washing liquid containing methanol, thus, forming a second gas phase containing Hz, CO, and CO*, and a second liquid phase consisting of methanol, dimethyl ether, water, and COz. Finally, CO2 is recovered from the first and the second liquid phase and recirculated together with the second gas phase to the reactor, dimethyl ether is also recovered from the first and the second liquid phases. The paper also presents this process in the form of Process flow diagrams.
00/01287 Manufacture of gasification briquettes from meagerlean coal for use in chemical fertilizer plant gasifiers Coal Cottf.. 1998, 1953-1958. 15th Pittsburgh Coal Conference, University of Pittsburgh. The manufacture of gasification briquettes from meagre-lean coal is presented. The particle size distribution throughout the coal briquette, the binder, briquetting moisture in the coal sample, briquetting pressure, air drying of the coal pellet and strength enhancement are discussed. The coal pellets produced can be used in fuel gas and syngas production in chemical fertilizer plants.
Sasol operates 97 Lurgi type gasifiers for the production of syngas using lump coal obtained from seven coal mines. Permeability of packed coal beds of the coal was identified as one of the major variables affecting stable operation, which in turn affects maximum coal throughput and production of gas. A tenth scale instrumented ‘cold’ perspex model simulating a gasifier was constructed in which the pressure drop per unit bed length for a given gas flow could be measured. Measurements were made of the effect of particle size distribution, particle size and coal type on the pressure drop. Measuring void fractions for the different coal types augmented the results. Investigations were also made into the effect of size segregation during filling of the scale model. Results have shown that bed permeability is strongly affected by the variables investigated. The change in void fraction was small and could not be linked to the change in permeability. Size segregation resulted in a difference in gas flow rate between the centre of the coal bed and against the wall of the model. The significance of the observations are discussed in terms of the stability of the gasifier, optimum pressure drop and the effect of thermal size stability of coal upon entering the gasifier.
00/01293
Preparation of fuel gas from Cs gasification
Li, B. Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu CN I,1 14,978 (Cl. ClOL3/08). 17 Jan 1996, Appl. 94,106,888, 13 Jul 1994. 3. (In Chinese) The preparation of a fuel gas which is composed of CT (pentane) and additives A, B, C and D is presented. The gas is prepared by firstly mixing Cs and a chemical additive A to obtain an azeotropic mixture with a low boiling point, the chemical additive B is then added to activate the Cg, thirdly, Cs is isomerized in the presence of catalyst C to gasify and change its molecular structure. Finally, additive D is added to stabilize the gasification.
Xu, Z. Pror. - Annu. Int. Pittsburgh
00101288 Medium pressure hot synthesis gas quench system development and demonstration McClung, J. and Froehlich, R. Proc. - Attnu. Int. Pittsburgh Coal Cot$, Coal Conference. University of Pittsburgh. 1998, 1683. 15th Pittsburgh Fludized bed reactors involved in the conversion of coal to fuel gas generally operate in the pressure range of 50-400 psig and at a temperature of 1500-1900 “F. To allow for downstream clean up and usage, the high temperature of the raw product gas may require some form of quenching. This paper reviews the technology being considered for downstream quenching of the hot product gas generated within the Foster Wheeler Topping cycle/S generation pressurized circulating fluidized-bed combustion (PCFB) Plant.
00101289 Method and catalysts for the preparation of di-tertiary amines by the aminomethylatlon of nonconjugated dienes with synthesis gas and secondary amines Juergen, H. and Richard Walter, F. Ger. Offen. DE 19,747,470 (Cl. CO7C211/18), 29 Apr 1999, Appl. 19,747,470, 28 Ott 1997. 4. (In German) Di-tertiary amines are useful as catalysts for polyurethane foams, additives for lubricants and templates for zeolite syntheses. The preparation of ditertiary amines involves the aminomethylation of nonconjugated dienes with synthesis gas and secondary amines at elevated temperatures and pressures using homogeneous Rh-and Ru-compound catalysts. In detail, dicyclopentadiene, dimethylamine (amine-diene ratio 1:1.9), toluene, rhodium acetate, and ruthenium acetylacetonate were mixed together and allowed to react with synthesis gas at 145”/150 bar, producing (dimethylamino)methylated products.
00101290 Natural and secondary feedstock resources for production of reducing gases
Zubilin, I. G. and Starovoit, A. G. Metall. Gornorudn. Prom-st., 1997,4, l620. (In Russian) NII Ukrmetallurginform. The production of reducing gases (synthesis gas) is reviewed. The procedure involves the gasification of coal and steam reforming of natural gas and liquid hydrocarbon feedstocks.
00101291 New process for coal gasification from Shell Corp Gao, S. Huqfei Gongye, 1998, 25. (4). 3-4. (In Chinese) Huafei Gongye Bianjibu. The features of synthesis gas manufacturing by the pulverized coal gasification process from Shell Corporation of Holland is reviewed. The process under investigation was also compared with other processes for coal gasification.
00101292 Permeability of packed coal beds: the effect of particle size distribution, particle size and coal type Greeff, S. C. Proc. - Annu. Int. Pittsburgh Coal Cotzf., 1998, ,158. 15th Pittsburgh Coal Conference. University of Pittsburgh.
146 Fuel and Energy Abstracts
May 2000
00/01294 Process and apparatus for gasifying solid carbonaceous material McIntosh, M. J. and Bhattacharya, S. PCT Int. Appl. WO 99 13.025 (Cl. ClOJ3/48), 18 March 1999, AU Appl. 9719,100, IO Sep 1997. 30. The process and apparatus for gasifying high moisture content carbonaceous material, such as coal is presented. The steps in the process include (a) the introduction of the first solid carbonaceous material into at least one pressurized drier vessel, the first carbonaceous material must have a high moisture content 230 wt% wet basis, (b) the moisture content of the first carbonaceous material is reduced by passing it through a hot flue gas through the pressurized drier vessels, (c) the dried first carbonaceous material is transferred from the pressurized drier vessels to a pressurized carbonizer vessel, (d) the dried first carbonaceous material is partially gasified in the pressurized carbonizer vessel to produce a high-temperature fuel gas and a solid residual material, (e) the solid residual material is transferred to a pressurized combustion chamber, and (f) burning of the solid residual material in the pressurized combustion chamber to produce the low-oxygen flue gas.
00101295 Results of the tracer tests during the El Tremedal underground coal gasification at great depth Pirard, J. P. Fuel, 2000, 79, (5). 471-478. During the underground coal gasification (UCG) experiments at Alcorisa, Spain, a series of helium tracer tests were carried out to follow the underground cavity growth. The volume of the cavity increases progressively with the cumulated quantity of oxygen injected. Models based on exchange of matter between the flowing fluid and transverse dead zone were used. Results indicate that the gasifier behaves almost like a small number of stirred tanks in series with a high level of back mixing.
00101298 Simulation of the direct production of synthesis gas from sour natural gas by noncatalytic partial oxidation (NCPO): thermodynamics and stoichiometry Abdel-Aal, H. K. Ittd. Ettg. Chetn. Res.. 1999. 38. (3). 1069-1074. American Chemical Society. The simulation of the direct production of synthesis gas by noncatalytic partial oxidation of sour natural gas is proposed in this paper. The process is generally integrated with ammonia or methanol production. The proposed scheme has many potential advantages over the existing steamreforming process of sweet natural gas. The sour feed does not require desulfurization because the process is noncatalytic. The combustion of sour natural gas in oxygen under noncatalytic partial oxidation (NCPO) conditions is investigated theoretically using AspenPlus simulation techniques. The main scope of the work is to study the stoichiometry and thermodynamics of the proposed scheme.
OOIO1297 Synthesis gas drying and CO2 removal Golden, T. C. and Barnes, D. R. U.S. US 5,897,686 (Cl. 95-99; BOlD5.31 047). 27 Apr 1999. Appl. 956,075, 22 Ott 1997. 5. The method and apparatus for drying and removing carbon dioxide from a hydrogen and carbon monoxide containing synthesis gas is described in this paper. Adsorption vessels containing a layer of 13X-zeolite and a second layer of 3A-zeolite are used. The 3A-zeolite precludes the formation of water of reaction when dry and carbon dioxide-free synthesis gas is used to regenerate the adsorption vessel countercurrent to feed flow of the synthesis gas.