- Email: [email protected]
01502 Modeling of combustion, mixing, and flow processes in tangentially coal-fired bollers
08 Steam raising (boiler operation/design)
00101492 Oil converslon technology from plastics Yamaki, Y. .Sang_ro lo Kankvo, 1998, 27. (I 1). 78-80 (In Japanese) The paper describes the thermal decomposition of waste plastics, which is carried out in a batch system under atmospheric pressure. The system is capable of dealing with various types of waste plastics, and for feedstock of polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE) and polystyrene (PS). Oil yield is 1 I/ kg (feed), with a gas yield of 15-20% and solid residue yield of l-5%.
00/01493
Production of artificial aggregates
Kaji, H. Jpn, Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 11 92,192 199 92,192] (Cl. C04B18/16), 6 apr 1999, Appl. 97/250,242, 16 Sep 1997. 7. (In Japanese) The production of artificial aggregates involves combustible wastes, such as city garbage being mixed with raw materials selected from construction wastes, soil, polluted soil, and oil-containing soil. The mixture is fed into a combustion furnace, the combustible wastes fuel the system and melt the raw materials and eventually the melts are cooled. It is preferable that the mixtures have an ash content of 540% and a calorific value 800 kcabkg.
00101494 Renewable energy-the
way forward
Sayigh, A. Applied Energy, 1999, 64, (l-4). 15-30. This paper outlines the growing need of energy in the developing countries and the acute population growth, which will exceed 10 billion by the year 2050. It describes the achievement and progress made in geothermal, solar thermal technology, wind energy hydro-power, biomass conversion, conversion and the ever increasing usage of photovoltaics. The paper also addresses the barriers and problems that face renewable energy users and producers. It is evident now that global warming is setting in and is going to change the climate as well as the terrain of many countries unless drastic measures are taken. The recent Kyoto meeting emphasized the importance of limiting CO2 emissions and to abide by some form of agreement to reduce emissions. Countries such as India, China and Indonesia, which represent nearly half the world’s population, are actively involved in using renewable energy as the only means of sustaining their energy growth. It concludes that renewable energy penetration into the energy market is much faster than was expected a few years ago and by the year 2020, IO15% of our prime energy will be met by renewable energy.
00101495 TATA ammonia plant: design features and operating experience Nielsen, S. E. and Cupta, A.J. Antntottiu Pht So/. R&t. Foci/. 1998. 38, 31-47. American Institute of Chemical Engineers. The low energy process for ammonia and urea plants that incorporates novel features like pre-reformer has proven to offer excellent flexibility in the feedstock and fuels, The ability of this technology to sustain normal rates of production despite the periodic shortages in gas supplies avoids the need for high inventory of product ammonia and synthesis gas.
00101496 Thermal recycling method of waste plastics for fuels Hiraoka, M. Jpn, Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 11 100,582 [99 100,582] (Cl. ClOgl/lO), 13 Apr 1999, Appl. 97/261,188, 26 Sep 1997. 6. (In Japanese) The thermal recycling method of waste plastics for fuels can be carried out in two ways. First, waste plastics or their mixtures with oils are heated and the resultant liquid melts or molten slurries are used as fuels. Second, slurries containing milled waste plastics and oils are used as fuels. Since the plastics are not decomposed but are liquefied at a low temperature, the sner;,tion of low-flash-point substances is supposed to aid the prevention
08
STEAM RAISING Boiler operation/design
;i{;;t..s97
A coal combustion model for circulating fluidized bed
Huilin, L. Fuel. 2000, 79, (2). 165.-172. A steady state model of a coal-fired circulating fluidized-bed boiler, based on hydrodynamics, heat transfer and combustion, is presented. This model predicts the flue gas temperature, the chemical gas species (Oz, HzO, CO, CO2 and SOz) and char concentration distributions in both the axial and radial locations along the furnace including the bottom and upper portion. The model was validated against experimental data generated in a 35 t/h commercial boiler with low circulation ratio.
00/01499
00/01500 Firing system modification to alter ash properties for reduction of deposition and slagging under low NOx firing conditions Hart, D. Proc. - A,rrnr. Ittt. Pitt.hrgh Cotrl Cm/.. 1998, 272-285. 15th Pittsburgh Coal Conference, University of Pittsburgh. The performance of a boiler is related to the composition and properties of ash formed during coal firing process. Higher ash content in the coal can mean higher costs associated with coal handling, transportation, ash removal and ash disposal along with higher costs due to the increased ash content’s deleterious effects on pulverizing, combustion and heat transfer. ABB C-E Services, Inc. has carried out research into minimizing the adverse effects of ash on boiler performance. Recently, ABB C-E Services has studied the effects of modified firing systems on ash composition and properties and the effect these firing system modifications on the performance of the furnice. The subject of this paper is the impact of the installation of the CFS Concentric Firing System on the propensity for boiler wall ash deposition. For this study, CFS yaw angles were varied and particle samples were collected at the water-walls for the different yaw angles tested. These ash samples wereManalysed for ash composition. The results indicate that with a larger CFS yaw angle (the air stream directed more towards the boiler walls) the base/acid ratio, iron content and sulfur content of the particle samples collected at the waterwall were reduced.
00/01501
Burn liquid wastes efficiently
Kuten, P. Hydrocctrhott Process., 1ttt. Ed.. 1999, 78. (I), 101-104. Gulf Publishing Co. Presented in this paper is an improved dispersion process for fired boilers that continuously incinerates a variety of olefin unit by-products and recovers the thermal energy produced by the wastes.
Gas reburn NO, control on coal fired utility boilers
Folsom, B. A. Proc. ItIt. Gas Rex. Con/.. 199X. 5. 646655. Gas Research Institute. This paper is a technical update on gas reburn (GR), which is a combustion modification NO, control technolo8.y for coal fired utility boilers. In GR. natural gas is injected into the hoi& above the main combustion zone to produce a slightly fuel rich zone. NO, from the main combustion zone is reduced by reaction with natural gas fuel fragments. GR can reduce NO, emissions by about 60% with minimal impacts on boiler performance and durability; the actual performance depends on site-specific conditions. Over the last 17 years a series of development projects have been conducted by the Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (EER) which have culminated in full scale demonstrations on utility boilers. EER now offers GR retrofits on a commercial basis with guaranteed performance. Throughout the US and Europe the EER has applied GR to eight utility boilers. These applications, the measured NO, control and the results form the boiler performance tests are discussed in this paper.
00/01502 Modellng of combustion, mixing, and flow processes in tangentially coal-fired boilers Radtke, M. VGB Tech. Vo. G~~~.Y.~X.~uftIl~~~~li.~het~. [ T~tgwr,~~ho~.] VGB- TB. 1998. A2/1-A2/9. (In German) The reduction of nitric oxides in-furnace, good char burnout and the protection of tube walls from corrosion put high demands on the furnace settings of steam generating units. In addition to the proven measuring concept of regular furnace checks STEAG recently used numerical simulation as a tool to optimize the firing settings. Combustion, mixing and flow processes were numerically simulated in the furnace of the steam generating unit Walsum 9 as an example of a tangential fired hard coal boiler. The concepts behind the modelling and the results of the tests are presented and analysed. In conclusion, a maldistribution of fuel and the air required during combustion are expected to increase the risk of water wall corrosion.
OOIO1503 Research on co-firing of coal-water slurry into a chain-grate boiler Zhang, Z. Proc. - Annir. Int. Pittsburgh Cord Couf.. 1998, 1804m18 IO. 15th Pittsburgh Coal Conference, University of Pittsburgh. Small industrial boilers have two main problems, their low combustion efficiency and poor adaptability to different types of coal. Coal-water slurry can be combusted with atomization as liquid fuel. Co-firing of atomized coal-water slurry can improve the industrial boiler’s combustion state. Different percentages of coal-water slurry were co-fired in an old chaingrate boiler, under industrial conditions. Boiler efficiency was enhanced from 51.1% to 89.05%, carbon burn-out of whole fuel was 94.6% and boiler output capacity increased from 58% to 96.6%.
00/01504 W/O1496
Development of vortex compressors
Vaneev, S. M. and Gritsenko, V. G. Khim. Nqftrgnzoo. Mtrshinmtr, 1998, I I, 36-39. (In Russian) Izdatel’skii Tsentr ‘Novyi Vek‘. The development of vortex compressors is described. A selection of compressors are included in the discussion, including the performance vortex compressor for blowing of air into magnetic bearings of gas pumping units, the vacuum pump for vacuum cleaning in chemical plants, and the compressor for blowing of air into coal-dust fired boilers used in the generation of electricity.
Wall temperature of a shield pipe in a drum boiler
Kholshchev, V. V. Teploerwrgetikct (Mosm~~~. 1998. IO. 44-46. (In Russian) MAIK ‘Nauka’/lnterperiodika. The calculation of wall temperature of boiler tubes as a function of heat flux in coal- and gas-mazut fired boilers is the subject of this paper. The calculated results for the limiting external wall temperatures of the tubes in the presence of scale on the internal surfaces are 460-480” and 470-490” for
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
May 2000
167
00101492 Oil converslon technology from plastics Yamaki, Y. .Sang_ro lo Kankvo, 1998, 27. (I 1). 78-80 (In Japanese) The paper describes the thermal decomposition of waste plastics, which is carried out in a batch system under atmospheric pressure. The system is capable of dealing with various types of waste plastics, and for feedstock of polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE) and polystyrene (PS). Oil yield is 1 I/ kg (feed), with a gas yield of 15-20% and solid residue yield of l-5%.
00/01493
Production of artificial aggregates
Kaji, H. Jpn, Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 11 92,192 199 92,192] (Cl. C04B18/16), 6 apr 1999, Appl. 97/250,242, 16 Sep 1997. 7. (In Japanese) The production of artificial aggregates involves combustible wastes, such as city garbage being mixed with raw materials selected from construction wastes, soil, polluted soil, and oil-containing soil. The mixture is fed into a combustion furnace, the combustible wastes fuel the system and melt the raw materials and eventually the melts are cooled. It is preferable that the mixtures have an ash content of 540% and a calorific value 800 kcabkg.
00101494 Renewable energy-the
way forward
Sayigh, A. Applied Energy, 1999, 64, (l-4). 15-30. This paper outlines the growing need of energy in the developing countries and the acute population growth, which will exceed 10 billion by the year 2050. It describes the achievement and progress made in geothermal, solar thermal technology, wind energy hydro-power, biomass conversion, conversion and the ever increasing usage of photovoltaics. The paper also addresses the barriers and problems that face renewable energy users and producers. It is evident now that global warming is setting in and is going to change the climate as well as the terrain of many countries unless drastic measures are taken. The recent Kyoto meeting emphasized the importance of limiting CO2 emissions and to abide by some form of agreement to reduce emissions. Countries such as India, China and Indonesia, which represent nearly half the world’s population, are actively involved in using renewable energy as the only means of sustaining their energy growth. It concludes that renewable energy penetration into the energy market is much faster than was expected a few years ago and by the year 2020, IO15% of our prime energy will be met by renewable energy.
00101495 TATA ammonia plant: design features and operating experience Nielsen, S. E. and Cupta, A.J. Antntottiu Pht So/. R&t. Foci/. 1998. 38, 31-47. American Institute of Chemical Engineers. The low energy process for ammonia and urea plants that incorporates novel features like pre-reformer has proven to offer excellent flexibility in the feedstock and fuels, The ability of this technology to sustain normal rates of production despite the periodic shortages in gas supplies avoids the need for high inventory of product ammonia and synthesis gas.
00101496 Thermal recycling method of waste plastics for fuels Hiraoka, M. Jpn, Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 11 100,582 [99 100,582] (Cl. ClOgl/lO), 13 Apr 1999, Appl. 97/261,188, 26 Sep 1997. 6. (In Japanese) The thermal recycling method of waste plastics for fuels can be carried out in two ways. First, waste plastics or their mixtures with oils are heated and the resultant liquid melts or molten slurries are used as fuels. Second, slurries containing milled waste plastics and oils are used as fuels. Since the plastics are not decomposed but are liquefied at a low temperature, the sner;,tion of low-flash-point substances is supposed to aid the prevention
08
STEAM RAISING Boiler operation/design
;i{;;t..s97
A coal combustion model for circulating fluidized bed
Huilin, L. Fuel. 2000, 79, (2). 165.-172. A steady state model of a coal-fired circulating fluidized-bed boiler, based on hydrodynamics, heat transfer and combustion, is presented. This model predicts the flue gas temperature, the chemical gas species (Oz, HzO, CO, CO2 and SOz) and char concentration distributions in both the axial and radial locations along the furnace including the bottom and upper portion. The model was validated against experimental data generated in a 35 t/h commercial boiler with low circulation ratio.
00/01499
00/01500 Firing system modification to alter ash properties for reduction of deposition and slagging under low NOx firing conditions Hart, D. Proc. - A,rrnr. Ittt. Pitt.hrgh Cotrl Cm/.. 1998, 272-285. 15th Pittsburgh Coal Conference, University of Pittsburgh. The performance of a boiler is related to the composition and properties of ash formed during coal firing process. Higher ash content in the coal can mean higher costs associated with coal handling, transportation, ash removal and ash disposal along with higher costs due to the increased ash content’s deleterious effects on pulverizing, combustion and heat transfer. ABB C-E Services, Inc. has carried out research into minimizing the adverse effects of ash on boiler performance. Recently, ABB C-E Services has studied the effects of modified firing systems on ash composition and properties and the effect these firing system modifications on the performance of the furnice. The subject of this paper is the impact of the installation of the CFS Concentric Firing System on the propensity for boiler wall ash deposition. For this study, CFS yaw angles were varied and particle samples were collected at the water-walls for the different yaw angles tested. These ash samples wereManalysed for ash composition. The results indicate that with a larger CFS yaw angle (the air stream directed more towards the boiler walls) the base/acid ratio, iron content and sulfur content of the particle samples collected at the waterwall were reduced.
00/01501
Burn liquid wastes efficiently
Kuten, P. Hydrocctrhott Process., 1ttt. Ed.. 1999, 78. (I), 101-104. Gulf Publishing Co. Presented in this paper is an improved dispersion process for fired boilers that continuously incinerates a variety of olefin unit by-products and recovers the thermal energy produced by the wastes.
Gas reburn NO, control on coal fired utility boilers
Folsom, B. A. Proc. ItIt. Gas Rex. Con/.. 199X. 5. 646655. Gas Research Institute. This paper is a technical update on gas reburn (GR), which is a combustion modification NO, control technolo8.y for coal fired utility boilers. In GR. natural gas is injected into the hoi& above the main combustion zone to produce a slightly fuel rich zone. NO, from the main combustion zone is reduced by reaction with natural gas fuel fragments. GR can reduce NO, emissions by about 60% with minimal impacts on boiler performance and durability; the actual performance depends on site-specific conditions. Over the last 17 years a series of development projects have been conducted by the Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (EER) which have culminated in full scale demonstrations on utility boilers. EER now offers GR retrofits on a commercial basis with guaranteed performance. Throughout the US and Europe the EER has applied GR to eight utility boilers. These applications, the measured NO, control and the results form the boiler performance tests are discussed in this paper.
00/01502 Modellng of combustion, mixing, and flow processes in tangentially coal-fired boilers Radtke, M. VGB Tech. Vo. G~~~.Y.~X.~uftIl~~~~li.~het~. [ T~tgwr,~~ho~.] VGB- TB. 1998. A2/1-A2/9. (In German) The reduction of nitric oxides in-furnace, good char burnout and the protection of tube walls from corrosion put high demands on the furnace settings of steam generating units. In addition to the proven measuring concept of regular furnace checks STEAG recently used numerical simulation as a tool to optimize the firing settings. Combustion, mixing and flow processes were numerically simulated in the furnace of the steam generating unit Walsum 9 as an example of a tangential fired hard coal boiler. The concepts behind the modelling and the results of the tests are presented and analysed. In conclusion, a maldistribution of fuel and the air required during combustion are expected to increase the risk of water wall corrosion.
OOIO1503 Research on co-firing of coal-water slurry into a chain-grate boiler Zhang, Z. Proc. - Annir. Int. Pittsburgh Cord Couf.. 1998, 1804m18 IO. 15th Pittsburgh Coal Conference, University of Pittsburgh. Small industrial boilers have two main problems, their low combustion efficiency and poor adaptability to different types of coal. Coal-water slurry can be combusted with atomization as liquid fuel. Co-firing of atomized coal-water slurry can improve the industrial boiler’s combustion state. Different percentages of coal-water slurry were co-fired in an old chaingrate boiler, under industrial conditions. Boiler efficiency was enhanced from 51.1% to 89.05%, carbon burn-out of whole fuel was 94.6% and boiler output capacity increased from 58% to 96.6%.
00/01504 W/O1496
Development of vortex compressors
Vaneev, S. M. and Gritsenko, V. G. Khim. Nqftrgnzoo. Mtrshinmtr, 1998, I I, 36-39. (In Russian) Izdatel’skii Tsentr ‘Novyi Vek‘. The development of vortex compressors is described. A selection of compressors are included in the discussion, including the performance vortex compressor for blowing of air into magnetic bearings of gas pumping units, the vacuum pump for vacuum cleaning in chemical plants, and the compressor for blowing of air into coal-dust fired boilers used in the generation of electricity.
Wall temperature of a shield pipe in a drum boiler
Kholshchev, V. V. Teploerwrgetikct (Mosm~~~. 1998. IO. 44-46. (In Russian) MAIK ‘Nauka’/lnterperiodika. The calculation of wall temperature of boiler tubes as a function of heat flux in coal- and gas-mazut fired boilers is the subject of this paper. The calculated results for the limiting external wall temperatures of the tubes in the presence of scale on the internal surfaces are 460-480” and 470-490” for
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
May 2000
167