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01521 Trace elements distribution during mild pyrolysis of low-rank coal
10 Engines (power generation and propulsion) DH410zIARINOICOz flame at various excess oxygen ratios (from 0.6 to 1.2) and carbon dioxide concentrations (from 0% to 48%). It was discovered that carbon dioxide has a pronounced negative effect on the destruction of nitric oxide under fuel-rich condition. Kinetic modelling demonstrated that a large part of nitric oxide is regenerated through the reaction N+CO, =NO+CO at high COz concentrations. Under conditions when fuel is limited, the effect of carbon dioxide is not so significant because this reaction is no longer competitive with other nitric oxide formation reactions.
00/01515 Pyrolysis of hydrocarbons in nitrogen plasma Ron&o Hucr.rue Xuebno, 1998. 26. (6) 481485. (In Chinese) Kexue Chubanshe. The flash pyrolysis of several gaseous and liquid hydrocarbons in a DC nitrogen plasma jet at atmospheric pressure was studied. The results indicate that all of the hydrocarbons used undergo complex reactions at a fast rate with highly reactive plasma species and totally decompose, producing large quantities of gas and carbon black. The main components of the gas products are hydrogen, acetylene and cyanoacetylene. In the case of benzene and toluene pyrolysis, some small hydrocarbons, such as methane and ethylene are also obtained. It is believed that acetylene acts as a precursor of cyanoacetylene, thus the concentration of cyanoacetylene in the gas is related to that of acetylene. The carbon blacks with a narrow size distribution have a small average diameter of 2.2-5.5 pm and good adsorption capacity with an iodine value of 140~180 mmg’. The Fourier transform infra red spectra reveal that in the carbon blacks there are some aromatic C-C bonds and a large quantity of nitrogen-containing functional groups.
Qiu, J.
Research on combustion using a drop tower (In Japanese) Kagaku Kitano, K. K~g(/kzl Kogcrkr,. 63. (I), 47-48. Kogakkai. An investigation of ignition and combustion of coal particles in microgravity using a drop tower.
Trace elements distribution during mild pyrolysis of low-rank coal
00/01521
Korobetskii, I. A. Proc. - Annu. Int. Pi~tsbwgh Cod Con/I, 1998, 16088 1612. 15th Pittsburgh Coal Conference, University of Pittsburgh. The study described is of the distribution of trace elements in coals during a mild pyrolysis process. Atomic absorption spectrometry with Zeeman correction (AAS) and inductively coupled plasma spectrometry (ICP) were used in the detection of several trace and major elements in coal and the products of coal mild pyrolysis. The organic matter of coals and solid products of this process were removed from mineral matter by cool oxygen plasma oxidation.
Combined burner-pyrolysis-gasification apparatus for manufacture of fuel gases from renewable and fossil sources
00/01522
Wolf, B. Ger. Offen. DE 19,747,324 (Cl. ClOJ3/48), 29 Apr 1999, Appl. 19,747,324, 28 Ott 1997. 6. (In German) An apparatus for the production of fuel gas, synthesis gas, and reducing gas from renewable and fossil fuels are described. It consists of a combustion chamber, combination burner, entrained-bed gasifier and a water bath, in which gaseous and solid feedstocks, such as pyrolysis gas and charcoal are individually fed into the reactor. The product gases are given a spin or motion such that liquid combustion products impact and collect on the combustion chamber walls and liquid slag droplets fall into the water bath. It is possible to return the products to the combustion chamber to react endothermically, thus producing additional gasification gas. The temperature of the combustion chamber walls is reduced (e.g., by convective heat transfer with the coke product) such that a protective layer of solidified slag is formed.
00/01516
00/01517
10 ENGINES Power generation and propulsion
Steam generators and furnaces
Helmut, E Brermsr. Wcferntr-Kmfi. 1999. 51, (4). 98-103. (In German) John Wiley & Sons Ltd. The recent developments in the field of firing places for various fuels are presented in this paper. Including, steam boilers for power generation, flue gas cleaning, thermal waste treatment, utilization of solid residues of firing processes, and power technology in Germany.
00/01518 The effects of additive on limestone capturing sulfur during coal combustion Chang, L. P. Proc. - Anm. Irtr. Pi!tsh~gh Cod Cm/:, 1998. 1282-1287. 15th Pittsburgh Coal Conference, University of Pittsburgh. An investigation into the desulfurization capacity of calcium-based sorbents during high sulfur coal combustion. The roles of additives in limestone were obvious and the capturing sulfur capacity of limestone containing additives is superior to that of only limestone under given reaction condition. The interaction mechanism of additive, limestone and SOz was detected by differential thermal and thermo-gravimetric analysis. These measurements indicated that the reactions of limestone desulfurization primarily occurred during the beginning stages of coal combustion and that the active component is calcium carbonate.
00/01523
A comparison of diesel engine soot with carbon black
Clague, A. D. H. et ol. Carbon, 1999. 37, (I 0). 1553-l 565. A range of analytical techniques has been used to characterize the chemistry and morphology of a diesel-engine and an exhaust soot, and a comparison made with a selection of commercial carbon blacks. Significant differences have been observed in the chemical composition of exhaust and engine soots, particularly in their surface chemistry and the presence of adsorbed lubricant components on the engine soot. Both forms of soot differ from carbon black-particularly their elemental composition and surface chemistry. In terms of morphology, at the primary particle level, there is a high degree of similarity between both forms of soot and typical carbon blacks in so far as they all show very similar primary particle sizes, and virtually indistinguishable perturbed graphitic or turbostratic internal structure. A hypothesis is proposed to account for these observations based on the similarities in the soot and carbon black generation process, but differences in the quenching and postquenching environment of soots and carbon blacks. Nevertheless there appears to be potential for certain blacks to mimic the aggregation behaviour of soots in used lubricating oils.
Advanced integration concepts for oxygen plants and gas turbines in gasiflcation/lGCC facilities
00101524
00/01519 The ignition temperature of lignite char in a fluidized bed combustor Van Puyvelde, D. and Stubington, J. CO/I. J. C/ten?. Eq.. 1999. 77. (I), 8591. Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering. The experimental and modelling work carried out for the variation of bed ignition temperature of a fluidized bed combustor with the char particle diameter and the fluidizing velocity is summarized in this paper. A lignite char was used and its reactivity was represented using previously published data. Solving the steady state heat balance around the fluidized bed combustor at the ignition temperature was included in the modelling process. A correlation of the total area of char ignited per unit bed mass was detected as a function of the char particle diameter and the fluidizing velocity. This correlation was used to detect the ignition temperature of the fluidized bed combustor operating at different conditions. The fluidized bed combustor heat balance was then solved for the bed ignition temp. which was influenced by both the rate of heat loss from the bed and the reactivity of the char. It has been suggested by a sensitivity analysis that the chemical rate reaction coefficient is the most prominent variable when detecting the ignition temperature of a fluidized bed combustor.
00/01520
Thermodynamic modeling of ammonia combustion
Nazarov, V. G. Koks Khint. 1999, I, 28-3 Metallurgizdat. The thermal decomposition process of ammonia decomposition products was modelled based on Optimum combustion conditions were detected paper.
I.
(In
Russian)
Zao
with combustion of the the experimental results. and are analysed in this
Klosek, J. Pwc. - Annu. In/. Pitfsbur~h Cod Cor~f:. 1998, 180. 15th Pittsburgh Coal Conference, University of Pittsburgh. The commercialization of integrated gasification combined-cycle (IGCC) power was aided by concepts involving the integration of air separation units (ASU) with the gas turbine combined-cycle module. Coal-based ironmaking and combined power and industrial gas production facilities are other processes that can benefit from the integration of these two units. It is known and widely accepted that an ASU which is optimally integrated with the gas turbine can increase overall IGCC power output, increase overall efficiency, and decrease the net cost of power compared to non-integrated facilities employing conventional low pressure cryogenic ASU’s. Depending upon the specific gas turbine gasification technology. nitrogen oxide emission specification, and other site specific factors, various approaches to the production of oxygen and nitrogen will be optimal. New integration opportunities to further improve performance and reduce costs are offered by advancements in both air separation and gas turbine technologies, Reviewed in this paper are the basic integration principles and the advanced concepts based on emerging technologies for the co-production of oxygen and electric power.
00101525 Coal gasification combined-cycle power generation apparatus Konishi, S Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 11 13,420 199 13,420] (Cl. FOlK231 10). 19 Jan 1999, Appl. 97/172,261, 27 Jun 1997. 7. (In Japanese) Coal-gasification combined-cycle power generation apparatus is described. The system consists of a gasifier for gasification of a fuel such as coal which generates fuel gas, gas coolers for cooling the gas, a gas turbine for burning
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
May 2000
169
00/01515 Pyrolysis of hydrocarbons in nitrogen plasma Ron&o Hucr.rue Xuebno, 1998. 26. (6) 481485. (In Chinese) Kexue Chubanshe. The flash pyrolysis of several gaseous and liquid hydrocarbons in a DC nitrogen plasma jet at atmospheric pressure was studied. The results indicate that all of the hydrocarbons used undergo complex reactions at a fast rate with highly reactive plasma species and totally decompose, producing large quantities of gas and carbon black. The main components of the gas products are hydrogen, acetylene and cyanoacetylene. In the case of benzene and toluene pyrolysis, some small hydrocarbons, such as methane and ethylene are also obtained. It is believed that acetylene acts as a precursor of cyanoacetylene, thus the concentration of cyanoacetylene in the gas is related to that of acetylene. The carbon blacks with a narrow size distribution have a small average diameter of 2.2-5.5 pm and good adsorption capacity with an iodine value of 140~180 mmg’. The Fourier transform infra red spectra reveal that in the carbon blacks there are some aromatic C-C bonds and a large quantity of nitrogen-containing functional groups.
Qiu, J.
Research on combustion using a drop tower (In Japanese) Kagaku Kitano, K. K~g(/kzl Kogcrkr,. 63. (I), 47-48. Kogakkai. An investigation of ignition and combustion of coal particles in microgravity using a drop tower.
Trace elements distribution during mild pyrolysis of low-rank coal
00/01521
Korobetskii, I. A. Proc. - Annu. Int. Pi~tsbwgh Cod Con/I, 1998, 16088 1612. 15th Pittsburgh Coal Conference, University of Pittsburgh. The study described is of the distribution of trace elements in coals during a mild pyrolysis process. Atomic absorption spectrometry with Zeeman correction (AAS) and inductively coupled plasma spectrometry (ICP) were used in the detection of several trace and major elements in coal and the products of coal mild pyrolysis. The organic matter of coals and solid products of this process were removed from mineral matter by cool oxygen plasma oxidation.
Combined burner-pyrolysis-gasification apparatus for manufacture of fuel gases from renewable and fossil sources
00/01522
Wolf, B. Ger. Offen. DE 19,747,324 (Cl. ClOJ3/48), 29 Apr 1999, Appl. 19,747,324, 28 Ott 1997. 6. (In German) An apparatus for the production of fuel gas, synthesis gas, and reducing gas from renewable and fossil fuels are described. It consists of a combustion chamber, combination burner, entrained-bed gasifier and a water bath, in which gaseous and solid feedstocks, such as pyrolysis gas and charcoal are individually fed into the reactor. The product gases are given a spin or motion such that liquid combustion products impact and collect on the combustion chamber walls and liquid slag droplets fall into the water bath. It is possible to return the products to the combustion chamber to react endothermically, thus producing additional gasification gas. The temperature of the combustion chamber walls is reduced (e.g., by convective heat transfer with the coke product) such that a protective layer of solidified slag is formed.
00/01516
00/01517
10 ENGINES Power generation and propulsion
Steam generators and furnaces
Helmut, E Brermsr. Wcferntr-Kmfi. 1999. 51, (4). 98-103. (In German) John Wiley & Sons Ltd. The recent developments in the field of firing places for various fuels are presented in this paper. Including, steam boilers for power generation, flue gas cleaning, thermal waste treatment, utilization of solid residues of firing processes, and power technology in Germany.
00/01518 The effects of additive on limestone capturing sulfur during coal combustion Chang, L. P. Proc. - Anm. Irtr. Pi!tsh~gh Cod Cm/:, 1998. 1282-1287. 15th Pittsburgh Coal Conference, University of Pittsburgh. An investigation into the desulfurization capacity of calcium-based sorbents during high sulfur coal combustion. The roles of additives in limestone were obvious and the capturing sulfur capacity of limestone containing additives is superior to that of only limestone under given reaction condition. The interaction mechanism of additive, limestone and SOz was detected by differential thermal and thermo-gravimetric analysis. These measurements indicated that the reactions of limestone desulfurization primarily occurred during the beginning stages of coal combustion and that the active component is calcium carbonate.
00/01523
A comparison of diesel engine soot with carbon black
Clague, A. D. H. et ol. Carbon, 1999. 37, (I 0). 1553-l 565. A range of analytical techniques has been used to characterize the chemistry and morphology of a diesel-engine and an exhaust soot, and a comparison made with a selection of commercial carbon blacks. Significant differences have been observed in the chemical composition of exhaust and engine soots, particularly in their surface chemistry and the presence of adsorbed lubricant components on the engine soot. Both forms of soot differ from carbon black-particularly their elemental composition and surface chemistry. In terms of morphology, at the primary particle level, there is a high degree of similarity between both forms of soot and typical carbon blacks in so far as they all show very similar primary particle sizes, and virtually indistinguishable perturbed graphitic or turbostratic internal structure. A hypothesis is proposed to account for these observations based on the similarities in the soot and carbon black generation process, but differences in the quenching and postquenching environment of soots and carbon blacks. Nevertheless there appears to be potential for certain blacks to mimic the aggregation behaviour of soots in used lubricating oils.
Advanced integration concepts for oxygen plants and gas turbines in gasiflcation/lGCC facilities
00101524
00/01519 The ignition temperature of lignite char in a fluidized bed combustor Van Puyvelde, D. and Stubington, J. CO/I. J. C/ten?. Eq.. 1999. 77. (I), 8591. Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering. The experimental and modelling work carried out for the variation of bed ignition temperature of a fluidized bed combustor with the char particle diameter and the fluidizing velocity is summarized in this paper. A lignite char was used and its reactivity was represented using previously published data. Solving the steady state heat balance around the fluidized bed combustor at the ignition temperature was included in the modelling process. A correlation of the total area of char ignited per unit bed mass was detected as a function of the char particle diameter and the fluidizing velocity. This correlation was used to detect the ignition temperature of the fluidized bed combustor operating at different conditions. The fluidized bed combustor heat balance was then solved for the bed ignition temp. which was influenced by both the rate of heat loss from the bed and the reactivity of the char. It has been suggested by a sensitivity analysis that the chemical rate reaction coefficient is the most prominent variable when detecting the ignition temperature of a fluidized bed combustor.
00/01520
Thermodynamic modeling of ammonia combustion
Nazarov, V. G. Koks Khint. 1999, I, 28-3 Metallurgizdat. The thermal decomposition process of ammonia decomposition products was modelled based on Optimum combustion conditions were detected paper.
I.
(In
Russian)
Zao
with combustion of the the experimental results. and are analysed in this
Klosek, J. Pwc. - Annu. In/. Pitfsbur~h Cod Cor~f:. 1998, 180. 15th Pittsburgh Coal Conference, University of Pittsburgh. The commercialization of integrated gasification combined-cycle (IGCC) power was aided by concepts involving the integration of air separation units (ASU) with the gas turbine combined-cycle module. Coal-based ironmaking and combined power and industrial gas production facilities are other processes that can benefit from the integration of these two units. It is known and widely accepted that an ASU which is optimally integrated with the gas turbine can increase overall IGCC power output, increase overall efficiency, and decrease the net cost of power compared to non-integrated facilities employing conventional low pressure cryogenic ASU’s. Depending upon the specific gas turbine gasification technology. nitrogen oxide emission specification, and other site specific factors, various approaches to the production of oxygen and nitrogen will be optimal. New integration opportunities to further improve performance and reduce costs are offered by advancements in both air separation and gas turbine technologies, Reviewed in this paper are the basic integration principles and the advanced concepts based on emerging technologies for the co-production of oxygen and electric power.
00101525 Coal gasification combined-cycle power generation apparatus Konishi, S Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 11 13,420 199 13,420] (Cl. FOlK231 10). 19 Jan 1999, Appl. 97/172,261, 27 Jun 1997. 7. (In Japanese) Coal-gasification combined-cycle power generation apparatus is described. The system consists of a gasifier for gasification of a fuel such as coal which generates fuel gas, gas coolers for cooling the gas, a gas turbine for burning
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
May 2000
169