- Email: [email protected]
01567 EPIQR surveys of apartment buildings in Europe
13 Space heating and cooling from
a lattice-hole model, involving a hole fraction h to account for the structural disorder is examined. Various processes are explored in order to study the role of h as a free volume quantity. A comparison of h with a free volume quantity directly measured by positron spectroscopy shows a gratifying concordance in the melt. Possible resolutions of differences in the glass are examined. Correlations between equation of state and other physical properties in melt and glass with h as the connecting bridge are extended to time dependent processes. The final discussion is concerned with relaxation or physical aging processes with relaxing free volume functions and their distributions as the determinants. Based on stochastic formulations, simulations of the cooling process from the melt stage to glass yield T, as a function of cooling rate and most importantly, of the characteristic interaction parameters of the polymer.
00/01558 Powdered microporous glasses: changing porosity through aging Perruso, C. R. Cerunric~rr (Stro Ptrrrlo). 1998 44. (289). 160-165. Associacao Brasileira de Ceramica. The production of a microporous high purity silica powder from the acid leaching of glasses with an average pore size of 2.5 nm and specific surface area of 420 m2/g (BET) was reported. The glasses used in the experiment were composed of two types of melted waste from the industrial processing of Brazilian oil shale. Depending on the proportion of the two wastes employed in the formulation of the glasses, either a silica gel or a powdered one is obtained, after leaching. The acid leaching of those glasses with hydrochloric acid, at 90”. was used to produce powdered microporous silica. The effect of ageing time and temperature on the morphology and structure of the obtained powdered silica are currently being studied. Ageing studies were performed in two different media, one was acidic (hydrochloric acid) and the other a basic one (ammonium hydroxide) for different periods of time and temperatures XRD, SEMIEDX, TEM, specific surface area measurements and DTA/TGA were used to characterize these materials. The results have shown a decrease of specific surface area with increasing time and temperature. 00/01559 Progress of inorganic coagulant polyaluminum silicate 1998. 6. (2). 45-49. (In Chinese) Gao, B. Humjing Ke.we J in:h~. Zhongguo Kexueyuan Shengtai Huanjing Yanjiu Zhongxin. Reviewed in this paper is the progress of inorganic coagulant polyaluminum silicate with emphases on the preparation method of polyaluminum silicate including (1) copolymerization of ore, waste cinder, and coal fly ash, (2) adding Alz (Sob)3 into poly-Hz SiOJ solution, and (3) high shear process by using Naz SiOl. Naz Al04 and Alz (SO1)3 as raw material. 00/01560 Relaxations in phosphate glasses studied by mechanical and thermal methods Hiki. Y. So/it/ Srtrto lorries. 1998. I l3- I 15. 6599664. Elservier Science BV. Pure shear deformation mode using a sensitive optical technique in the temperature range from room temperature up to the glass transition was used to measure the viscosity of several phosphate glasses. Two different mechanical relaxations were superposed in glasses containing molecular chains, while a single relaxation was observed in glasses without the chaini The relaxation times for the mechanical relaxation of the glasses were lo- lo- z s at the glass transition. The thermal conditions, thermal diffusivity and heat capacity of glasses have been detected simultaneously during the annealing or stabilization process below the glass transition using a hot-wire method. For all of the phosphate glasses the relaxation time for the stabilization process at the glass transition was approximately 100 seconds. The relaxation time at the glass transition was also estimated with calorimetric data. 00101561 Temperature-modulated calorimetry of the frequency dependence of the glass transition of poly(ethylene terephthalate) and polystyrene Wunderlich, B. and Okazaki, I. ACS Swp. Ser.. 1998. 710, 103-116. American Chemical Society. Glass transitions involve mainly the onset or freezing of co-operative, largeamplitude motion and can be examined using thermal analysis temperaturemodulated calorimetry, TMC, which is a novel technique that allows the frequency-dependent heat capacity to be measured. The method is described and a quasi-isothermal measurement method is used to derive kinetic parameters of the glass transition of poiy(ethylene terephthalate) and polystyrene. The approach to equilibrium can be described by a firstorder kinetics expression and points to the limits caused by asymmetry and co-operativity of the kinetics. Activation energies vary from 75 to 350 kJ/ mol and are dependent on thermal pretreatment. It is evident however. that the pre-exponential factor and the activation energy are correlated.
13 SPACE HEATING COOLING
AND
00/01562 Application of absorption chiller at coal chemicals plant Yeh, J. R. and Cheng, S. P. Jishu YU Xunlian, 1999. 24. (I). 131-140. (In Chinese) China Steel Corp. An international agreement has been established to limit the production of specific CFCs, because of their harmful effect to the ozone layer in the stratosphere. At coal chemical plants, CFC’s are mainly used as refrigerants of centrifugal compressor chillers. Thus, it has become a top priority to choose non-CFC-based machinery. Absorption chillers are designed to generate chilling water by utilizing low-pressure steam as the heat source. As a result, the coal chemical plant reduces the electricity consumption for 0.615 kW/ton (chilled) and has also had the benefit of saving electricity. 00101563 Coolant composition using specific latent heat for cold storage material Maeda, J. and Kano, A. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 11 35,931 [99 35.9311 (Cl. C09K5/06), 9 Feb 1999, Appl. 97/193,940, 18 Jul 1997. 4. (In Japanese) The composition of the coolant under investigation is 5-30 wt% sodium chloride solution and graphite having a purity 299%. 0.1-10 wt parts of graphite based on 100 wt parts of sodium chloride solution were added to prevent supercooling. 00101664 Coolant composition using specific latent heat for cold storage Maeda, J. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 11 35,933 [99 35,933] (Cl. C09K51 06) 9 Feb 1999, Appl. 97/194,473, 18 Jul 1997. 5. (In Japanese) The composition of coolant is described. It is comprised of sodium chloride solution and a salt selected from sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, disodium phosphate, ammonium bicarbonate, dodecylhydrate, and trisodium phosphate dodecylhydrate. The amount of inorganic salt ranges from l-30 wt% based on the total weight of the composition. 00/01565 Effect of collector aspect ratio on the collector efficiency of upward type baffled solar air heaters Yeh, H. M. Energy Conwrsion & Md~trgentenr, 2000, 41, (9). 971-981. The influence of collector aspect ratio on the collector efficiency of upward type baffled solar air heaters has been investigated theoretically. With constant collector area, the collector efficiency increases with collector aspect ratio. This is the same results as those obtained in the previous work for flat plate solar air heaters without fins and baffles. Although the collector efficiency of baffled solar air heaters is larger than that of flat of collector plate heaters without fins and baffles, the improvement efficiency by increasing the collector aspect ratio is the reverse. 00/01566 Energy performance indoor environmental quality retrofit-a European diagnosis and decision making method for building refurbishment Jaggs, M. and Palmer, J. Otcrgr urn? Buildings. 2000. 3 I, (2), 97-l 01. EPRIQR (energy performance indoor environmental quality retrofit) is a methodology developed to assist apartment building owners who are considering refurbishment or retrofitting (upgrading) their building stock. The EPRIQR methodology has been developed into a computer based program which identifies the most appropriate refurbishment or retrofitting actions, together with an initial cost estimate, taking into account energy and indoor environmental quality (IEQ) issues. The EPIQR method starts with the distribution of questionnaires to residents of the apartment building in order to gather data on IEQ issues. After collating the data the program will highlight areas for further investigation during the EPIQR condition survey. The EPIQR condition site survey assesses the apartment building on 50 elements. Each element is graded on a four-point scale from good to poor condition. To assist the user in their assessment of the building the program displays visual and descriptive stages of deterioration for each element. The energy performance of the building is addressed by information gathered by the means of a walk through energy audit during the site visit together with information from historical data such as fuel bills. This energy analysis includes both heating and cooling modules. Following the condition survey the program suggests suitable refurbishment and retrofitting actions for each element. The program shows which refurbishment to retrofitting action will have the most impact on the general improvement of the building, the energy consumption and the IEQ issues while also giving an initial cost estimate for the work required. This will allow the user to select the most appropriate and cost effective action whilst remaining within their budget. The EPIQR methodology has been developed as a result of a 2-year European research project, involving seven research institutions. The paper provides an overview of the EPIQR methodology and its development. 00101567 EPIQR Surveys of apartment buildings in Europe Balaras, C. A. Energy urn/ Buildings, 2000. 3 I. (2), I I I- 128. A total of 38 apartment building surveys following the EPIQR methodology have been performed in seven European countries. The audits included the energy systems, indoor environmental conditions and building envelope. The collected data provide a novel overview on the condition, construction
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
May 2000
173
15
Environment
(pollution,
health
protection,
safety)
characteristics, installations, energy systems and consumption of existing residential buildings throughout Europe. A comparative analysis of the data will reveal the common characteristics and differences in terms of energy behaviour. indoor environmental quality and building structure for the existing building stock in Europe and examine potential implications of the forthcoming European action on labelling of buildings. 00/01568 Improving cooling water system performance Rampf, _I. M~lrer. Pcrfbrnt., 1999. 3X. (2). 48 -51. NACE International. In 1992 a new synthetic fuels complex was commissioned, which resulted in several serious problems being encountered in three different cooling water systems. Heat exchanger fouling with a silica sediment and cases of microbiological growth were observed. These problems persisted, and after the first year of operation. serious corrosion damage, iron precipitation and microbiological fouling of carbon steel exchanger tubes were detected. Since July 1994 dramatic improvements have been made in terms of corrosion and fouling control, pH control and the control of microbiological species, all these aspects are discussed in this paper. 00/01569 Influence of thermodynamic and thermophysical properties of water-based working fluids for bubble pump operated vapor absorption refrigerator Saravanan, R. and Maiya. M. P. Ener,e.t, Co!ircr.\. Mtomge.. 1999. 40. (8). 845-860. Elsevier Science Ltd. This paper is concerned with the miniaturization of the absorption refrigerator. The process requires installation of an air-cooled absorber and condenser, plus the replacement of the customary solution pump by a bubble pump. The operating pressures in the bubble pump-operated twofluid vapour absorption refrigerator have to be very low (vacuum) to make use of the hydrostatic principle to maintain the required pressure difference between the condenser and evaporator. Hence, only working fluid combinations based on water and alcohol are found suitable. Thermodynamic properties, such as specific heat and heat of mixing and thermophysical properties, such as vapor pressure, density, viscosity, surface tension and solubility, are necessary for the overall performance evaluation of such a refrigerator. Sixteen water based working combinations are analysed in this paper. 00/01570 Potential for energy conservation in apartment buildings Balaras, C. A. Enc~rg~,cnitl Brti/&rgs, 2000, 3 1, (2) 143-l 54. The potential for energy conservation in apartment buildings is investigated following the EPIQR methodology and software. Several scenarios are evaluated for various apartment buildings located in three climatic zones of Hellas. The proposed retrofit actions concentrate on space heating and cooling, domestic hot water production and lighting. Energy savings for the corresponding actions in each building are accounted for in order to suitable for different building identity the most effective scenarios, constructions. installations and system characteristics. 00101571 Results of experimental investigations of the nonthrottling granryd refrigerator Szargut. J. and Skorek, J. Int. J. Etwrg.~ RES.. 1999. 23. (IS), 1325-1330. The operation of the non-throttling Granryd refrigerator has been analysed. The experimental installation is presented. The measurement method and obtained results are presented and discussed. The mathematical model of the process was also built to analyse the influence of several design and operation parameters on the efficiency of the refrigerator. The importance of the internal thermal insulation of the expansion tank has been pointed out. 00/01572 Simple thermodynamic diagrams for real refrigeration systems Gordon, J. M. J. AppI. Plrw.. 1999, 85, (2). 641-646. American Institute of Physics. Simple rectangular temperature entropy diagrams can be used to summarize the thermodynamic performance of real irreversible cooling and refrigeration systems (chillers). The key to translating complex dissipative losses into this graphical framework is the process average temperature a factor that can be calculated from nonintrusive experimental measurements, for converting entropy production into lost work. The governing chiller performance equations can be transformed into an easily interpreted graph, by using an uncomplicated thermodynamic model. Examples based upon actual data from commercial reciprocating (workdriven) and absorption (heat-driven) chillers are presented and are used to highlight the predominance of internal dissipation in determining chiller efficiency. 00/01573 Simulation on energy use for mechanical ventilation and alr-conditioning (MVAC) systems in train compartments Chow, W. K. and Yu, P. C. H. E/iergr. 2000. 25. (I). l-13. Unlike the conventional automotive, modem railway trains are designed with non-openable windows; and a mechanical ventilation and airconditioning (MVAC) system is installed in each train compartment for better indoor air quality as well as to provide a thermally comfortable environment. The ventilation rate is no doubt a critical element in the design of a MVAC system, especially in Hong Kong where the daily passenger load is extremely heavy. Earlier studies illustrated that carbon dioxide can be controlled at 1000 ppm by increasing the ventilation rate to
174
Fual and Energy Abstracts
May 2000
25.2 m’ H-l; however, it will also lead to an increase in energy consumption. In this paper, the electrical energy consumption at various ventilation rates was studied, and the cost of maintaining a low carbon dioxide level was estimated. These provide solid information for the local railway companies to improve the air quality inside the train compartments.
14 HEAT PUMPS 00101574 A survey on GHP technology D’Accadia, M. D. AES (At??. Sec. Mech. E!rg./. 1998. 3X. 313-323. American Society of Mechanical Engineers. The Gas engine driven Heat Pump (GHP) consists of a reversible vapour compression heat pump with an open compressor. driven by an internal combustion gas fuelled engine instead of an electric engine. The possibility of recovering waste heat produced by the engine via a jacket and an exhaust heat exchanger, together with the use of an alternative engine can be regarded as the most important aspects of this equipment. The features of this GHP allow higher performances and lower running costs than equivalent electric heat pumps (EHP). The results of the study and research performed by the Department of the FEDERICO II University of Naples are reported in this review. Related topic are also covered in this article, including the historical development and market situation, plus the main reasons for using GHP. 00101575 Enhancing the impact of heat pump water heaters in the South African commercial sector Rousseau, P. G. and Greyvenstein, G. P. Errr,:p?~. 2000. 25. (I). 51-70. By far the largest application of heat pumps in the South African commercial sector is in the heating of sanitary hot water in buildings like hotels, hospitals, prisons and residences at universities, technikons and schools. In most of these cases, heat pumps serve as an alternative to direct electrical resistance heaters. Heat pump water heaters (HPWHs) have, however, penetrated only 16% of the commercial water heater market in South Africa despite the fact that they consume about a third of the electricity required by resistance heaters. The reason for this is poor design practice, which leads to poor economics. This paper proposes an improved system integration methodology aimed at enhancing the potential impact of HPWHs with regard to energy consumption, peak electrical demand and the economic attractiveness to building owners. A simulation investigation is combined with results from a survey conducted on water heating in the commercial sector to illustrate the advantages posed by the new methodology. The new methodology entails combining an in-line heat pump and in-line auxiliary resistance heater with the correct control strategy while deliberately undersizing the heat pump. A procedure to determine the optimum heat pump size for such installations is also discussed. A case study is presented in which it is shown that for a typical installation the optimized design approach can lead to a reduction in the life-cycle cost by a factor of 2.4. 00101576 Study of a solvent extraction type of absorption heat pump Cheng, C-S. Energ?: Coftrers. Mormge. 2000. 41, (7). 727.-736. The coefficient of performance for the cooling cycle COP and for the heating cycle COPh of a traditional absorption heat pump (AHP), defined as COP = Qe/(Qo + w)l and COP” = ,(Q,, + Qc):(Qc; + B’), usually has a value less than 0.80 for a cooling system and less than I.XO for a heating system. This paper proposes a new type of absorption heat pump that employs a second liquid to extract the refrigerant from the dilute absorbent solution in the absorber (EXAHP system). The proposed system achieves COP’ and COP” values that exceed those values in a tradition absorption heat pump. The calculated COP‘ and COP” values reach as high as 1.6 and 2.3. respectively which are approximately lOOnA,and SO’% higher than those of the conventional systems. Using LiBr.‘H?Ojacetophenone as
an example, this paper presents the concept design and operation the proposed plant.
analysis of
15 ENVIRONMENT Pollution,
health protection,
safety
00101577 A study of PAH emissions from an AFBC system Han, W. Proc. - A,~nu. ht. Pittsburgh Coal Conf.. 1998, 1008-1018. 15th Pittsburgh Coal Conference, University of Pittsburgh. The combustion process produces environmentally harmful emissions, including particulates in the form of smoke and dust, as well as sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides. There is also a growing concern about emissions of
a lattice-hole model, involving a hole fraction h to account for the structural disorder is examined. Various processes are explored in order to study the role of h as a free volume quantity. A comparison of h with a free volume quantity directly measured by positron spectroscopy shows a gratifying concordance in the melt. Possible resolutions of differences in the glass are examined. Correlations between equation of state and other physical properties in melt and glass with h as the connecting bridge are extended to time dependent processes. The final discussion is concerned with relaxation or physical aging processes with relaxing free volume functions and their distributions as the determinants. Based on stochastic formulations, simulations of the cooling process from the melt stage to glass yield T, as a function of cooling rate and most importantly, of the characteristic interaction parameters of the polymer.
00/01558 Powdered microporous glasses: changing porosity through aging Perruso, C. R. Cerunric~rr (Stro Ptrrrlo). 1998 44. (289). 160-165. Associacao Brasileira de Ceramica. The production of a microporous high purity silica powder from the acid leaching of glasses with an average pore size of 2.5 nm and specific surface area of 420 m2/g (BET) was reported. The glasses used in the experiment were composed of two types of melted waste from the industrial processing of Brazilian oil shale. Depending on the proportion of the two wastes employed in the formulation of the glasses, either a silica gel or a powdered one is obtained, after leaching. The acid leaching of those glasses with hydrochloric acid, at 90”. was used to produce powdered microporous silica. The effect of ageing time and temperature on the morphology and structure of the obtained powdered silica are currently being studied. Ageing studies were performed in two different media, one was acidic (hydrochloric acid) and the other a basic one (ammonium hydroxide) for different periods of time and temperatures XRD, SEMIEDX, TEM, specific surface area measurements and DTA/TGA were used to characterize these materials. The results have shown a decrease of specific surface area with increasing time and temperature. 00/01559 Progress of inorganic coagulant polyaluminum silicate 1998. 6. (2). 45-49. (In Chinese) Gao, B. Humjing Ke.we J in:h~. Zhongguo Kexueyuan Shengtai Huanjing Yanjiu Zhongxin. Reviewed in this paper is the progress of inorganic coagulant polyaluminum silicate with emphases on the preparation method of polyaluminum silicate including (1) copolymerization of ore, waste cinder, and coal fly ash, (2) adding Alz (Sob)3 into poly-Hz SiOJ solution, and (3) high shear process by using Naz SiOl. Naz Al04 and Alz (SO1)3 as raw material. 00/01560 Relaxations in phosphate glasses studied by mechanical and thermal methods Hiki. Y. So/it/ Srtrto lorries. 1998. I l3- I 15. 6599664. Elservier Science BV. Pure shear deformation mode using a sensitive optical technique in the temperature range from room temperature up to the glass transition was used to measure the viscosity of several phosphate glasses. Two different mechanical relaxations were superposed in glasses containing molecular chains, while a single relaxation was observed in glasses without the chaini The relaxation times for the mechanical relaxation of the glasses were lo- lo- z s at the glass transition. The thermal conditions, thermal diffusivity and heat capacity of glasses have been detected simultaneously during the annealing or stabilization process below the glass transition using a hot-wire method. For all of the phosphate glasses the relaxation time for the stabilization process at the glass transition was approximately 100 seconds. The relaxation time at the glass transition was also estimated with calorimetric data. 00101561 Temperature-modulated calorimetry of the frequency dependence of the glass transition of poly(ethylene terephthalate) and polystyrene Wunderlich, B. and Okazaki, I. ACS Swp. Ser.. 1998. 710, 103-116. American Chemical Society. Glass transitions involve mainly the onset or freezing of co-operative, largeamplitude motion and can be examined using thermal analysis temperaturemodulated calorimetry, TMC, which is a novel technique that allows the frequency-dependent heat capacity to be measured. The method is described and a quasi-isothermal measurement method is used to derive kinetic parameters of the glass transition of poiy(ethylene terephthalate) and polystyrene. The approach to equilibrium can be described by a firstorder kinetics expression and points to the limits caused by asymmetry and co-operativity of the kinetics. Activation energies vary from 75 to 350 kJ/ mol and are dependent on thermal pretreatment. It is evident however. that the pre-exponential factor and the activation energy are correlated.
13 SPACE HEATING COOLING
AND
00/01562 Application of absorption chiller at coal chemicals plant Yeh, J. R. and Cheng, S. P. Jishu YU Xunlian, 1999. 24. (I). 131-140. (In Chinese) China Steel Corp. An international agreement has been established to limit the production of specific CFCs, because of their harmful effect to the ozone layer in the stratosphere. At coal chemical plants, CFC’s are mainly used as refrigerants of centrifugal compressor chillers. Thus, it has become a top priority to choose non-CFC-based machinery. Absorption chillers are designed to generate chilling water by utilizing low-pressure steam as the heat source. As a result, the coal chemical plant reduces the electricity consumption for 0.615 kW/ton (chilled) and has also had the benefit of saving electricity. 00101563 Coolant composition using specific latent heat for cold storage material Maeda, J. and Kano, A. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 11 35,931 [99 35.9311 (Cl. C09K5/06), 9 Feb 1999, Appl. 97/193,940, 18 Jul 1997. 4. (In Japanese) The composition of the coolant under investigation is 5-30 wt% sodium chloride solution and graphite having a purity 299%. 0.1-10 wt parts of graphite based on 100 wt parts of sodium chloride solution were added to prevent supercooling. 00101664 Coolant composition using specific latent heat for cold storage Maeda, J. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 11 35,933 [99 35,933] (Cl. C09K51 06) 9 Feb 1999, Appl. 97/194,473, 18 Jul 1997. 5. (In Japanese) The composition of coolant is described. It is comprised of sodium chloride solution and a salt selected from sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, disodium phosphate, ammonium bicarbonate, dodecylhydrate, and trisodium phosphate dodecylhydrate. The amount of inorganic salt ranges from l-30 wt% based on the total weight of the composition. 00/01565 Effect of collector aspect ratio on the collector efficiency of upward type baffled solar air heaters Yeh, H. M. Energy Conwrsion & Md~trgentenr, 2000, 41, (9). 971-981. The influence of collector aspect ratio on the collector efficiency of upward type baffled solar air heaters has been investigated theoretically. With constant collector area, the collector efficiency increases with collector aspect ratio. This is the same results as those obtained in the previous work for flat plate solar air heaters without fins and baffles. Although the collector efficiency of baffled solar air heaters is larger than that of flat of collector plate heaters without fins and baffles, the improvement efficiency by increasing the collector aspect ratio is the reverse. 00/01566 Energy performance indoor environmental quality retrofit-a European diagnosis and decision making method for building refurbishment Jaggs, M. and Palmer, J. Otcrgr urn? Buildings. 2000. 3 I, (2), 97-l 01. EPRIQR (energy performance indoor environmental quality retrofit) is a methodology developed to assist apartment building owners who are considering refurbishment or retrofitting (upgrading) their building stock. The EPRIQR methodology has been developed into a computer based program which identifies the most appropriate refurbishment or retrofitting actions, together with an initial cost estimate, taking into account energy and indoor environmental quality (IEQ) issues. The EPIQR method starts with the distribution of questionnaires to residents of the apartment building in order to gather data on IEQ issues. After collating the data the program will highlight areas for further investigation during the EPIQR condition survey. The EPIQR condition site survey assesses the apartment building on 50 elements. Each element is graded on a four-point scale from good to poor condition. To assist the user in their assessment of the building the program displays visual and descriptive stages of deterioration for each element. The energy performance of the building is addressed by information gathered by the means of a walk through energy audit during the site visit together with information from historical data such as fuel bills. This energy analysis includes both heating and cooling modules. Following the condition survey the program suggests suitable refurbishment and retrofitting actions for each element. The program shows which refurbishment to retrofitting action will have the most impact on the general improvement of the building, the energy consumption and the IEQ issues while also giving an initial cost estimate for the work required. This will allow the user to select the most appropriate and cost effective action whilst remaining within their budget. The EPIQR methodology has been developed as a result of a 2-year European research project, involving seven research institutions. The paper provides an overview of the EPIQR methodology and its development. 00101567 EPIQR Surveys of apartment buildings in Europe Balaras, C. A. Energy urn/ Buildings, 2000. 3 I. (2), I I I- 128. A total of 38 apartment building surveys following the EPIQR methodology have been performed in seven European countries. The audits included the energy systems, indoor environmental conditions and building envelope. The collected data provide a novel overview on the condition, construction
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
May 2000
173
15
Environment
(pollution,
health
protection,
safety)
characteristics, installations, energy systems and consumption of existing residential buildings throughout Europe. A comparative analysis of the data will reveal the common characteristics and differences in terms of energy behaviour. indoor environmental quality and building structure for the existing building stock in Europe and examine potential implications of the forthcoming European action on labelling of buildings. 00/01568 Improving cooling water system performance Rampf, _I. M~lrer. Pcrfbrnt., 1999. 3X. (2). 48 -51. NACE International. In 1992 a new synthetic fuels complex was commissioned, which resulted in several serious problems being encountered in three different cooling water systems. Heat exchanger fouling with a silica sediment and cases of microbiological growth were observed. These problems persisted, and after the first year of operation. serious corrosion damage, iron precipitation and microbiological fouling of carbon steel exchanger tubes were detected. Since July 1994 dramatic improvements have been made in terms of corrosion and fouling control, pH control and the control of microbiological species, all these aspects are discussed in this paper. 00/01569 Influence of thermodynamic and thermophysical properties of water-based working fluids for bubble pump operated vapor absorption refrigerator Saravanan, R. and Maiya. M. P. Ener,e.t, Co!ircr.\. Mtomge.. 1999. 40. (8). 845-860. Elsevier Science Ltd. This paper is concerned with the miniaturization of the absorption refrigerator. The process requires installation of an air-cooled absorber and condenser, plus the replacement of the customary solution pump by a bubble pump. The operating pressures in the bubble pump-operated twofluid vapour absorption refrigerator have to be very low (vacuum) to make use of the hydrostatic principle to maintain the required pressure difference between the condenser and evaporator. Hence, only working fluid combinations based on water and alcohol are found suitable. Thermodynamic properties, such as specific heat and heat of mixing and thermophysical properties, such as vapor pressure, density, viscosity, surface tension and solubility, are necessary for the overall performance evaluation of such a refrigerator. Sixteen water based working combinations are analysed in this paper. 00/01570 Potential for energy conservation in apartment buildings Balaras, C. A. Enc~rg~,cnitl Brti/&rgs, 2000, 3 1, (2) 143-l 54. The potential for energy conservation in apartment buildings is investigated following the EPIQR methodology and software. Several scenarios are evaluated for various apartment buildings located in three climatic zones of Hellas. The proposed retrofit actions concentrate on space heating and cooling, domestic hot water production and lighting. Energy savings for the corresponding actions in each building are accounted for in order to suitable for different building identity the most effective scenarios, constructions. installations and system characteristics. 00101571 Results of experimental investigations of the nonthrottling granryd refrigerator Szargut. J. and Skorek, J. Int. J. Etwrg.~ RES.. 1999. 23. (IS), 1325-1330. The operation of the non-throttling Granryd refrigerator has been analysed. The experimental installation is presented. The measurement method and obtained results are presented and discussed. The mathematical model of the process was also built to analyse the influence of several design and operation parameters on the efficiency of the refrigerator. The importance of the internal thermal insulation of the expansion tank has been pointed out. 00/01572 Simple thermodynamic diagrams for real refrigeration systems Gordon, J. M. J. AppI. Plrw.. 1999, 85, (2). 641-646. American Institute of Physics. Simple rectangular temperature entropy diagrams can be used to summarize the thermodynamic performance of real irreversible cooling and refrigeration systems (chillers). The key to translating complex dissipative losses into this graphical framework is the process average temperature a factor that can be calculated from nonintrusive experimental measurements, for converting entropy production into lost work. The governing chiller performance equations can be transformed into an easily interpreted graph, by using an uncomplicated thermodynamic model. Examples based upon actual data from commercial reciprocating (workdriven) and absorption (heat-driven) chillers are presented and are used to highlight the predominance of internal dissipation in determining chiller efficiency. 00/01573 Simulation on energy use for mechanical ventilation and alr-conditioning (MVAC) systems in train compartments Chow, W. K. and Yu, P. C. H. E/iergr. 2000. 25. (I). l-13. Unlike the conventional automotive, modem railway trains are designed with non-openable windows; and a mechanical ventilation and airconditioning (MVAC) system is installed in each train compartment for better indoor air quality as well as to provide a thermally comfortable environment. The ventilation rate is no doubt a critical element in the design of a MVAC system, especially in Hong Kong where the daily passenger load is extremely heavy. Earlier studies illustrated that carbon dioxide can be controlled at 1000 ppm by increasing the ventilation rate to
174
Fual and Energy Abstracts
May 2000
25.2 m’ H-l; however, it will also lead to an increase in energy consumption. In this paper, the electrical energy consumption at various ventilation rates was studied, and the cost of maintaining a low carbon dioxide level was estimated. These provide solid information for the local railway companies to improve the air quality inside the train compartments.
14 HEAT PUMPS 00101574 A survey on GHP technology D’Accadia, M. D. AES (At??. Sec. Mech. E!rg./. 1998. 3X. 313-323. American Society of Mechanical Engineers. The Gas engine driven Heat Pump (GHP) consists of a reversible vapour compression heat pump with an open compressor. driven by an internal combustion gas fuelled engine instead of an electric engine. The possibility of recovering waste heat produced by the engine via a jacket and an exhaust heat exchanger, together with the use of an alternative engine can be regarded as the most important aspects of this equipment. The features of this GHP allow higher performances and lower running costs than equivalent electric heat pumps (EHP). The results of the study and research performed by the Department of the FEDERICO II University of Naples are reported in this review. Related topic are also covered in this article, including the historical development and market situation, plus the main reasons for using GHP. 00101575 Enhancing the impact of heat pump water heaters in the South African commercial sector Rousseau, P. G. and Greyvenstein, G. P. Errr,:p?~. 2000. 25. (I). 51-70. By far the largest application of heat pumps in the South African commercial sector is in the heating of sanitary hot water in buildings like hotels, hospitals, prisons and residences at universities, technikons and schools. In most of these cases, heat pumps serve as an alternative to direct electrical resistance heaters. Heat pump water heaters (HPWHs) have, however, penetrated only 16% of the commercial water heater market in South Africa despite the fact that they consume about a third of the electricity required by resistance heaters. The reason for this is poor design practice, which leads to poor economics. This paper proposes an improved system integration methodology aimed at enhancing the potential impact of HPWHs with regard to energy consumption, peak electrical demand and the economic attractiveness to building owners. A simulation investigation is combined with results from a survey conducted on water heating in the commercial sector to illustrate the advantages posed by the new methodology. The new methodology entails combining an in-line heat pump and in-line auxiliary resistance heater with the correct control strategy while deliberately undersizing the heat pump. A procedure to determine the optimum heat pump size for such installations is also discussed. A case study is presented in which it is shown that for a typical installation the optimized design approach can lead to a reduction in the life-cycle cost by a factor of 2.4. 00101576 Study of a solvent extraction type of absorption heat pump Cheng, C-S. Energ?: Coftrers. Mormge. 2000. 41, (7). 727.-736. The coefficient of performance for the cooling cycle COP and for the heating cycle COPh of a traditional absorption heat pump (AHP), defined as COP = Qe/(Qo + w)l and COP” = ,(Q,, + Qc):(Qc; + B’), usually has a value less than 0.80 for a cooling system and less than I.XO for a heating system. This paper proposes a new type of absorption heat pump that employs a second liquid to extract the refrigerant from the dilute absorbent solution in the absorber (EXAHP system). The proposed system achieves COP’ and COP” values that exceed those values in a tradition absorption heat pump. The calculated COP‘ and COP” values reach as high as 1.6 and 2.3. respectively which are approximately lOOnA,and SO’% higher than those of the conventional systems. Using LiBr.‘H?Ojacetophenone as
an example, this paper presents the concept design and operation the proposed plant.
analysis of
15 ENVIRONMENT Pollution,
health protection,
safety
00101577 A study of PAH emissions from an AFBC system Han, W. Proc. - A,~nu. ht. Pittsburgh Coal Conf.. 1998, 1008-1018. 15th Pittsburgh Coal Conference, University of Pittsburgh. The combustion process produces environmentally harmful emissions, including particulates in the form of smoke and dust, as well as sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides. There is also a growing concern about emissions of