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01594 Hydrobiogeochemical interactions in ‘anoxic’ limestone drains for neutralization of acidic mine drainage
75 Environment
(pollution, health protection,
safety)
00101569 Ecological advantages of natural gas in towns and villages Nikolov. G. and Blazova. S. Geol. Mimv. Resrtr., 1997. 4. (6-7), 3-6. (In Bulgarian) Geologiya i Mineralni Resursi ood. In Bulgaria, ecological analyses have been carried out and show that a large portion of the population (over 40%) lives in areas with polluted air. The thermal electric power stations emit 83.02% of the sulfur dioxide and 26.72% of the nitrogen oxides emitted in Bulgaria. Bulgaria must reduce the annual emission of sulfur oxides by 40% in order to comply with the Helsinki Protocol on reducing sulfur emissions by 2005. Improvement of the condition of the air is to be achieved through replacement of the currently used fuels with ecologically superior ones. Natural gas is one of the most acceptable replacements from the ecological point of view and has the greatest potential for the fulfilment of the country’s obligations under international conventions. The use of natural gas as fuel in industry, households, and the power industry reduces the emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxide by about 90% and that of carbon dioxide by 1.5 to 2 times. It also eliminates pollution by dust and soot. The emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere per Gcal of coal are 27 kg, of fuel oil 7 kg, of gas oil 2 kg, and of natural gas 0.5 kg. There is minimal energy loss during transportation of natural gas. The efficiency in case of direct gasification (about 90%) is higher than in case of steam heating (30-35%) and the steam-gas cycle (about 50%), which leads to a 2-3 fold reduction of the expenses for supply of primary energy carriers for household purposes if electric energy and central heating in the household are replaced by natural gas. Natural gas is a preferable energy carrier because of its energy efficiency and its ecological properties. Owing to its low content of sulfur and aromatic compounds, the use of natural gas in automobile transport reduces the emissions of carbon dioxide by 3-4 times and nitrogen oxides by 15-20%. From the ecological point of view, natural gas is the ideal fuel for public transport in densely populated areas. With the realization of projects for the construction and operation of gas supply systems, the condition of the air will improve considerably. In addition, there will be beneficial impact on the population’s living conditions and health.
00/01590
Energy, environment and sustainable development
Dincer, 1. and Rosen, M. A. Applied .E~wrg~~, 1999. 64, (l-4). 427-440. There is an intimate connection between energy, the environment and sustainable development. A society seeking sustainable development ideally must utilize only energy resources which cause no environmental impact (e.g. which release no emissions to the environment). However, since all energy resources lead to some environmental impact, it is reasonable to suggest that some (not all) of the concerns regarding the limitations imposed on sustainable development by environmental emissions and their negative impacts can be in part overcome through increased energy efficiency. Clearly, a strong relation exists between energy efficiency and environmental impact since, for the same services or products, less resource utilization and pollution is normally associated with increased energy efficiency. Presented in this paper are (i) a comprehensive discussion of the future of energy use and the consequent environmental impacts in terms of acid precipitation, stratospheric ozone depletion and the greenhouse effect, (ii) some solutions to current environmental issues in terms of energy conservation and renewable energy technologies, (iii) some theoretical and practical limitations on increased energy efficiency, (iv) discussions of the relations between energy and sustainable development, and between the environment and sustainable development, and an (v) illustrative example. In this regard, a number of issues relating to energy, environment and sustainable development are examined from both current and future perspectives. In addition, some recommendations are drawn ,from the results we present for the use of energy scientists and engineers and policy makers, along with the anticipated effects.
OOlOl591 Enhanced NO, control via gas reburning with Injection of additives into reburning zone Zamansky, V. M. Proc. Int. Gas Res. Cmf, 1998, 5, 613-622. Gas Research Institute. A family of advanced reburning processes are being developed by Energy and environmental research corporation (EER), they work by integrating basic reburning and nitrogen-agent injection. Recent pilot-scale tests demonstrated over 90% NO, control by injections of 10% reburning fuel while firing natural gas as the main fuel. This paper describes a continuation of efforts to develop advanced reburning technology while firing coal. EER conducted the pilot scale tests in their 300 kW Boiler simulation facility. Injection of nitrogen-agent, such as a urea promoter into the reburning zone improves efficiency of NO, removal. Addition of sodium carbonate along with nitrogen-agent was found to promote NO, reduction by an extra 5-8 percentage points when added at 75 ppm in flue gas. The type of primary fuel affects NO, control performance. Two US coals were tested as primary fuels and compared with natural gas. The maximum reduction of NO, achieved with coal firing and natural gas reburning was 93%.
00/01592 ERIQR and IEQ: indoor environment quality in European apartment buildings Bluyssen, P. M. Orcrgr trrrd Lh~ildir~gs. 2000. 3 1. (2), 103-l IO. In the frame work of the European project EPIQR (energy performance, indoor air quality, retrofit), European apartment buildings were investigated with a newly developed tool called EPIQR. This tool is aimed at assessing information on refurbishment and retrofitting needs of apartment
176
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
May 2000
buildings. This package is, however, not only meant to identify the possible refurbishment/retrofitting needs but also to identify the possible improvements that can be made to result in a better indoor environment and a lower energy consumption. As part of the EPIQR tool (a user-friendly software programme), procedures and methods were developed to be able to investigate indoor environment quality (IEQ) in apartment buildings. Among others a questionnaire was developed. In this paper the methods and instruments related to IEQ developed for EPIQR are described and the results of the field study in the apartment buildings are reported and analysed [P.M. Bluyssen, EPIQR: IEQ part of EPIQR from 1 June 1996 to I June 1998, TN0 Report 98-BBI-R0844, May, 19981.
00101593 Exhaust gas control in LPG garbage trucks Iida, Y. Tookro-to Kcrrrk,ro Kogflkrt Kerrli~~rho Nenpo. 1997, 190-l 95. (In Japanese) Tokyo-to Kankyo Kagaku Kenkyusho. In 1993 the Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Public Cleaning experimentally introduced LPG-fuelled vehicles as garbage trucks, which are known to produce low level emission compared with diesel-fuelled vehicles. A followup investigation of the effects of the running distance and the endurance of exhaust emission control system such as a three-way catalyst converter was carried out using the in-use LPG garbage truck. As a result, the NO, emission after 60,000 km running was as low as that at early stage which was equipped with the pure air cleaner. It was discovered that it is difficult to ensure the proper operation of a fuel-air equivalence ratio in the case of contamination of the air cleaner. Thus, it seemed a control system of a fuelair equivalence ratio and clearing of air cleaner with more precision was required in order to maintain LPG vehicles’ reputation of low level emission.
00101594 Hydrobiogeochemical interactions in ‘anoxic’ limestone drains for neutralization of acidic mine drainage Robbins, E. I. Fuel 1999. 1998, 78, (2). 259-270. Elsevier Science Ltd. Anoxic limestone drains (ALDs) were used to evaluated the processes affecting neutralization of acidic coal mine drainage. Influents had pH 5 3.5 and dissolved oxygen < 2 mg/l. Despite the effluents being nearly neutral (pH gt; 6 and alkalinity greater than acidity), two of the four ALDs were failing due to clogging. Mineral-saturation indexes indicated the potential for dissolution of calcite and gypsum and precipitation of AI’+ and Fe3+ compounds. Within the ALDs, cleavage mounts of calcite and gypsum were suspended and later examined microscopically, they showed dissolution features despite coatings by numerous bacteria, biofilms. and Fe-Al-si precipitants. In the drain exhibiting the greatest flow reduction, accumulation of Al-hydroxysulfates had occurred on limestone surfaces and calcite etch points, thus causing the decline in transmissivity and dissolution. Therefore, a pre-treatment step is required where Al loadings are high and flow rates are low, it promotes Al removal before diverting acidic mine water into alkaline-producing materials.
00/01595 Low-cost determination of metals and mercuryspeciated emissions with a modified HEST Copper, J. A. Proc. - Anmr. ht. Pirr.thurgh Coed Curl/:. 1998. 837. 15th Pittsburgh Coal Conference. University of Pittsburgh. Coal-fired power plants produce hazardous element emissions. this paper focuses primarily on mercury. Characterizing mercury emissions is difficult because it is primarily present as a vapour and can exist in ionic and elemental forms. Current sampling procedures rely primarily on EPA Methods 1OlA or 29. These methods, and recently developed mercury speciation sampling methods and rely on trapping the mercury in impingers; however, these methods are dangerous and costly, have long turnaround times, and generate hazardous materials in large quantities. A hazardous element sampling train (HEST) was recently developed using carbon-impregnated filters to trap gas phase species such as mercury. Adding a resin-impregnated filter to separate ionic mercury from elemental mercury modified this sampling train. This modified HEST is described and results from coal-fired power plant applications are discussed. Additionally. the results are compared with Method 29.
00101596 Mercury capture on coal combustion fly ash Hassett, D. J. and Eylands, K. E. Fuel 1999. 1998. 78, (2). 2433248. Elsevier Science Ltd. The Energy and Environmental Research Centre (EERC) performed a study to test the following hypothesis, (1) different carbon types contained in coal combustion fly ash have variable sorption capabilities relative to mercury and (2) the inorganic fraction of coal combustion fly ash may sorb mercury through mechanisms distinct from sorption by carbon in the ash. This study was conducted with the aim of understanding the phenomenon of mercury sorption on coal combustion fly ash. Laboratory scale tests were conducted, using samples generated from both commercial-scale utility boilers and pilot-scale combustion equipment at the EERC. The selection of samples, represented ash from various coal sources. Results indicate a direct correlation between carbon content and mercury partitioning among individual ash samples. The direct relationship between carbon content and mercury-sorbing capacity of the bulk ash samples demonstrated in the loading experiments is not reflected by the low- and high-carbon fraction data. The mercury-sorbing capacity of the inorganic fraction is extremely low with respect to carbon present in the ash. There are likely to be significant differences between the mercury-sorbing capacities of these various carbon forms. The mercury-sorbing capacity of ash studied in this
(pollution, health protection,
safety)
00101569 Ecological advantages of natural gas in towns and villages Nikolov. G. and Blazova. S. Geol. Mimv. Resrtr., 1997. 4. (6-7), 3-6. (In Bulgarian) Geologiya i Mineralni Resursi ood. In Bulgaria, ecological analyses have been carried out and show that a large portion of the population (over 40%) lives in areas with polluted air. The thermal electric power stations emit 83.02% of the sulfur dioxide and 26.72% of the nitrogen oxides emitted in Bulgaria. Bulgaria must reduce the annual emission of sulfur oxides by 40% in order to comply with the Helsinki Protocol on reducing sulfur emissions by 2005. Improvement of the condition of the air is to be achieved through replacement of the currently used fuels with ecologically superior ones. Natural gas is one of the most acceptable replacements from the ecological point of view and has the greatest potential for the fulfilment of the country’s obligations under international conventions. The use of natural gas as fuel in industry, households, and the power industry reduces the emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxide by about 90% and that of carbon dioxide by 1.5 to 2 times. It also eliminates pollution by dust and soot. The emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere per Gcal of coal are 27 kg, of fuel oil 7 kg, of gas oil 2 kg, and of natural gas 0.5 kg. There is minimal energy loss during transportation of natural gas. The efficiency in case of direct gasification (about 90%) is higher than in case of steam heating (30-35%) and the steam-gas cycle (about 50%), which leads to a 2-3 fold reduction of the expenses for supply of primary energy carriers for household purposes if electric energy and central heating in the household are replaced by natural gas. Natural gas is a preferable energy carrier because of its energy efficiency and its ecological properties. Owing to its low content of sulfur and aromatic compounds, the use of natural gas in automobile transport reduces the emissions of carbon dioxide by 3-4 times and nitrogen oxides by 15-20%. From the ecological point of view, natural gas is the ideal fuel for public transport in densely populated areas. With the realization of projects for the construction and operation of gas supply systems, the condition of the air will improve considerably. In addition, there will be beneficial impact on the population’s living conditions and health.
00/01590
Energy, environment and sustainable development
Dincer, 1. and Rosen, M. A. Applied .E~wrg~~, 1999. 64, (l-4). 427-440. There is an intimate connection between energy, the environment and sustainable development. A society seeking sustainable development ideally must utilize only energy resources which cause no environmental impact (e.g. which release no emissions to the environment). However, since all energy resources lead to some environmental impact, it is reasonable to suggest that some (not all) of the concerns regarding the limitations imposed on sustainable development by environmental emissions and their negative impacts can be in part overcome through increased energy efficiency. Clearly, a strong relation exists between energy efficiency and environmental impact since, for the same services or products, less resource utilization and pollution is normally associated with increased energy efficiency. Presented in this paper are (i) a comprehensive discussion of the future of energy use and the consequent environmental impacts in terms of acid precipitation, stratospheric ozone depletion and the greenhouse effect, (ii) some solutions to current environmental issues in terms of energy conservation and renewable energy technologies, (iii) some theoretical and practical limitations on increased energy efficiency, (iv) discussions of the relations between energy and sustainable development, and between the environment and sustainable development, and an (v) illustrative example. In this regard, a number of issues relating to energy, environment and sustainable development are examined from both current and future perspectives. In addition, some recommendations are drawn ,from the results we present for the use of energy scientists and engineers and policy makers, along with the anticipated effects.
OOlOl591 Enhanced NO, control via gas reburning with Injection of additives into reburning zone Zamansky, V. M. Proc. Int. Gas Res. Cmf, 1998, 5, 613-622. Gas Research Institute. A family of advanced reburning processes are being developed by Energy and environmental research corporation (EER), they work by integrating basic reburning and nitrogen-agent injection. Recent pilot-scale tests demonstrated over 90% NO, control by injections of 10% reburning fuel while firing natural gas as the main fuel. This paper describes a continuation of efforts to develop advanced reburning technology while firing coal. EER conducted the pilot scale tests in their 300 kW Boiler simulation facility. Injection of nitrogen-agent, such as a urea promoter into the reburning zone improves efficiency of NO, removal. Addition of sodium carbonate along with nitrogen-agent was found to promote NO, reduction by an extra 5-8 percentage points when added at 75 ppm in flue gas. The type of primary fuel affects NO, control performance. Two US coals were tested as primary fuels and compared with natural gas. The maximum reduction of NO, achieved with coal firing and natural gas reburning was 93%.
00/01592 ERIQR and IEQ: indoor environment quality in European apartment buildings Bluyssen, P. M. Orcrgr trrrd Lh~ildir~gs. 2000. 3 1. (2), 103-l IO. In the frame work of the European project EPIQR (energy performance, indoor air quality, retrofit), European apartment buildings were investigated with a newly developed tool called EPIQR. This tool is aimed at assessing information on refurbishment and retrofitting needs of apartment
176
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
May 2000
buildings. This package is, however, not only meant to identify the possible refurbishment/retrofitting needs but also to identify the possible improvements that can be made to result in a better indoor environment and a lower energy consumption. As part of the EPIQR tool (a user-friendly software programme), procedures and methods were developed to be able to investigate indoor environment quality (IEQ) in apartment buildings. Among others a questionnaire was developed. In this paper the methods and instruments related to IEQ developed for EPIQR are described and the results of the field study in the apartment buildings are reported and analysed [P.M. Bluyssen, EPIQR: IEQ part of EPIQR from 1 June 1996 to I June 1998, TN0 Report 98-BBI-R0844, May, 19981.
00101593 Exhaust gas control in LPG garbage trucks Iida, Y. Tookro-to Kcrrrk,ro Kogflkrt Kerrli~~rho Nenpo. 1997, 190-l 95. (In Japanese) Tokyo-to Kankyo Kagaku Kenkyusho. In 1993 the Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Public Cleaning experimentally introduced LPG-fuelled vehicles as garbage trucks, which are known to produce low level emission compared with diesel-fuelled vehicles. A followup investigation of the effects of the running distance and the endurance of exhaust emission control system such as a three-way catalyst converter was carried out using the in-use LPG garbage truck. As a result, the NO, emission after 60,000 km running was as low as that at early stage which was equipped with the pure air cleaner. It was discovered that it is difficult to ensure the proper operation of a fuel-air equivalence ratio in the case of contamination of the air cleaner. Thus, it seemed a control system of a fuelair equivalence ratio and clearing of air cleaner with more precision was required in order to maintain LPG vehicles’ reputation of low level emission.
00101594 Hydrobiogeochemical interactions in ‘anoxic’ limestone drains for neutralization of acidic mine drainage Robbins, E. I. Fuel 1999. 1998, 78, (2). 259-270. Elsevier Science Ltd. Anoxic limestone drains (ALDs) were used to evaluated the processes affecting neutralization of acidic coal mine drainage. Influents had pH 5 3.5 and dissolved oxygen < 2 mg/l. Despite the effluents being nearly neutral (pH gt; 6 and alkalinity greater than acidity), two of the four ALDs were failing due to clogging. Mineral-saturation indexes indicated the potential for dissolution of calcite and gypsum and precipitation of AI’+ and Fe3+ compounds. Within the ALDs, cleavage mounts of calcite and gypsum were suspended and later examined microscopically, they showed dissolution features despite coatings by numerous bacteria, biofilms. and Fe-Al-si precipitants. In the drain exhibiting the greatest flow reduction, accumulation of Al-hydroxysulfates had occurred on limestone surfaces and calcite etch points, thus causing the decline in transmissivity and dissolution. Therefore, a pre-treatment step is required where Al loadings are high and flow rates are low, it promotes Al removal before diverting acidic mine water into alkaline-producing materials.
00/01595 Low-cost determination of metals and mercuryspeciated emissions with a modified HEST Copper, J. A. Proc. - Anmr. ht. Pirr.thurgh Coed Curl/:. 1998. 837. 15th Pittsburgh Coal Conference. University of Pittsburgh. Coal-fired power plants produce hazardous element emissions. this paper focuses primarily on mercury. Characterizing mercury emissions is difficult because it is primarily present as a vapour and can exist in ionic and elemental forms. Current sampling procedures rely primarily on EPA Methods 1OlA or 29. These methods, and recently developed mercury speciation sampling methods and rely on trapping the mercury in impingers; however, these methods are dangerous and costly, have long turnaround times, and generate hazardous materials in large quantities. A hazardous element sampling train (HEST) was recently developed using carbon-impregnated filters to trap gas phase species such as mercury. Adding a resin-impregnated filter to separate ionic mercury from elemental mercury modified this sampling train. This modified HEST is described and results from coal-fired power plant applications are discussed. Additionally. the results are compared with Method 29.
00101596 Mercury capture on coal combustion fly ash Hassett, D. J. and Eylands, K. E. Fuel 1999. 1998. 78, (2). 2433248. Elsevier Science Ltd. The Energy and Environmental Research Centre (EERC) performed a study to test the following hypothesis, (1) different carbon types contained in coal combustion fly ash have variable sorption capabilities relative to mercury and (2) the inorganic fraction of coal combustion fly ash may sorb mercury through mechanisms distinct from sorption by carbon in the ash. This study was conducted with the aim of understanding the phenomenon of mercury sorption on coal combustion fly ash. Laboratory scale tests were conducted, using samples generated from both commercial-scale utility boilers and pilot-scale combustion equipment at the EERC. The selection of samples, represented ash from various coal sources. Results indicate a direct correlation between carbon content and mercury partitioning among individual ash samples. The direct relationship between carbon content and mercury-sorbing capacity of the bulk ash samples demonstrated in the loading experiments is not reflected by the low- and high-carbon fraction data. The mercury-sorbing capacity of the inorganic fraction is extremely low with respect to carbon present in the ash. There are likely to be significant differences between the mercury-sorbing capacities of these various carbon forms. The mercury-sorbing capacity of ash studied in this