- Email: [email protected]
02190 Greenhouse gas abatement: How much? and Who pays?
15 Environment
00/02184 Environmental Kansk-Achinsk coal pit
issues in utilization
of lignite of
B. N. O~virort. I.wrr~ Wr.stc~ Mtrrtap. Ewrgy Mirwv. Prod., Proc. 199X. 617-621. Edited by Pasamehmetoglu A. G.. Ozgenoglu A. The utilization of Kansk-Achinsk brown coal is considered. The coal contains a high moisture content and freezes into bigger lumps, thus causing problems with unloading and in the summer months it dries and disintegrates into small pieces. As a result of these concepts a novel concept for the utiliziation of this coal was developed. Various technologies for its thermal processing into environmentally friendly gaseous, liquid and solid fuels are being developed and many of them are undergoing commerical tests. A survey of the most effective methods of Kansk-Achinsk coal combustion and processing into synthetic fuels is provided. A discussion is also included on the catalytic processes of combustion, pyrolysis, gasification and liquefaction of this coal. Kuznetsov.
Inf. Svnp., 5rh.
00/02185
Exergy
analysis
of waste emissions
Rosen, M. A. and Dincer, I. Irrr. J. of Etwrgj~ REX.. 1999, 23. (I 3). I 153.. 1163. Recently, significant attention has been directed towards the use of exergy analysis in the assessment of thermal and other industrial processes and their environmental impacts, since exergy analysis is an effective tool both for achieving efficient energy utilization with minimum (or zero) environmental impact and for understanding environmental issues. In this study, the concepts of exergy analysis and the linkages between exergy and environmental impact are discussed, and several issues regarding the exergies of waste emissions are addressed. Exergy is a measure of the degree of disequilibrium between a substance and its environment. The relations between several measures of environmental impact potential and exergy are investigated by comparing current methods used to assess the environmental impact potential of waste emissions and the exergy associated with those emissions. A case study is presented, to highlight the information revealed using exergy, in which the measures of environmental impact potential considered are the Ontario Ministry of Environment’s schedule of industrial air emission limits, and two methods of assessing the environmental costs for air emissions resulting from the combustion of three common fossil fuels: coal, oil and natural gas. 00102188
pipelines
Fire and explosion for coke oven gas
hazard factors
in existing
gas
Belkin, A. I. K&s Khtn~., 1999. (I). 3437. (In Russian) The occurrence of hazardous factors that may cause the ignition of coke oven gas during hazardous work activities on a pressurized gas pipeline, and the causes of ignition are discussed. A discussion is also provided on the prevention of ignition hazard, focusing on preventative measure of static electricity as a source for igniting coke-oven gas. 00/02187
coal-fired
Fugitive dust modeling: power plant
A. .&niron. /s.rtres Wtr.rrc Mtr,rrr,ee. ,lZ~rcr,qJ.Mi,~cr-. Prorl., Prw. Iur. .ywrp..5rh. 199X. 137. 142. The disposal of ash from the Seyitomer coal-fired power plant in Kutahya Province. Turkey is discussed. an assessment is also included on impact potential. A computer-based model, industrial source complex-short term (ISCST), predicted dispersion patterns of fugitive dust from the ash disposal area of the power plant. Deposition and ground-level concentrations of suspended particulate matter from the dump area were estimated and results were compared with standards of the Turkish preservation of air quality regulation. In this regard, a study of ash dump fugitive dust was carried out and the required precautions were proposed.
sources
safety)
new plant standards to the US electric industry as a whole. would eliminate 40% of nationwide SOL emissions and 15% of NO, emissions. while raising average retail electricity rates by only 4%. Under this scenario, 94% or more of existing coal plants would remain economically competitive with new gas-fired power plants. Policy options for elimination of grandfathering include: an explicit requirement that each existing plant meet new-plant standards, a ‘cap and trade’ system of emission allowances similar to the current SO? trading system: and a generation performance standard, an interesting new variant on emissions trading which incorporates a more equitable and flexible allocation of allowances.
00102190 pays?
Greenhouse
gas abatement:
How much? and Who
Chao. H-P. and Peck, S. Rr.t. Eucr:y~~ Eco.. 2000. 27. (I), I-20 Two basic questions that arise in international policy debates over greenhouse gas emission reduction are: (I) How much to control? and (2) Who pays? This paper investigates the interdependence between these two issues. We characterize general conditions under which the Paretooptimal environmental control will depend on the distribution of the cost burden among nations and provide a sufficient condition under which a Pareto optimum can be implemented by a market mechanism with tradable emission permits. However, numerical results suggest that the interdependence may be weak in a hypothetical negotiation between the OECD and the ROW (the rest of the world). The approach can he applied to more realistic cases with multiple regions.
Heavy oil sorption using exfoliated graphite. New 00102191 application of exfoliated graphite to protect heavy oil pollution Toyoda, M. and Inagaki, M. C&on. 2000. 3X. (2). 199-210. The sorption behaviours of four kinds of heavy oils into exfoliated graphites with different bulk densities were studied. The maximum sorption capacity of an exfoliated graphite with a bulk density of 6 kg/m’ was found to be suprisingly high, 86 g of A-grade heavy oil and 76 g of crude oil per I g of exfoliated graphite. respectively and also its sorption occurred very rapidly, i.e. within 2 minutes. Sorption capacity was found to depend strongly on the bulk density and pore volume of the exfoliated graphite and the time it took to reach maximum sorption, as well as sorption capacity, as an exfoliated graphite depended strongly on the grade of heavy oil. Heavy oils sorbed into the exfoliated graphite could be recovered either by a simple compression or suction filtration with :I recovery ratio of 60-X0%, Recovered oils showed no difference in molecular weight and hydrocarbon constituent from the original. No increase of the water content in the recovered oils was detected, suggesting preferential sorption of heavy oil into exfoliated graphite. This result indicates clearly that the oils recovered from the exfoliated graphite can be recycled. From the present work, exfoliated graphite with low bulk density is a promising material for the sorption and recovery of spilled heavy oil.
a case study for Seyitomer
Hamzaoglu,
00102188
(pollution, health protection,
Global air emission inventories of NO,, NH1 and N20 in 1990
for anthropogenic
Olivier, J. G. J. Nirrogcw. Confir-N-.\. 1~1. Nirrr,,syw Cou/.. /.\I. 199X. I3S14x. were compiled for Global emission inventories with I ‘x I- resolution nitrogen oxides (NO + NO:. together denoted as NO,), ammonia (NH,) and nitrous oxide (NzO) emissions. The estimated global anthropogenic emission of NO, during 1990 is approximately 31 million ton N year-‘. The major anthropogenic sources identified include the combustion of fossil fuels (70%, of which the major sources are road transport and power sources plants) and the burning of biomass, which is 20%. Natural contribute about I9 million ton nitrogen year-‘, mainly lightning and soil processes. For NH!,the estimated global emission for 1990 is about 54 The major sources identified include excreta from million ton N year domestic animals and wild animals. use of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers, oceans and the combustion of biomass. Asia produces about 50% of the global emissions and 70% is related to food production, including fertilized arable land. animal excreta. soils under natural vegetation, oceans and biomass burning. The global source of NzO is about IS million ton NzO-N of which about 30% is related to the production of food. year
00102189 Grandfathering and coal plant emissions: cleaning up the Clean Air Act Ackerman, F. Orer~j’ Polrc,r. 1999. 27, (I 5), 929-940. The Clean Air Act imposes much stricter emission burning power plants than on older ones - a practice theoretical justification. Elimination of ‘grandfather
the cost of
limits on new coalthat has no obvious rules’. i.e. applying
Influence 00/02192 SO, emissions
of coal volatiles
compositions
on NO. and
Zhong, B. Rtrrdrtro KKWC Yrr .li.shl,. lY9X. 4. (4). 36L 36X. (In Chtnese) During the combustion of coal, a large quantity of NO, and SO, is formed from the combustion of coal volatiles. Different types of coals have varying contents and compositions of coal volatiles. The influence of different volatile compositions on NO, and SO, emissions in coal combustion under rich oxygen is studied. Through calculations based on chemical reaction mechanism dynamics of NO, and SO, formation are similar, but compositions of coal volatiles influence the NO, and SO, emissions to a great extent. There is a good correlation between some of the characteristic properties of the fuel and the yields of NO, and SO,.
Is an RDF system with energy recovery available? 00/02193 Yu, .I. S and Yasuda, Y. Ijrrilii/mt\r, GoLI:oi Rdwmlri. 1999. IO. (2). 67-7X. (In Japanese) This paper is a total evaluation of refuse derived fuel systems and whether energy recovery is available. The additional social henefits are also analysed these include energy savings and reductions in air pollution. The refuse derived fuel system is also compared with the MSW incineration system. The object of the analysis includes a total operating process of systems from MSW transportation to final disposal (landfill). Main processes include formed refuse derived fuel manufacturing, incineration, the generation of electricity and the recovery of steam. As a result, the existing refuse derived fuel system needs partial improvement of the operating process in order to reduce environmental loads. However, it is possible to say that the theme is a low environmental load level pre-energy production (I kWh) because the system is extremely efficient in recovering energy.
00102194 Method for reducing nitrogen oxides units under simultaneous energy conservation
in combustion
Haunberger. J. and Hack, E. Ger. Offen. DE 19.74X.1X0 (Cl. F2iG71tlO). 20 May 1999. Appl. lY,748.18Y. 31 Ott 1907. 4. (In German) There is a restrictive control mechanism over the amount of air fed into a burner in order for there to he complete combustion of the fossil fuel used. whilst simultaneously allowing combustion of wastes and reducing the quantities of nitrogen oxides formed. The method is suitable for incinerating a variety of wastes from numerous processes, including amine production. solvents contaminated with non-nitrogenous compounds, fuel
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
July 2000
241
00/02184 Environmental Kansk-Achinsk coal pit
issues in utilization
of lignite of
B. N. O~virort. I.wrr~ Wr.stc~ Mtrrtap. Ewrgy Mirwv. Prod., Proc. 199X. 617-621. Edited by Pasamehmetoglu A. G.. Ozgenoglu A. The utilization of Kansk-Achinsk brown coal is considered. The coal contains a high moisture content and freezes into bigger lumps, thus causing problems with unloading and in the summer months it dries and disintegrates into small pieces. As a result of these concepts a novel concept for the utiliziation of this coal was developed. Various technologies for its thermal processing into environmentally friendly gaseous, liquid and solid fuels are being developed and many of them are undergoing commerical tests. A survey of the most effective methods of Kansk-Achinsk coal combustion and processing into synthetic fuels is provided. A discussion is also included on the catalytic processes of combustion, pyrolysis, gasification and liquefaction of this coal. Kuznetsov.
Inf. Svnp., 5rh.
00/02185
Exergy
analysis
of waste emissions
Rosen, M. A. and Dincer, I. Irrr. J. of Etwrgj~ REX.. 1999, 23. (I 3). I 153.. 1163. Recently, significant attention has been directed towards the use of exergy analysis in the assessment of thermal and other industrial processes and their environmental impacts, since exergy analysis is an effective tool both for achieving efficient energy utilization with minimum (or zero) environmental impact and for understanding environmental issues. In this study, the concepts of exergy analysis and the linkages between exergy and environmental impact are discussed, and several issues regarding the exergies of waste emissions are addressed. Exergy is a measure of the degree of disequilibrium between a substance and its environment. The relations between several measures of environmental impact potential and exergy are investigated by comparing current methods used to assess the environmental impact potential of waste emissions and the exergy associated with those emissions. A case study is presented, to highlight the information revealed using exergy, in which the measures of environmental impact potential considered are the Ontario Ministry of Environment’s schedule of industrial air emission limits, and two methods of assessing the environmental costs for air emissions resulting from the combustion of three common fossil fuels: coal, oil and natural gas. 00102188
pipelines
Fire and explosion for coke oven gas
hazard factors
in existing
gas
Belkin, A. I. K&s Khtn~., 1999. (I). 3437. (In Russian) The occurrence of hazardous factors that may cause the ignition of coke oven gas during hazardous work activities on a pressurized gas pipeline, and the causes of ignition are discussed. A discussion is also provided on the prevention of ignition hazard, focusing on preventative measure of static electricity as a source for igniting coke-oven gas. 00/02187
coal-fired
Fugitive dust modeling: power plant
A. .&niron. /s.rtres Wtr.rrc Mtr,rrr,ee. ,lZ~rcr,qJ.Mi,~cr-. Prorl., Prw. Iur. .ywrp..5rh. 199X. 137. 142. The disposal of ash from the Seyitomer coal-fired power plant in Kutahya Province. Turkey is discussed. an assessment is also included on impact potential. A computer-based model, industrial source complex-short term (ISCST), predicted dispersion patterns of fugitive dust from the ash disposal area of the power plant. Deposition and ground-level concentrations of suspended particulate matter from the dump area were estimated and results were compared with standards of the Turkish preservation of air quality regulation. In this regard, a study of ash dump fugitive dust was carried out and the required precautions were proposed.
sources
safety)
new plant standards to the US electric industry as a whole. would eliminate 40% of nationwide SOL emissions and 15% of NO, emissions. while raising average retail electricity rates by only 4%. Under this scenario, 94% or more of existing coal plants would remain economically competitive with new gas-fired power plants. Policy options for elimination of grandfathering include: an explicit requirement that each existing plant meet new-plant standards, a ‘cap and trade’ system of emission allowances similar to the current SO? trading system: and a generation performance standard, an interesting new variant on emissions trading which incorporates a more equitable and flexible allocation of allowances.
00102190 pays?
Greenhouse
gas abatement:
How much? and Who
Chao. H-P. and Peck, S. Rr.t. Eucr:y~~ Eco.. 2000. 27. (I), I-20 Two basic questions that arise in international policy debates over greenhouse gas emission reduction are: (I) How much to control? and (2) Who pays? This paper investigates the interdependence between these two issues. We characterize general conditions under which the Paretooptimal environmental control will depend on the distribution of the cost burden among nations and provide a sufficient condition under which a Pareto optimum can be implemented by a market mechanism with tradable emission permits. However, numerical results suggest that the interdependence may be weak in a hypothetical negotiation between the OECD and the ROW (the rest of the world). The approach can he applied to more realistic cases with multiple regions.
Heavy oil sorption using exfoliated graphite. New 00102191 application of exfoliated graphite to protect heavy oil pollution Toyoda, M. and Inagaki, M. C&on. 2000. 3X. (2). 199-210. The sorption behaviours of four kinds of heavy oils into exfoliated graphites with different bulk densities were studied. The maximum sorption capacity of an exfoliated graphite with a bulk density of 6 kg/m’ was found to be suprisingly high, 86 g of A-grade heavy oil and 76 g of crude oil per I g of exfoliated graphite. respectively and also its sorption occurred very rapidly, i.e. within 2 minutes. Sorption capacity was found to depend strongly on the bulk density and pore volume of the exfoliated graphite and the time it took to reach maximum sorption, as well as sorption capacity, as an exfoliated graphite depended strongly on the grade of heavy oil. Heavy oils sorbed into the exfoliated graphite could be recovered either by a simple compression or suction filtration with :I recovery ratio of 60-X0%, Recovered oils showed no difference in molecular weight and hydrocarbon constituent from the original. No increase of the water content in the recovered oils was detected, suggesting preferential sorption of heavy oil into exfoliated graphite. This result indicates clearly that the oils recovered from the exfoliated graphite can be recycled. From the present work, exfoliated graphite with low bulk density is a promising material for the sorption and recovery of spilled heavy oil.
a case study for Seyitomer
Hamzaoglu,
00102188
(pollution, health protection,
Global air emission inventories of NO,, NH1 and N20 in 1990
for anthropogenic
Olivier, J. G. J. Nirrogcw. Confir-N-.\. 1~1. Nirrr,,syw Cou/.. /.\I. 199X. I3S14x. were compiled for Global emission inventories with I ‘x I- resolution nitrogen oxides (NO + NO:. together denoted as NO,), ammonia (NH,) and nitrous oxide (NzO) emissions. The estimated global anthropogenic emission of NO, during 1990 is approximately 31 million ton N year-‘. The major anthropogenic sources identified include the combustion of fossil fuels (70%, of which the major sources are road transport and power sources plants) and the burning of biomass, which is 20%. Natural contribute about I9 million ton nitrogen year-‘, mainly lightning and soil processes. For NH!,the estimated global emission for 1990 is about 54 The major sources identified include excreta from million ton N year domestic animals and wild animals. use of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers, oceans and the combustion of biomass. Asia produces about 50% of the global emissions and 70% is related to food production, including fertilized arable land. animal excreta. soils under natural vegetation, oceans and biomass burning. The global source of NzO is about IS million ton NzO-N of which about 30% is related to the production of food. year
00102189 Grandfathering and coal plant emissions: cleaning up the Clean Air Act Ackerman, F. Orer~j’ Polrc,r. 1999. 27, (I 5), 929-940. The Clean Air Act imposes much stricter emission burning power plants than on older ones - a practice theoretical justification. Elimination of ‘grandfather
the cost of
limits on new coalthat has no obvious rules’. i.e. applying
Influence 00/02192 SO, emissions
of coal volatiles
compositions
on NO. and
Zhong, B. Rtrrdrtro KKWC Yrr .li.shl,. lY9X. 4. (4). 36L 36X. (In Chtnese) During the combustion of coal, a large quantity of NO, and SO, is formed from the combustion of coal volatiles. Different types of coals have varying contents and compositions of coal volatiles. The influence of different volatile compositions on NO, and SO, emissions in coal combustion under rich oxygen is studied. Through calculations based on chemical reaction mechanism dynamics of NO, and SO, formation are similar, but compositions of coal volatiles influence the NO, and SO, emissions to a great extent. There is a good correlation between some of the characteristic properties of the fuel and the yields of NO, and SO,.
Is an RDF system with energy recovery available? 00/02193 Yu, .I. S and Yasuda, Y. Ijrrilii/mt\r, GoLI:oi Rdwmlri. 1999. IO. (2). 67-7X. (In Japanese) This paper is a total evaluation of refuse derived fuel systems and whether energy recovery is available. The additional social henefits are also analysed these include energy savings and reductions in air pollution. The refuse derived fuel system is also compared with the MSW incineration system. The object of the analysis includes a total operating process of systems from MSW transportation to final disposal (landfill). Main processes include formed refuse derived fuel manufacturing, incineration, the generation of electricity and the recovery of steam. As a result, the existing refuse derived fuel system needs partial improvement of the operating process in order to reduce environmental loads. However, it is possible to say that the theme is a low environmental load level pre-energy production (I kWh) because the system is extremely efficient in recovering energy.
00102194 Method for reducing nitrogen oxides units under simultaneous energy conservation
in combustion
Haunberger. J. and Hack, E. Ger. Offen. DE 19.74X.1X0 (Cl. F2iG71tlO). 20 May 1999. Appl. lY,748.18Y. 31 Ott 1907. 4. (In German) There is a restrictive control mechanism over the amount of air fed into a burner in order for there to he complete combustion of the fossil fuel used. whilst simultaneously allowing combustion of wastes and reducing the quantities of nitrogen oxides formed. The method is suitable for incinerating a variety of wastes from numerous processes, including amine production. solvents contaminated with non-nitrogenous compounds, fuel
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
July 2000
241