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02393 Coal liquefaction
02 Treatment of used diesel invert drilling mud to 00/02384 remove hydrocarbons, fix lead, and leach brine Majid, A. ef al. J. Soil Conram., 1999, 8, (2), 255283. In this study, a sample of used, highly saline diesel invert drilling mud (DIDM), artificially contaminated with lead, was tested for remediation using the ICPETiNRC solvent extraction soil remediation (SESR) process. The work investigated concurrent solvent extraction of diesel oil and lead fixation by the co-agglomeration of metal binding agents. Peat, soluble and insoluble phosphates, coal combustion fly ash and flue gas desulfurization scrubber sludge were tested as lead fixation agents. In a five-step extraction process, virtually complete extraction of diesel oil was achieved using toluene, trichloroethylene, or hexane as solvents. The effect of metal fixation agents on solvent extraction efficiency was also examined. After remediation removal of hydrocarbons and heavy metals fixation, the DIDM sample remained saline. Successful leaching of brine from the dried agglomerates was accomplished by water percolation through a fixed bed of the dried, agglomerated soil. Cleaned DIDM was evaluated for resistance to acid leaching of lead using the USEPA toxicity test, method 1310A. and toxicity characteristics leaching procedure, method 1311. Long-term stability of treated solids to acid leaching was tested using the USEPA multiple extraction procedure, method 1320. Bioavailability of fixed lead to barley plants grown on synthetic soils prepared from remediated DIDM was determined by analysing roots and shoots for lead content. Biochemical analysis methods determined acid phosphatase, peroxidase, and protein concentrations in the plant roots and soil leachates. Results were used to assess the effect of enzymes produced by plant root systems, or soil associated microorganisms, on stability of fixed lead. The bioavailability of lead to the plants was reduced by the presence of fixation agents.
business,
marketing,
fuels
(derived
liquid
fuels)
study is the first to investigate the TR model in a separated study and to compare the results of static and dynamic models. It is also the first to examine the relationship between the degree of economic freedom and the Target Revenue model and to note the TR model is stable when used for countries that are price takers. 00102388 Wyoming fossil fuels for the 21st century Lyman, R. M. and De Bruin, R. H. Prepr. Symp.--Am. Chem. Sot., Div. Fuel Chrm., 1999, 44, (I), 61-65. Throughout 1998, Wyoming’s petroleum industry produced 1.2 trillion cubic feet of natural gas and 63.2 million barrels of oil. Over the last 10 years Wyoming’s proved reserves of natural gas have increased from 10.3 to 13.6 trillion cubic feet despite production of 10.1 trillion cubic feet over the same period. By 2005, it has been projected that the production of natural gas, including coal-bed methane will reach 1.4 trillion cubic feet. Additional, production of natural gas liquids is projected to reach 40 million barrels and production of crude oil will be approximately 42 million barrels in 2005. The Wyoming coal industry produced over 300 million short tons of coal in 1998, and production is predicted to reach 365 million short tons per year by 2005. In the last year of 20th century, 97% of Wyoming coal is utilized in 29 states, Spain and Canada to feed coal-fired power plants. More opportunities will be provided for coal-derived liquid fuels (LFC) and solid fuels from coal (SFC) processes, when constraints such as environmental-political policy changes and transportation availability are put on Wyoming coals.
Derived Economics,
Liquid
liquid fuels
policy
00102385 A note on vertical integration and stock ratings of oil companies in the U.S. Edwards, K. and Jackson, J. D. The Energ,r Journrrl, 2000, 2 I, (2) 145-I 5 I. This note examines some evidence for a link between profitability of oil companies and operational vertical integration into pipelines and crude oil. An empirical specification is estimated using ordered probit. Levels of integration into pipeline and crude that maximize stock ratings are derived using recent oil company data. Integration into pipelines has a weak positive effect on the stock ratings of oil companies and integration into crude oil has a stronger positive effect. 00/02388 A review and perspective on far-field hydraulic fracture geometry studies Mahrer, K. D. Journal of Pefroleum Scrrnce und Engineering, 1999, 24, (I), 13-28. A review of the published literature and expert opinions shows that the traditional oil and gas industry paradigm for far-field hydraulic fracture geometry-simple, deterministic fracturing-is changing to include the potential for creating complex fracture geometries. For six decades, the established paradigm has purported the creation of two mirror-image fracture icings radiating from opposite sides of the wellbore with each wing growing into the far-tield as a single (deterministic) fracture along a single plane. This review found that the roots and development of this paradigm are based in theory and laboratory studies that were pre-disposed to the biwing, deterministic geometry. These studies lacked critical factors (e.g. realistic wellbore-casing descriptions: realistic fluid rheologies; simulated pumping histories; including stoppages and slowdown; formation heterogeneities etc.), that can foster the creation of complex fracture geometries. In addition to a historical perspective, this review summarizes studies from the last decade that were designed specifically to investigate fracture geometry. The data from these studies show multiple, far-field fracture geometries. These data include (I) recovered cores drilled laterally through the fracturing, (2) mining through the fracturing, (3) treatment-induced (i.e. passive) microseismicity, (4) controlled source seismic exploration, (5) borehole overcores and videos, (6) anomalous treatment pressure histories and (7) surface tilts. The literature from laboratory simulations, theoretical models and natural hydraulic fracture analogues support these findings, the creation of multiple fracture geometries in the far-field. 00102387 The target revenue model and the world oil market: empirical evidence from 1971 to 1994 Alhajji, A. F. and Huettner, D. The Energ,r Journal, 2000, 21, (2). 121-144. This study draws on other studies that concluded OPEC is not a cartel and Saudi Arabia acts as a dominant producer in the world oil market. The intention here is to see whether the Target Revenue (TR) model provides an explanation for the behaviour of some OPEC members that do not coordinate production with Saudi Arabia. An investigation takes place into whether production cuts or increases by OPEC and non-OPEC members are based on their investment or budgetary needs. By re-testing the TR model, it is shown that investment and budgetary needs do not affect the production of oil in free-market economics (OPEC and non-OPEC), but they do affect production decisions of the more centrally-planned, isolated and oil-dependent economies. Existing studies in the literature have conceptual and statistical limitations that justify re-testing the model. This
OOlO2389 Applications and prospects of dimethyl ether fuel Huang, D. ef al. Adv. Alcohol Fuels World, Proc. Inr. Symp. Alcohol Fuels. IZth, 1998, 208-215. This article focuses on the production of dimethyl ether production from coal-derived synthetic gas as alternative approach to develop high grade and clean substitute fuel in China. Research results, potential applications and properties of dimethyl ether.
00/02390 Co-liquefaction of coal and cellulose in supercritical water Matsumura, Y. er rrl. Fuel, 1999, 78, (9), 1049-1056. Co-liquefaction of biomass and coal in supercritical water is proposed with the intention that hydrogen matching between biomass and coal takes place, resulting in enhanced coal liquefaction. A semi-batch packed-bed reactor is employed to co-liquefy cellulose utilized for a model compound of biomass and Ishikari coal in supercritical water at 673 K and 25 MPa. No interaction between coal and cellulose is observed for the production of residue and water-insoluble products, judging from the yield and its composition. On the contrary, the yield of the water-soluble product increased for the case of co-liquefaction. Co-liquefaction increased both the hydrogen to carbon ratio and oxygen to carbon ratio of the water-soluble product. The mechanism for this interaction is proposed based on the addition reaction of compounds derived from cellulose with coal-derived compounds to increase the recoverable yield of the water-soluble product.
00102391 Co-liquefaction of coal and high-density polyethylene Dadyburjor, D. B. et al. Prepr. Symp.-Am C/tern. Sot., Div. Fuel Chem., 1999, 44, (2), 31 I-314. An examination of the non-catalytic co-liquefaction of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) with coal took place as a function of temperature and solubility of the product in process solvents. At room temperature, HDPE consists of primarily THF-soluble hexane-insoluble material. When heated to z400”, the hexane-insoluble material forms hexane-soluble material with some toluene-insoluble material. High plastic-coal ratios, high temperatures and long contact times appear to be helpful in terms of increasing the relative amount of hexane-soluble material in the coliquefaction of HDPE with coal. 00102392 Co-liquefaction of waste plastics with coal Straka, P. et (II. Acra Mont., Ser. B, 1998, 8, 61-76. In recent months there has been an increasing amount of interest on the coliquefaction of coal with waste plastics. From the results and data presented in the literature it is apparent that on a laboratory scale it is possible to convert coal and waste plastic into liquid fuels. This conversion process was realized over a temperature range of 400-450” and high hydrogen pressure 5.5-13.8 MPa Hz. Between 70 and 90% of the coal/plastic mixture was converted into a liquid. 00102393 Coal liquefaction Hayashi, H. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 11 140,457 [99 140,457] (Cl. ClOGl/OO), 25 May 1999, Appl. 97/312,335, 13 Nov 1997. 6. (In Japanese) The technique of liquefying a coal by swelling it (in alkalis) and explosive crushing is found to be especially effective for brown coal.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
September
2000
271
business,
marketing,
fuels
(derived
liquid
fuels)
study is the first to investigate the TR model in a separated study and to compare the results of static and dynamic models. It is also the first to examine the relationship between the degree of economic freedom and the Target Revenue model and to note the TR model is stable when used for countries that are price takers. 00102388 Wyoming fossil fuels for the 21st century Lyman, R. M. and De Bruin, R. H. Prepr. Symp.--Am. Chem. Sot., Div. Fuel Chrm., 1999, 44, (I), 61-65. Throughout 1998, Wyoming’s petroleum industry produced 1.2 trillion cubic feet of natural gas and 63.2 million barrels of oil. Over the last 10 years Wyoming’s proved reserves of natural gas have increased from 10.3 to 13.6 trillion cubic feet despite production of 10.1 trillion cubic feet over the same period. By 2005, it has been projected that the production of natural gas, including coal-bed methane will reach 1.4 trillion cubic feet. Additional, production of natural gas liquids is projected to reach 40 million barrels and production of crude oil will be approximately 42 million barrels in 2005. The Wyoming coal industry produced over 300 million short tons of coal in 1998, and production is predicted to reach 365 million short tons per year by 2005. In the last year of 20th century, 97% of Wyoming coal is utilized in 29 states, Spain and Canada to feed coal-fired power plants. More opportunities will be provided for coal-derived liquid fuels (LFC) and solid fuels from coal (SFC) processes, when constraints such as environmental-political policy changes and transportation availability are put on Wyoming coals.
Derived Economics,
Liquid
liquid fuels
policy
00102385 A note on vertical integration and stock ratings of oil companies in the U.S. Edwards, K. and Jackson, J. D. The Energ,r Journrrl, 2000, 2 I, (2) 145-I 5 I. This note examines some evidence for a link between profitability of oil companies and operational vertical integration into pipelines and crude oil. An empirical specification is estimated using ordered probit. Levels of integration into pipeline and crude that maximize stock ratings are derived using recent oil company data. Integration into pipelines has a weak positive effect on the stock ratings of oil companies and integration into crude oil has a stronger positive effect. 00/02388 A review and perspective on far-field hydraulic fracture geometry studies Mahrer, K. D. Journal of Pefroleum Scrrnce und Engineering, 1999, 24, (I), 13-28. A review of the published literature and expert opinions shows that the traditional oil and gas industry paradigm for far-field hydraulic fracture geometry-simple, deterministic fracturing-is changing to include the potential for creating complex fracture geometries. For six decades, the established paradigm has purported the creation of two mirror-image fracture icings radiating from opposite sides of the wellbore with each wing growing into the far-tield as a single (deterministic) fracture along a single plane. This review found that the roots and development of this paradigm are based in theory and laboratory studies that were pre-disposed to the biwing, deterministic geometry. These studies lacked critical factors (e.g. realistic wellbore-casing descriptions: realistic fluid rheologies; simulated pumping histories; including stoppages and slowdown; formation heterogeneities etc.), that can foster the creation of complex fracture geometries. In addition to a historical perspective, this review summarizes studies from the last decade that were designed specifically to investigate fracture geometry. The data from these studies show multiple, far-field fracture geometries. These data include (I) recovered cores drilled laterally through the fracturing, (2) mining through the fracturing, (3) treatment-induced (i.e. passive) microseismicity, (4) controlled source seismic exploration, (5) borehole overcores and videos, (6) anomalous treatment pressure histories and (7) surface tilts. The literature from laboratory simulations, theoretical models and natural hydraulic fracture analogues support these findings, the creation of multiple fracture geometries in the far-field. 00102387 The target revenue model and the world oil market: empirical evidence from 1971 to 1994 Alhajji, A. F. and Huettner, D. The Energ,r Journal, 2000, 21, (2). 121-144. This study draws on other studies that concluded OPEC is not a cartel and Saudi Arabia acts as a dominant producer in the world oil market. The intention here is to see whether the Target Revenue (TR) model provides an explanation for the behaviour of some OPEC members that do not coordinate production with Saudi Arabia. An investigation takes place into whether production cuts or increases by OPEC and non-OPEC members are based on their investment or budgetary needs. By re-testing the TR model, it is shown that investment and budgetary needs do not affect the production of oil in free-market economics (OPEC and non-OPEC), but they do affect production decisions of the more centrally-planned, isolated and oil-dependent economies. Existing studies in the literature have conceptual and statistical limitations that justify re-testing the model. This
OOlO2389 Applications and prospects of dimethyl ether fuel Huang, D. ef al. Adv. Alcohol Fuels World, Proc. Inr. Symp. Alcohol Fuels. IZth, 1998, 208-215. This article focuses on the production of dimethyl ether production from coal-derived synthetic gas as alternative approach to develop high grade and clean substitute fuel in China. Research results, potential applications and properties of dimethyl ether.
00/02390 Co-liquefaction of coal and cellulose in supercritical water Matsumura, Y. er rrl. Fuel, 1999, 78, (9), 1049-1056. Co-liquefaction of biomass and coal in supercritical water is proposed with the intention that hydrogen matching between biomass and coal takes place, resulting in enhanced coal liquefaction. A semi-batch packed-bed reactor is employed to co-liquefy cellulose utilized for a model compound of biomass and Ishikari coal in supercritical water at 673 K and 25 MPa. No interaction between coal and cellulose is observed for the production of residue and water-insoluble products, judging from the yield and its composition. On the contrary, the yield of the water-soluble product increased for the case of co-liquefaction. Co-liquefaction increased both the hydrogen to carbon ratio and oxygen to carbon ratio of the water-soluble product. The mechanism for this interaction is proposed based on the addition reaction of compounds derived from cellulose with coal-derived compounds to increase the recoverable yield of the water-soluble product.
00102391 Co-liquefaction of coal and high-density polyethylene Dadyburjor, D. B. et al. Prepr. Symp.-Am C/tern. Sot., Div. Fuel Chem., 1999, 44, (2), 31 I-314. An examination of the non-catalytic co-liquefaction of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) with coal took place as a function of temperature and solubility of the product in process solvents. At room temperature, HDPE consists of primarily THF-soluble hexane-insoluble material. When heated to z400”, the hexane-insoluble material forms hexane-soluble material with some toluene-insoluble material. High plastic-coal ratios, high temperatures and long contact times appear to be helpful in terms of increasing the relative amount of hexane-soluble material in the coliquefaction of HDPE with coal. 00102392 Co-liquefaction of waste plastics with coal Straka, P. et (II. Acra Mont., Ser. B, 1998, 8, 61-76. In recent months there has been an increasing amount of interest on the coliquefaction of coal with waste plastics. From the results and data presented in the literature it is apparent that on a laboratory scale it is possible to convert coal and waste plastic into liquid fuels. This conversion process was realized over a temperature range of 400-450” and high hydrogen pressure 5.5-13.8 MPa Hz. Between 70 and 90% of the coal/plastic mixture was converted into a liquid. 00102393 Coal liquefaction Hayashi, H. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 11 140,457 [99 140,457] (Cl. ClOGl/OO), 25 May 1999, Appl. 97/312,335, 13 Nov 1997. 6. (In Japanese) The technique of liquefying a coal by swelling it (in alkalis) and explosive crushing is found to be especially effective for brown coal.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
September
2000
271