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02423 A comparative analysis of IGCCs with CO2 sequestration
03 Gaseous fuels (derived gaseous fuels)
cavern were calculated. The model KAVTEC used. for this modelling is presented on the basis of the mathematical-physical calculation model, and the inputs and outputs are shown. The interactions between the gas storage and the operating model are described with special considerations to an optimized operation. The pressure and temperature behaviour at different discharge conditions are presented, as well as the avoidance of gas hydrate formation. Also included is the optimization of inhibition measures by the quantification of the formed condensate, independent from the dosage of inhibitors.
Economics,
business,
marketing,
policy
00/02416 Comined heat and power using a thermophotovoltaic technique Mavor. J-C. Gaz d’nujourd’hui, 2000, 124, (2), 21-24. (In French) This article is based on a poster paper presented at the Technology Forum of the 116th Gas Conference in Nancy. The purpose of this experimental technique is to produce back-up electricity using a gas-fired heating appliance. The prototype described has received financial backing from the Swiss gas industry research fund. Four decades of Groningen production and pricing OOlO2417 policies and a view to the future Correlje, A. F. Odell, P. R. Energy Po/ic,v, 2000, 28, (I), 19-27. The 1959-discovered Groningen gasfield’s size and low-cost production are unique in Europe. As the monopolistic supplier to Europe’s gas markets from 1965, it earned supernormal profits for the Dutch state, Shell and Exxon. A decade later, when alternative suppliers broke the monopoly and Dutch energy policy-anticipating gas scarcity-stimulated the exploitation of smaller fields, Groningen production was constrained. Yet, it remained highly profitable and its large remaining reserves still offered long-term production potential. Now, impending European gas-market liberalization is threatening the traditional role of Groningen in the gas supply system. New marketing arrangements are required that secure and enhance the balancing role of the field and its profitable exploitation within the wider European context. 00/02418 Natural gas at the dawn of the new millennium El-Andaloussi, H. Gaz d’aujourd’hui, 2000, 124, (2), 7-20. (In French) Around 1000 gas industry specialists from the Mediterranean basin met at the end of 1999, first on 1 and 2 December, at the symposium of the Algerian Gas Association chaired by Abdelhak Bouhafs, former chief executive of Sonatrach and consultant to the Algerian President and then in Cairo, Egypt, at a conference organized by the Mediterranean Energy Observatory on 6 and 7 December 1999. The author, who presented a paper at the opening session of both events, summarizes for Gaz d’aujourd’hui the initial conclusions of these two meetings which presented that state of gas industry development in this part of the world. 00102419 Prediction and assessment of natural gas resources in China Zhang, H. et al. Proc. Inr. Geol. Congr., 30111 1996, 1997, 18, (Pt. A), 34l345. Edited by Sun Z. In the onshore and offshore areas of China, there are approximately 335 sedimentary basins. It is reported that China has -1.67 trillion cubic metres (TCM) of natural gas reserves in place with current production of 17 billion ms/a (in 1995). It is primarily in the Sichuan basin and Bohaiwan basin that the proven reserves of natural gas are distributed. At a median level of probability, the natural gas resources in China is 43.3 trillion m3. China’s ratio of reserves-to-resources is 0.03 for natural gas. In addition, coal-bed methane resources are estimated to be 16. 44 trillion ms. In the sedimentary basins in China, there still remains a vast natural gas potential. 00102420 The future of the gas industry in Korea Dal-Young, P. Gore d’oujourd’hui, 2000, 124, (I), I I-13. The Korean gas industry hosted the International Gas Union council meeting on Cheju in October 1999. This meeting provided an opportunity for the Korean gas Corporation to present the natural gas market in Korea following the recent economic crisis which shook the region and to outline the Korean gas industry’s strategy for development and liberalization at the dawn of the 21st century. 00/02421 The future of the gas industry in Korea Dal-Young, P. Ga: dhujourd’hui, 2000, 124, (I), 17-23. In room-sealed gas appliances, the combustion product discharge vent and the combustion air intake are located directly outside the dwelling. The principle of combustion circuit tightness offers a reliable guarantee with respect to the requirements of safety and indoor air quality imposed by many players in the profession. New connection systems are now available on the French market, offering wider scope for the use of individual roomsealed appliances. They include appliances, which take air from the building facade and discharge the combustion products via the roof (type C50). They must therefore be capable of operating with major pressure differences resulting from the effect of wind on the terminals and the buildings.
274
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
September
2000
00102422 The geology of natural gas in the People’s Republic of China: a review Hu, J. er crl. J. Per. Gee/., 1999, 22, (2), 191-213. The generation of commercial accumulations of natural gas in China has come about by marine carbonates in Proterozoic and Paleozoic cratonic basins, and by lacustrine shales and coal measures in Mesozoic-Cenozoic continental basins, These accumulations occur in reservoir rocks of various types. The Chinese natural gas industry has developed rapidly over the past two decades, and proven reserves of gas have increased accordingly. To date, 138 gasfields and 110 gasfields with oil-rims have been found in China. Based on its geology and geochemical characteristics, natural gas can be divided into three principal types: (i) biogenic (bacterial and biodegraded) gas; (ii) wet associated gas, sourced from either sapropelic or bumic organic matter, and (iii) dry thermal gas, likewise sourced from sapropelic or humic OM. Each type of gas has its own characteristics in terms of generation, migration, accumulation and distribution. Bacterial gas is concentrated in Quaternary strata (for example, in the Qaidam Basin of NW China); biodegraded gas occurs in shallow strata in the eastern oil provinces, often in association with tar mats. Associated gas occurs mainly in MesozoicCenozoic continental basins, whereas dry thermal gas is generally confined to Proterozoic and Paleozoic cratonic basins, especially in West China. Proterozoic and Paleozoic gas resources are set to become a major exploration target in the future, making up about one-half of the Chinese total.
Derived
gaseous
fuels
00102423 A comparative analysis of IGCCs with CO, sequestration Chiesa, P. et al. Greenhouse Gus Con/ml Technot.. Proc. Inr. Cotrf., 4rh, 1999, 107-l 12. Five integrated gasification combined cycles (IGCC) where the carbon dioxide is sequestered and stored before it is discharged into the atmosphere are compared. Three concepts comprise CO2 separation from the gas turbine exhaust: another one shift reaction and physical absorption of the syngas fuel; the fifth a semiclosed COz-Ha0 gas turbine where the syngas is burnt in pure oxygen. The five schemes, all centred on a Texaco gasifier and a large, heavy-duty gas turbine, are compared on the basis of their technological features, their performance and projected costs of electricity. Comparisons were made with conventional Texaco IGCC, the removal of carbon dioxide reduces net efficiency of the plant by 6.5 to about 8% points, the net power output is reduced by lo-20% and increases the electricity cost by about 20-40%. The scheme with shift reaction and physical absorption of the syngas fuel appears the most appealing option for the short-term implementation of IGCCs that emit low levels of carbon dioxide. 00/02424 A multifunctional reactor with a regular catalyst packing for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis Mesheryakov, V. D. et al. Chem. Eng. Sci., 1999, 54, (IO), 1565-1570. Gas lift reactors with monolith catalyst packing are present in reactors used in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. A mathematical model of the reactor was developed and used to study reactor processes for a wide range of design variables and operation conditions. Simulation data for synthesis gas conversion to hydrocarbons using a cobalt based catalyst indicate that reactor performance is superior to that of conventional slurry reactors with same catalyst loading. 00/02425 A process and apparatus for treating solid fuel materials Jaccard, L. and Jaccard, J. P. PCT Int. Appl. WO 99 35,214 (Cl. ClOJ3/02), 15 Jul 1999, CH Appl. 1998135, 9 Jan 1998. 19. The gasification process is used to convert solid fuels, in particular contaminated biomass and city produced solid waste into synthesized gas. The energy contained in the fuels was exploited. The fuel is gasified in a cocurrent gasogen, while the cinders are separated, removed and purified after a fraction of the fuels has undergone combustion and before the fuel has been gasified. The purification of cinders is performed by complete combustion, while mixing it to fresh fuel material recirculates the fuel that has undergone the gasification step without being completely transformed into carbon monoxide. The process is carried out in an apparatus consisting of a vertical co-current gasogen and a device for the separation and removal of cinders as well as a scarification chamber where cinders are purified from accompanying fuel material by complete combustion and are then collected in a waste tank. 00102426 A study of the reaction order of the NO-carbon gasification reaction Aarna, I. and Suuberg, E. M. Symp. (Inf.) Combus/.. /Proc.j, 1998, 2, 3061-3068. In combustion systems, the heterogeneous reduction of NO with carbon can be an important process in the destruction of NO. In this study, apparent reaction orders of NO reduction by graphite, resin char, and Wyodak coal char were investigated at different temperatures and pressures in the kinetic control regime. The results indicate that reaction orders increase
cavern were calculated. The model KAVTEC used. for this modelling is presented on the basis of the mathematical-physical calculation model, and the inputs and outputs are shown. The interactions between the gas storage and the operating model are described with special considerations to an optimized operation. The pressure and temperature behaviour at different discharge conditions are presented, as well as the avoidance of gas hydrate formation. Also included is the optimization of inhibition measures by the quantification of the formed condensate, independent from the dosage of inhibitors.
Economics,
business,
marketing,
policy
00/02416 Comined heat and power using a thermophotovoltaic technique Mavor. J-C. Gaz d’nujourd’hui, 2000, 124, (2), 21-24. (In French) This article is based on a poster paper presented at the Technology Forum of the 116th Gas Conference in Nancy. The purpose of this experimental technique is to produce back-up electricity using a gas-fired heating appliance. The prototype described has received financial backing from the Swiss gas industry research fund. Four decades of Groningen production and pricing OOlO2417 policies and a view to the future Correlje, A. F. Odell, P. R. Energy Po/ic,v, 2000, 28, (I), 19-27. The 1959-discovered Groningen gasfield’s size and low-cost production are unique in Europe. As the monopolistic supplier to Europe’s gas markets from 1965, it earned supernormal profits for the Dutch state, Shell and Exxon. A decade later, when alternative suppliers broke the monopoly and Dutch energy policy-anticipating gas scarcity-stimulated the exploitation of smaller fields, Groningen production was constrained. Yet, it remained highly profitable and its large remaining reserves still offered long-term production potential. Now, impending European gas-market liberalization is threatening the traditional role of Groningen in the gas supply system. New marketing arrangements are required that secure and enhance the balancing role of the field and its profitable exploitation within the wider European context. 00/02418 Natural gas at the dawn of the new millennium El-Andaloussi, H. Gaz d’aujourd’hui, 2000, 124, (2), 7-20. (In French) Around 1000 gas industry specialists from the Mediterranean basin met at the end of 1999, first on 1 and 2 December, at the symposium of the Algerian Gas Association chaired by Abdelhak Bouhafs, former chief executive of Sonatrach and consultant to the Algerian President and then in Cairo, Egypt, at a conference organized by the Mediterranean Energy Observatory on 6 and 7 December 1999. The author, who presented a paper at the opening session of both events, summarizes for Gaz d’aujourd’hui the initial conclusions of these two meetings which presented that state of gas industry development in this part of the world. 00102419 Prediction and assessment of natural gas resources in China Zhang, H. et al. Proc. Inr. Geol. Congr., 30111 1996, 1997, 18, (Pt. A), 34l345. Edited by Sun Z. In the onshore and offshore areas of China, there are approximately 335 sedimentary basins. It is reported that China has -1.67 trillion cubic metres (TCM) of natural gas reserves in place with current production of 17 billion ms/a (in 1995). It is primarily in the Sichuan basin and Bohaiwan basin that the proven reserves of natural gas are distributed. At a median level of probability, the natural gas resources in China is 43.3 trillion m3. China’s ratio of reserves-to-resources is 0.03 for natural gas. In addition, coal-bed methane resources are estimated to be 16. 44 trillion ms. In the sedimentary basins in China, there still remains a vast natural gas potential. 00102420 The future of the gas industry in Korea Dal-Young, P. Gore d’oujourd’hui, 2000, 124, (I), I I-13. The Korean gas industry hosted the International Gas Union council meeting on Cheju in October 1999. This meeting provided an opportunity for the Korean gas Corporation to present the natural gas market in Korea following the recent economic crisis which shook the region and to outline the Korean gas industry’s strategy for development and liberalization at the dawn of the 21st century. 00/02421 The future of the gas industry in Korea Dal-Young, P. Ga: dhujourd’hui, 2000, 124, (I), 17-23. In room-sealed gas appliances, the combustion product discharge vent and the combustion air intake are located directly outside the dwelling. The principle of combustion circuit tightness offers a reliable guarantee with respect to the requirements of safety and indoor air quality imposed by many players in the profession. New connection systems are now available on the French market, offering wider scope for the use of individual roomsealed appliances. They include appliances, which take air from the building facade and discharge the combustion products via the roof (type C50). They must therefore be capable of operating with major pressure differences resulting from the effect of wind on the terminals and the buildings.
274
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
September
2000
00102422 The geology of natural gas in the People’s Republic of China: a review Hu, J. er crl. J. Per. Gee/., 1999, 22, (2), 191-213. The generation of commercial accumulations of natural gas in China has come about by marine carbonates in Proterozoic and Paleozoic cratonic basins, and by lacustrine shales and coal measures in Mesozoic-Cenozoic continental basins, These accumulations occur in reservoir rocks of various types. The Chinese natural gas industry has developed rapidly over the past two decades, and proven reserves of gas have increased accordingly. To date, 138 gasfields and 110 gasfields with oil-rims have been found in China. Based on its geology and geochemical characteristics, natural gas can be divided into three principal types: (i) biogenic (bacterial and biodegraded) gas; (ii) wet associated gas, sourced from either sapropelic or bumic organic matter, and (iii) dry thermal gas, likewise sourced from sapropelic or humic OM. Each type of gas has its own characteristics in terms of generation, migration, accumulation and distribution. Bacterial gas is concentrated in Quaternary strata (for example, in the Qaidam Basin of NW China); biodegraded gas occurs in shallow strata in the eastern oil provinces, often in association with tar mats. Associated gas occurs mainly in MesozoicCenozoic continental basins, whereas dry thermal gas is generally confined to Proterozoic and Paleozoic cratonic basins, especially in West China. Proterozoic and Paleozoic gas resources are set to become a major exploration target in the future, making up about one-half of the Chinese total.
Derived
gaseous
fuels
00102423 A comparative analysis of IGCCs with CO, sequestration Chiesa, P. et al. Greenhouse Gus Con/ml Technot.. Proc. Inr. Cotrf., 4rh, 1999, 107-l 12. Five integrated gasification combined cycles (IGCC) where the carbon dioxide is sequestered and stored before it is discharged into the atmosphere are compared. Three concepts comprise CO2 separation from the gas turbine exhaust: another one shift reaction and physical absorption of the syngas fuel; the fifth a semiclosed COz-Ha0 gas turbine where the syngas is burnt in pure oxygen. The five schemes, all centred on a Texaco gasifier and a large, heavy-duty gas turbine, are compared on the basis of their technological features, their performance and projected costs of electricity. Comparisons were made with conventional Texaco IGCC, the removal of carbon dioxide reduces net efficiency of the plant by 6.5 to about 8% points, the net power output is reduced by lo-20% and increases the electricity cost by about 20-40%. The scheme with shift reaction and physical absorption of the syngas fuel appears the most appealing option for the short-term implementation of IGCCs that emit low levels of carbon dioxide. 00/02424 A multifunctional reactor with a regular catalyst packing for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis Mesheryakov, V. D. et al. Chem. Eng. Sci., 1999, 54, (IO), 1565-1570. Gas lift reactors with monolith catalyst packing are present in reactors used in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. A mathematical model of the reactor was developed and used to study reactor processes for a wide range of design variables and operation conditions. Simulation data for synthesis gas conversion to hydrocarbons using a cobalt based catalyst indicate that reactor performance is superior to that of conventional slurry reactors with same catalyst loading. 00/02425 A process and apparatus for treating solid fuel materials Jaccard, L. and Jaccard, J. P. PCT Int. Appl. WO 99 35,214 (Cl. ClOJ3/02), 15 Jul 1999, CH Appl. 1998135, 9 Jan 1998. 19. The gasification process is used to convert solid fuels, in particular contaminated biomass and city produced solid waste into synthesized gas. The energy contained in the fuels was exploited. The fuel is gasified in a cocurrent gasogen, while the cinders are separated, removed and purified after a fraction of the fuels has undergone combustion and before the fuel has been gasified. The purification of cinders is performed by complete combustion, while mixing it to fresh fuel material recirculates the fuel that has undergone the gasification step without being completely transformed into carbon monoxide. The process is carried out in an apparatus consisting of a vertical co-current gasogen and a device for the separation and removal of cinders as well as a scarification chamber where cinders are purified from accompanying fuel material by complete combustion and are then collected in a waste tank. 00102426 A study of the reaction order of the NO-carbon gasification reaction Aarna, I. and Suuberg, E. M. Symp. (Inf.) Combus/.. /Proc.j, 1998, 2, 3061-3068. In combustion systems, the heterogeneous reduction of NO with carbon can be an important process in the destruction of NO. In this study, apparent reaction orders of NO reduction by graphite, resin char, and Wyodak coal char were investigated at different temperatures and pressures in the kinetic control regime. The results indicate that reaction orders increase