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coal systems, degasification of coal seams
03 Gaseous fuels (derived gaseous
fuels)
The feasibility of treating petroleum coke as a secondary fuel in thermal power plants is reviewed. The pyrolysis and combustion features such as ignition, agglomeration and slagging, in addition to pollution characteristics are summarized, combining with the operation experience of a circulating tluidized bed (CFB) combustion boiler burning 100% petroleum coke in NISCO Corporation. At the same time, the feasibility of burning petroleum coke in a CFB boiler is illustrated. The research direction on burning petroleum coke is proposed, which may provide theoretical evidence for designing and operating a CFB boiler. 00102463 Plasma reforming of natural gas to more valuable fuels Malik, M. A. et al. /. Nur. Gas C/rem., 1999, 8, (2), 166178. The most promising emerging technology for the reforming of natural gas into more valuable fuels, such as synthesis gas, methanol, ethylene and hydrogen, is the plasma process. Recent developments in this area, targeted to make the technology simple, minimize the energy losses, improve methane conversion efficiency and improve selectivity of the desired products are presented. 00102464 Plasma technique and its application in the coal synthesis gas Li, D. and Gao, J. Meitun Zhuanhuu, 1999, 22, (2), 12-15. (In Chinese) This paper presents a review of the historical development of the plasma chemical, the properties, the plasma initiation, the reactions, and application of plasma in coal synthesis gas by the low temperature and high temperature plasma gasification. It is stressed that high temperature plasma gasification of coal will become the most economic and clean way for coal synthesis gas in the future. 00/02465 Problem of entrainment of water in quench chamber of Texaco coal gasifier Wang, X. Slrunghai Huugong, 1999, 24, (9), 17-19. (In Chinese) Heat convection in a quench chamber was calculated to study the reason behind the entrainment of water in a quench chamber of a Texaco coal gasifier. The reason was discovered to be the high heat flow strength. Improvement of the heat-transfer operation condition can eliminate water entrainment in a quench chamber. Produce CO-rich svnthesis aas 00102466 Gunardson, H. H. and Abrardo, J.-M. Hydrroc&hon process.. III/. Ed., 1999, 78, (4), 87-90, 92-93. Syngas technologies are reviewed. The discussion includes steam methane reforming, autothermal reforming, naphtha reforming, partial oxidation, oxygen secondary reforming and reverse shift of hydrogen and CO?. A description of the general rules behind the selection process is included. 00102467 Recovery of hydrogen using an oxygen cupola furnace Greul, A. R. Ger. Offen. DE 19,800,703 (Cl. COlB3/00), 1 Jul 1999, DE Appl. 19,753,141, 29 Nov 1997. 2. (In German) Oxygen cupola furnaces can be used to produce hydrogen. The process involves the gasification of wastes followed by pyrolysis at 1200-1300°C over a coke or charcoal bed to produce syngas with subsequent conversion of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide and hydrogen. The product gases are passed over a membrane separator or molecular sieve for Hz recovery. After carbon dioxide has been recovered, purified and recycled it can be used as a cooling gas in the cupola gasifier. Repair material and method for bricks of the 00102468 carbonization chamber in coke ovens Ando, T. er al. Eur. Pat. Appl. EP 922,684 (Cl. C04B41/85), I6 Jun 1999, JP Appl. 1997/335,246. 5 Dee 1997. I I. The repair material is obtained by compounding mortar as the main component 100 with a powder comprising of >_l of a cobalt, nickel and aluminium compound 70-100 wt%, and 21 compounds selected from a variety and a liquid in 2-50 wt parts, The repair method comprises applying the repair material to the portions of the bricks of the carbonization chamber in the coke ovens in need of repair. A material containing mortar 100, CaO 1, and liquid components containing potassium metasilicate 25, sodium pyrophosphate 5, sodium orthoborate 20, and water 50 wt%, 30 wt parts, gave 64 days before separation of applied layer of repair material and 68 days before first sign of gas leakage, versus 6 and 7 days, respectively, for a control formulation. 00102469 Seasonal changes of dissolved methane in bog vertical profiles of the western Dvinye Lowland Sirin, A. A. rr irl. Dokl. Akrrd. Nrruk, 1998, 361, (2), 280-283. (In Russian) The seasonal variation of the CH4 distribution in boreal high and low type bogs of the peat-bearing western Dvinye Lowland, in western European Russia was studied. Regardless of setting and deposit thickness, the same type of CHI distribution was observed in the high bogs: high concentration at 2-3 m depth and decrease in concentration toward the bog surface. During early February to late May the upward decrease in concentration is 1.7-2.1 mM in high bogs and 0.3-0.6 mM in low bogs. In the first half of October the concentration decrease is from 0.5 to 0.03 mM. The average loss of CH, from water-saturated peat is 500-700 and 1.50 mg CH,,/m’/day in the high and low bogs, respectively. Based on the change in CHI content
278
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
September 2000
in high bogs during February-April, the CHI loss from deep peat layers after ice cover melting is >lOOO mg CHJm’lday. Some CHI will be oxidized in the zone of aeration; however, during the period of complete saturation of peats the water flow is impeded. In conclusion, the effect of the deep peat layer on the flux of CH., to the atmosphere may be greater than has been thought previously. 00102470 Skilled use of wastes from by-product-coking chemical departments Saltanov, A. V. er al. Koks Khim., 1999. 4, 34-39. (In Russian) Wastes from a various sections of by-product coke manufacturing are studied in terms of their composition and properties. Heavy coal-tar products from reservoir and the sedimentation tank for tar from tarprocessing section, pitch cake from pitch receivers, storage and transportation of liquid pitch, cakes from centrifugal separators and flue systems and distillation bottoms of phthalic anhydride. A discussion is also included on the use of the waste feeding into the coking batch, as modifying additives in the road construction, and in the production of corrosion resistant polymeric materials, in powered polymeric dyes. Sorption properties of gas/coal systems, 00102471 degasification of coal seams Toth, J. Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal, 1999, I, 485-506. A review with 24 references concerning the degasification of coal seams and the sorption properties of coal/gas systems. 00/02472 Suppression of carbonaceous depositions on nickel catalyst for the carbon dioxide reforming of methane Ito, M. er crl. Appl. Cuml., 1999, 177. (l), 15-23. For the carbon dioxide reforming of methane, a new pre-treatment of catalyst, deposition-removal (D-R) treatment, has been proposed to suppress carbonaceous depositions on Ni/AlzOs catalysts. This treatment was designed on the hypothesis that active cores forming carbon whiskers are different from surface active sites for the main reaction. In the deposition step, active cores of nickel are detached from the bulk nickel surface as growing cores in carbon whiskers. In the removal step, the carbon whiskers are removed from the nickel surface. These two steps are repeated by flowing pure methane gas and then pure carbon dioxide gas. The thermogravimetric (TG) measurements demonstrated that the repeated DR treatments reduced the carbonaceous deposition. Carbon monoxide adsorption measurements showed that the nickel surface area was decreased by the treatments, whereas the reaction rate and turnover frequency were increased. The development of active sites on the newly exposed nickel layers which interacted strongly with the support, explained the increase in the activity. Technical opportunities in Fischer-Tropsch 00102473 processing Jackson, N. Go.7 Liq. Process. ‘99. Interrech’.~ Inf. Bus. Dev. Con/. 2nd. 1999, 11/l-11/7. This review focuses on the technical opportunities in Fischer-Tropsch processing. The discussion includes details on new technologies for providing pure oxygen to the natural gas reforming process, development of Fischer-Tropsch catalysts active enough to produce financially useful products at low pressures or at low partial pressures of synthesis gas, development of iron catalysts that are resistant to attrition, better understanding of the hydrodynamics of slurry phase bubble column reactors and improved liquid-solid separation systems for catalyst-wax separation. 00102474 The carbon dioxide reforming of methane in a thermal diffusion column (TDC) hot wire reactor Wargadalam, V. J. et al. Fuel Process. Tech&., 1999, 59, (2-3), 201-206. Presented is a technique for the reforming of methane with carbon dioxide on a hot temperature wire in a thermal diffusion column reactor, as a function of linear flow rate and temperature at a C02:CHI ratio of 1. Molybdenum proved to be the ‘best’ wire after temperature tests were performed on tungsten, chrome1 and molybdenum wires. As the C0a:CH4 ratio changed from 1.97 to 0.55, the CO:Hz ratio altered from 1.56 to 0.74 for the tungsten wire. 00/02475 The stability of LiNiLaOly-A120, catalyst for partial oxidation of methane to syngas Liu, S. er 01. Prog. Nut. Sci, 1999, 9, (3), 198-202. The catalyst surface composition, catalytic performance, crystal phase, thermal stability, carbon deposition, pore volume and specific surface area were investigated using a series of characterization techniques including fixed-bed micro-reactor, TG, XRD, XPS, TPR and BET. The LiNiLaG/rAlzOj catalyst was quite stable during the 200 h life-test at 1123 K. CHI conversion and CO selectivity kept exceeding 96.00%, respectively, at CH4/ Oz ratio of 1.96 and space velocity of 27 000 I/(kgh). The catalyst not only had excellent carbon deposition resistance, comparatively stable pore structure and stable crystal phase, but also the active centre nickel did not react with the support to produce compound (NiAIzO,) during high temperature reaction. 00102476 Use of comet assay to evaluate the occupational exposure of coke-oven workers Mrackova, G. er al. Proc. Lek., 1999, 51, (I), 3-8. (In Czech)
fuels)
The feasibility of treating petroleum coke as a secondary fuel in thermal power plants is reviewed. The pyrolysis and combustion features such as ignition, agglomeration and slagging, in addition to pollution characteristics are summarized, combining with the operation experience of a circulating tluidized bed (CFB) combustion boiler burning 100% petroleum coke in NISCO Corporation. At the same time, the feasibility of burning petroleum coke in a CFB boiler is illustrated. The research direction on burning petroleum coke is proposed, which may provide theoretical evidence for designing and operating a CFB boiler. 00102463 Plasma reforming of natural gas to more valuable fuels Malik, M. A. et al. /. Nur. Gas C/rem., 1999, 8, (2), 166178. The most promising emerging technology for the reforming of natural gas into more valuable fuels, such as synthesis gas, methanol, ethylene and hydrogen, is the plasma process. Recent developments in this area, targeted to make the technology simple, minimize the energy losses, improve methane conversion efficiency and improve selectivity of the desired products are presented. 00102464 Plasma technique and its application in the coal synthesis gas Li, D. and Gao, J. Meitun Zhuanhuu, 1999, 22, (2), 12-15. (In Chinese) This paper presents a review of the historical development of the plasma chemical, the properties, the plasma initiation, the reactions, and application of plasma in coal synthesis gas by the low temperature and high temperature plasma gasification. It is stressed that high temperature plasma gasification of coal will become the most economic and clean way for coal synthesis gas in the future. 00/02465 Problem of entrainment of water in quench chamber of Texaco coal gasifier Wang, X. Slrunghai Huugong, 1999, 24, (9), 17-19. (In Chinese) Heat convection in a quench chamber was calculated to study the reason behind the entrainment of water in a quench chamber of a Texaco coal gasifier. The reason was discovered to be the high heat flow strength. Improvement of the heat-transfer operation condition can eliminate water entrainment in a quench chamber. Produce CO-rich svnthesis aas 00102466 Gunardson, H. H. and Abrardo, J.-M. Hydrroc&hon process.. III/. Ed., 1999, 78, (4), 87-90, 92-93. Syngas technologies are reviewed. The discussion includes steam methane reforming, autothermal reforming, naphtha reforming, partial oxidation, oxygen secondary reforming and reverse shift of hydrogen and CO?. A description of the general rules behind the selection process is included. 00102467 Recovery of hydrogen using an oxygen cupola furnace Greul, A. R. Ger. Offen. DE 19,800,703 (Cl. COlB3/00), 1 Jul 1999, DE Appl. 19,753,141, 29 Nov 1997. 2. (In German) Oxygen cupola furnaces can be used to produce hydrogen. The process involves the gasification of wastes followed by pyrolysis at 1200-1300°C over a coke or charcoal bed to produce syngas with subsequent conversion of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide and hydrogen. The product gases are passed over a membrane separator or molecular sieve for Hz recovery. After carbon dioxide has been recovered, purified and recycled it can be used as a cooling gas in the cupola gasifier. Repair material and method for bricks of the 00102468 carbonization chamber in coke ovens Ando, T. er al. Eur. Pat. Appl. EP 922,684 (Cl. C04B41/85), I6 Jun 1999, JP Appl. 1997/335,246. 5 Dee 1997. I I. The repair material is obtained by compounding mortar as the main component 100 with a powder comprising of >_l of a cobalt, nickel and aluminium compound 70-100 wt%, and 21 compounds selected from a variety and a liquid in 2-50 wt parts, The repair method comprises applying the repair material to the portions of the bricks of the carbonization chamber in the coke ovens in need of repair. A material containing mortar 100, CaO 1, and liquid components containing potassium metasilicate 25, sodium pyrophosphate 5, sodium orthoborate 20, and water 50 wt%, 30 wt parts, gave 64 days before separation of applied layer of repair material and 68 days before first sign of gas leakage, versus 6 and 7 days, respectively, for a control formulation. 00102469 Seasonal changes of dissolved methane in bog vertical profiles of the western Dvinye Lowland Sirin, A. A. rr irl. Dokl. Akrrd. Nrruk, 1998, 361, (2), 280-283. (In Russian) The seasonal variation of the CH4 distribution in boreal high and low type bogs of the peat-bearing western Dvinye Lowland, in western European Russia was studied. Regardless of setting and deposit thickness, the same type of CHI distribution was observed in the high bogs: high concentration at 2-3 m depth and decrease in concentration toward the bog surface. During early February to late May the upward decrease in concentration is 1.7-2.1 mM in high bogs and 0.3-0.6 mM in low bogs. In the first half of October the concentration decrease is from 0.5 to 0.03 mM. The average loss of CH, from water-saturated peat is 500-700 and 1.50 mg CH,,/m’/day in the high and low bogs, respectively. Based on the change in CHI content
278
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
September 2000
in high bogs during February-April, the CHI loss from deep peat layers after ice cover melting is >lOOO mg CHJm’lday. Some CHI will be oxidized in the zone of aeration; however, during the period of complete saturation of peats the water flow is impeded. In conclusion, the effect of the deep peat layer on the flux of CH., to the atmosphere may be greater than has been thought previously. 00102470 Skilled use of wastes from by-product-coking chemical departments Saltanov, A. V. er al. Koks Khim., 1999. 4, 34-39. (In Russian) Wastes from a various sections of by-product coke manufacturing are studied in terms of their composition and properties. Heavy coal-tar products from reservoir and the sedimentation tank for tar from tarprocessing section, pitch cake from pitch receivers, storage and transportation of liquid pitch, cakes from centrifugal separators and flue systems and distillation bottoms of phthalic anhydride. A discussion is also included on the use of the waste feeding into the coking batch, as modifying additives in the road construction, and in the production of corrosion resistant polymeric materials, in powered polymeric dyes. Sorption properties of gas/coal systems, 00102471 degasification of coal seams Toth, J. Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal, 1999, I, 485-506. A review with 24 references concerning the degasification of coal seams and the sorption properties of coal/gas systems. 00/02472 Suppression of carbonaceous depositions on nickel catalyst for the carbon dioxide reforming of methane Ito, M. er crl. Appl. Cuml., 1999, 177. (l), 15-23. For the carbon dioxide reforming of methane, a new pre-treatment of catalyst, deposition-removal (D-R) treatment, has been proposed to suppress carbonaceous depositions on Ni/AlzOs catalysts. This treatment was designed on the hypothesis that active cores forming carbon whiskers are different from surface active sites for the main reaction. In the deposition step, active cores of nickel are detached from the bulk nickel surface as growing cores in carbon whiskers. In the removal step, the carbon whiskers are removed from the nickel surface. These two steps are repeated by flowing pure methane gas and then pure carbon dioxide gas. The thermogravimetric (TG) measurements demonstrated that the repeated DR treatments reduced the carbonaceous deposition. Carbon monoxide adsorption measurements showed that the nickel surface area was decreased by the treatments, whereas the reaction rate and turnover frequency were increased. The development of active sites on the newly exposed nickel layers which interacted strongly with the support, explained the increase in the activity. Technical opportunities in Fischer-Tropsch 00102473 processing Jackson, N. Go.7 Liq. Process. ‘99. Interrech’.~ Inf. Bus. Dev. Con/. 2nd. 1999, 11/l-11/7. This review focuses on the technical opportunities in Fischer-Tropsch processing. The discussion includes details on new technologies for providing pure oxygen to the natural gas reforming process, development of Fischer-Tropsch catalysts active enough to produce financially useful products at low pressures or at low partial pressures of synthesis gas, development of iron catalysts that are resistant to attrition, better understanding of the hydrodynamics of slurry phase bubble column reactors and improved liquid-solid separation systems for catalyst-wax separation. 00102474 The carbon dioxide reforming of methane in a thermal diffusion column (TDC) hot wire reactor Wargadalam, V. J. et al. Fuel Process. Tech&., 1999, 59, (2-3), 201-206. Presented is a technique for the reforming of methane with carbon dioxide on a hot temperature wire in a thermal diffusion column reactor, as a function of linear flow rate and temperature at a C02:CHI ratio of 1. Molybdenum proved to be the ‘best’ wire after temperature tests were performed on tungsten, chrome1 and molybdenum wires. As the C0a:CH4 ratio changed from 1.97 to 0.55, the CO:Hz ratio altered from 1.56 to 0.74 for the tungsten wire. 00/02475 The stability of LiNiLaOly-A120, catalyst for partial oxidation of methane to syngas Liu, S. er 01. Prog. Nut. Sci, 1999, 9, (3), 198-202. The catalyst surface composition, catalytic performance, crystal phase, thermal stability, carbon deposition, pore volume and specific surface area were investigated using a series of characterization techniques including fixed-bed micro-reactor, TG, XRD, XPS, TPR and BET. The LiNiLaG/rAlzOj catalyst was quite stable during the 200 h life-test at 1123 K. CHI conversion and CO selectivity kept exceeding 96.00%, respectively, at CH4/ Oz ratio of 1.96 and space velocity of 27 000 I/(kgh). The catalyst not only had excellent carbon deposition resistance, comparatively stable pore structure and stable crystal phase, but also the active centre nickel did not react with the support to produce compound (NiAIzO,) during high temperature reaction. 00102476 Use of comet assay to evaluate the occupational exposure of coke-oven workers Mrackova, G. er al. Proc. Lek., 1999, 51, (I), 3-8. (In Czech)