- Email: [email protected]
02754 Conversion of waste plastic to oil: direct liquefaction versus pyrolysis and hydroprocessing
07 Alternative
energy sources (others, including development,
economics)
00102754 Conversion of waste plastic to oil: direct liquefaction versus pyrolysis and hydroprocessing Shah, N. er al. Energy Fuels, 1999, 13, (4). 832-838. An investigation into the conversion of waste post consumer plastic (PCP) into oil has taken two approaches: (1) direct liquefaction and (2) pyrolysis followed by hydroprocessing of the pyrolysis liquids. The PCPs investigated were a washed PCP provided by the American Plastic Council (APC) and a PCP prepared by dry preparation methods provided by the Duales System Deutschland (DSD). The DSD plastic contained significantly more ash, paper, dirt, and chlorine than the APC plastic and is considered to be more representative of true waste PCP. Direct liquefaction of both plastics was investigated using small additions (1-5 wt%) of a number of different solid acid catalvsts. At 445”. the catalvtic effect on oil vields was negligible for both plastics. Several catalysts had a significant effect on the boil&g point distribution for the APC plastic, producing lighter products, but had little or no effect for the DSD plastic. An alternative approach of pyrolysis followed by hydroprocessing the pyrolysis liquids was investigated for the DSD plastic. Pyrolysis yields of 75-80% of relatively heavy liquids were achieved at 600”. The addition of NaaCOx to the pyrolysis reactor decreased the chlorine content of the pyrolysis liquids to -50 ppm. The boiling point distribution of the pyrolysis liquid was substantially improved (55-65% gasoline fraction) by either thermal or catalytic hydrprocessing (450”, 200 psig initial Hz pressure). The effect of adding l-5% of several catalysts was relatively small, increasing the gasoline fraction over that obtained by thermal hvdroorocessing bv 5-10%. Addition of Na2C07 to the hydroprocessing reactor decr&ses the chlorine content of the final product to a few ppm. These results indicate that true PCP containing a significant amount of chlorine, paper and inorganic material behaves well in pyrolysis followed by hydroprocessing of the pyrolysis liquids. OOlO2755 Disposal method of liquid hydrocarbon gelation agent for the fuels Kuroda, I. and Maeda, S. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 172,265] (Cl. ClOL7/02), 29 Jun 1999, Appl. 19971361,765, (In Japanese) Liquid hydrocarbons such as kerosene can be disposed of with a silica gelation agent.
fuels and 11 172,265 [99 10 Dee 1997. 3. by gelling them
00/02756 End use efficiencies in the domestic sector of Uttara Kannada District Ramachandra, T. V. Energy Conversion & Managemenr, 2000, 41, (8), 8333 845. End use efficiency experiments conducted in some households of Masur village (based on 4 days experiment) of Kumta taluk show that there is scope for saving 27-42% of energy by switching to improved devices, which are designed to maximize combustion rate (of fuel, ensuring the presence of sufficient oxveen). radiant heat transfer (from fire to vessels, keeping them as close to ftre as possible), convection (to pass maximum hoi g& over vessels, reducing drafts), conduction (heat is concentrated near the vessels by using insulating material for the stove) and user satisfaction (with user friendly design). The thermal performance of improved stoves designed at our Institute (ASTRA) have also been studied in the field. Irrespective of type of fuel, community, etc., improved stoves show significant saving in fuel. By switching to energy efficient devices 450,548 to 700,853 tonnes of fuel wood can be saved per year in the district. a,”
00102760 Manufacture of high-quality fuels from undefined amounts of wastes Spillmann, P. and Eschkotter, H. Beirr. Ahfdwir/sch, 1999, 9, 100-11 I. (In German) Biological-mechanical waste treatment makes the separation of residual wastes possible. The separation of substances from residual wastes to CO* and water on the one side and largely water-insoluble plastic-non-adhering humic substances on the other is attained. Mechanical and biochemical stages are described with examples of a pilot plant for biologicalmechanical waste treatment according to the Biopuster process. Details on toxic gas removal, biological stabilization as a presumption for s:.zstewater-free separation and process cost are given. 00102761 Production of solid fuels from wastes Wolff. E. K. and Hafner. E. Ger. Offen. DE 19.837.177 (Cl. ClOL9/10). 20 May 1999, DE Appl. 19,735,725, 18 Aug 1997. 6. (In German) ” Waste (e.g. household refuse) produces solid fuels by comminution (before or after mixing), treatment with a catalyst and optional additives (e.g. coal, lime) and then pressing. Before or after the comminution, the wastes are charged into a reactor to remove adherent and/or bonded water, water is withdrawn, and the additives are added in relation to the waste composition condition to bond present or resulting pollutants. Chlorine content is a typical parameter indicating the waste composition. Pyrolysis of plastic wastes. 1. Effect of plastic waste 00/02762 composition on product yield Pinto, F. er al. J. Anal. Appl. [email protected], 1999, 51, (l-2) 39-55. Economically valuable hydrocarbons that can be used either as fuels or feedstock for the petrochemical industry, can be formed from the pyrolysis of waste mastic. End oroduct vields and urooerties deoend on the composition of the plastic waste. The presence of PE (polyethylene) increased alkane content, while PS (polystyrene) resulted in a higher aromatic content in the end product. The presence of PP (polypropylene) favoured alkene formation. Therefore, both PS and PP increased the octane number of end product. Therefore, adequate blending of plastic wastes can be used to obtain the desired end product.
,I
00102757 Energy-efficiency and renewable energy options for risk management and insurance loss reduction Vine, E. Energy, 2000, 25, (2) 131-147. This paper identifies a spectrum of risk management opportunities associated with technologies and procedures that use energy more efficiently or supply renewable energy. While the economic benefits of these measures have long been of interest to energy consumers seeking to reduce their energy expenditures, they also offer a novel and largely untapped pathway for achieving traditional risk management objectives. These technologies have many benefits, including insurance loss reduction and prevention. Early examples of research in energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies conducted by insurers are described and new interdisciplinary collaborative applied research is proposed. These technologies should be of interest to the insurance and risk management communities (e.g. researchers, insurance companies, government, energy service companies, facility owners and utility companies). 00/02758 Impact of social costing on the competitiveness of renewable eneraies: the case of Crete Mirasgedis, S. and”Diakoulaki, D. Energy Policy, 2000, 28, (I), 65-73. One of the most important barriers hindering the large-scale exploitation of renewable energy sources (RES) is the higher cost of renewable systems compared to those relying on the combustion of conventional fuels. Such a comparison does not take into consideration the economic burden associated with the many environmental impacts of conventional systems. This paper tries to investigate the effect of social costing in energy decision making and more specifically in the comparison of alternative action plans to satisfy electricity demand. The examined case study refers to the autonomous electricity system of Crete. The results show that the higher the penetration of RES into the energy system, the lower the social cost (i.e. the sum of the private and external cost) of electricity imposed on the society as a whole.
306
00/02759 Is alternative fuel a marketable product? Faulstich, M. er al. Beirr. A/$a//n~irrsch, 1999, 9, 117-129. (In German) In this paper, regulations on limiting values for emission in Germany, material composition of the material after mechanical treatment stage, pollutant concentrations and heating values in high calorific value fractions of different treatment processes are discussed. Also included is a mention of the possibilities for use of high value fractions in cement manufacture heavy furnaces, and fluidized beds, waste combustion installation, and asphalt production.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
September
2000
Quality assurance in the use of alternative fuels 00/02763 Walter, G. and Gallenkemper, B. Eeirr. AhfMwirrsch , 1999, 9, 130-134. (In German) The quality assurance of alternative fuels is reviewed. The issues of pollutant minimizing, fuel quality assurance and a general course of quality assurance are covered. 00/02764 Release of inorganic constituents from leached biomass during thermal conversion Dayton, D. C. er 01. Energy Fuels, 1999, 13. (4) 860-970. Comparative studies of volatile inorganic species evolving from leached and unleached biomass fuels during thermal conversion are reported here. Leached and unleached samples of rice straw, wheat straw, switchgrass, commercial power plant wood fuel and banagrass (Pennisetum purpureum) were tested in bench-scale combustion studies using an alumina-tube flow reactor housed in a variable temperature furnace and coupled to a molecular beam mass spectrometer (MBMS) system. Sugarcane bagasse, as the leached byproduct of sugar production, was also tested. The MBMS system was used to monitor the combustion products, including inorganic vanours. directlv and in real time during each batch combustion event. Total relative amounts of HCl(g), SO&), NaCl(g), KCI(g), and other species were compared for leached and unleached samples. The MBMS results were consistent with the levels of alkali metals and chlorine in the samples as determined from the oroximate. ultimate, and ash analvses of the samples. The more alkali and chlorine in a given sample, the more gasphase HCI, KCI, and NaCl detected with the MBMS during combustion of that particular sample. The MBMS results clearly support earlier results, which indicated that during combustion leaching biomass effectively reduced or eliminated the release of alkali metal vapours. 00/02765 Requirements for the pretreatment of wastes from the standpoint of their use as a fuel product Schone, H. and Ruge, K. Beirr. A~fullwirf.sch. 1999, 9, 135-140. (In German) The advantages of co-combustion, utilization of wastes as alternate fuel, emission limits and gas analysis from various fuels are presented. 00/02766 Ulladulla launch for solar sailor Scully-Power, P. S&r Progress, 2000, 21, (I), 21.
energy sources (others, including development,
economics)
00102754 Conversion of waste plastic to oil: direct liquefaction versus pyrolysis and hydroprocessing Shah, N. er al. Energy Fuels, 1999, 13, (4). 832-838. An investigation into the conversion of waste post consumer plastic (PCP) into oil has taken two approaches: (1) direct liquefaction and (2) pyrolysis followed by hydroprocessing of the pyrolysis liquids. The PCPs investigated were a washed PCP provided by the American Plastic Council (APC) and a PCP prepared by dry preparation methods provided by the Duales System Deutschland (DSD). The DSD plastic contained significantly more ash, paper, dirt, and chlorine than the APC plastic and is considered to be more representative of true waste PCP. Direct liquefaction of both plastics was investigated using small additions (1-5 wt%) of a number of different solid acid catalvsts. At 445”. the catalvtic effect on oil vields was negligible for both plastics. Several catalysts had a significant effect on the boil&g point distribution for the APC plastic, producing lighter products, but had little or no effect for the DSD plastic. An alternative approach of pyrolysis followed by hydroprocessing the pyrolysis liquids was investigated for the DSD plastic. Pyrolysis yields of 75-80% of relatively heavy liquids were achieved at 600”. The addition of NaaCOx to the pyrolysis reactor decreased the chlorine content of the pyrolysis liquids to -50 ppm. The boiling point distribution of the pyrolysis liquid was substantially improved (55-65% gasoline fraction) by either thermal or catalytic hydrprocessing (450”, 200 psig initial Hz pressure). The effect of adding l-5% of several catalysts was relatively small, increasing the gasoline fraction over that obtained by thermal hvdroorocessing bv 5-10%. Addition of Na2C07 to the hydroprocessing reactor decr&ses the chlorine content of the final product to a few ppm. These results indicate that true PCP containing a significant amount of chlorine, paper and inorganic material behaves well in pyrolysis followed by hydroprocessing of the pyrolysis liquids. OOlO2755 Disposal method of liquid hydrocarbon gelation agent for the fuels Kuroda, I. and Maeda, S. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 172,265] (Cl. ClOL7/02), 29 Jun 1999, Appl. 19971361,765, (In Japanese) Liquid hydrocarbons such as kerosene can be disposed of with a silica gelation agent.
fuels and 11 172,265 [99 10 Dee 1997. 3. by gelling them
00/02756 End use efficiencies in the domestic sector of Uttara Kannada District Ramachandra, T. V. Energy Conversion & Managemenr, 2000, 41, (8), 8333 845. End use efficiency experiments conducted in some households of Masur village (based on 4 days experiment) of Kumta taluk show that there is scope for saving 27-42% of energy by switching to improved devices, which are designed to maximize combustion rate (of fuel, ensuring the presence of sufficient oxveen). radiant heat transfer (from fire to vessels, keeping them as close to ftre as possible), convection (to pass maximum hoi g& over vessels, reducing drafts), conduction (heat is concentrated near the vessels by using insulating material for the stove) and user satisfaction (with user friendly design). The thermal performance of improved stoves designed at our Institute (ASTRA) have also been studied in the field. Irrespective of type of fuel, community, etc., improved stoves show significant saving in fuel. By switching to energy efficient devices 450,548 to 700,853 tonnes of fuel wood can be saved per year in the district. a,”
00102760 Manufacture of high-quality fuels from undefined amounts of wastes Spillmann, P. and Eschkotter, H. Beirr. Ahfdwir/sch, 1999, 9, 100-11 I. (In German) Biological-mechanical waste treatment makes the separation of residual wastes possible. The separation of substances from residual wastes to CO* and water on the one side and largely water-insoluble plastic-non-adhering humic substances on the other is attained. Mechanical and biochemical stages are described with examples of a pilot plant for biologicalmechanical waste treatment according to the Biopuster process. Details on toxic gas removal, biological stabilization as a presumption for s:.zstewater-free separation and process cost are given. 00102761 Production of solid fuels from wastes Wolff. E. K. and Hafner. E. Ger. Offen. DE 19.837.177 (Cl. ClOL9/10). 20 May 1999, DE Appl. 19,735,725, 18 Aug 1997. 6. (In German) ” Waste (e.g. household refuse) produces solid fuels by comminution (before or after mixing), treatment with a catalyst and optional additives (e.g. coal, lime) and then pressing. Before or after the comminution, the wastes are charged into a reactor to remove adherent and/or bonded water, water is withdrawn, and the additives are added in relation to the waste composition condition to bond present or resulting pollutants. Chlorine content is a typical parameter indicating the waste composition. Pyrolysis of plastic wastes. 1. Effect of plastic waste 00/02762 composition on product yield Pinto, F. er al. J. Anal. Appl. [email protected], 1999, 51, (l-2) 39-55. Economically valuable hydrocarbons that can be used either as fuels or feedstock for the petrochemical industry, can be formed from the pyrolysis of waste mastic. End oroduct vields and urooerties deoend on the composition of the plastic waste. The presence of PE (polyethylene) increased alkane content, while PS (polystyrene) resulted in a higher aromatic content in the end product. The presence of PP (polypropylene) favoured alkene formation. Therefore, both PS and PP increased the octane number of end product. Therefore, adequate blending of plastic wastes can be used to obtain the desired end product.
,I
00102757 Energy-efficiency and renewable energy options for risk management and insurance loss reduction Vine, E. Energy, 2000, 25, (2) 131-147. This paper identifies a spectrum of risk management opportunities associated with technologies and procedures that use energy more efficiently or supply renewable energy. While the economic benefits of these measures have long been of interest to energy consumers seeking to reduce their energy expenditures, they also offer a novel and largely untapped pathway for achieving traditional risk management objectives. These technologies have many benefits, including insurance loss reduction and prevention. Early examples of research in energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies conducted by insurers are described and new interdisciplinary collaborative applied research is proposed. These technologies should be of interest to the insurance and risk management communities (e.g. researchers, insurance companies, government, energy service companies, facility owners and utility companies). 00/02758 Impact of social costing on the competitiveness of renewable eneraies: the case of Crete Mirasgedis, S. and”Diakoulaki, D. Energy Policy, 2000, 28, (I), 65-73. One of the most important barriers hindering the large-scale exploitation of renewable energy sources (RES) is the higher cost of renewable systems compared to those relying on the combustion of conventional fuels. Such a comparison does not take into consideration the economic burden associated with the many environmental impacts of conventional systems. This paper tries to investigate the effect of social costing in energy decision making and more specifically in the comparison of alternative action plans to satisfy electricity demand. The examined case study refers to the autonomous electricity system of Crete. The results show that the higher the penetration of RES into the energy system, the lower the social cost (i.e. the sum of the private and external cost) of electricity imposed on the society as a whole.
306
00/02759 Is alternative fuel a marketable product? Faulstich, M. er al. Beirr. A/$a//n~irrsch, 1999, 9, 117-129. (In German) In this paper, regulations on limiting values for emission in Germany, material composition of the material after mechanical treatment stage, pollutant concentrations and heating values in high calorific value fractions of different treatment processes are discussed. Also included is a mention of the possibilities for use of high value fractions in cement manufacture heavy furnaces, and fluidized beds, waste combustion installation, and asphalt production.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
September
2000
Quality assurance in the use of alternative fuels 00/02763 Walter, G. and Gallenkemper, B. Eeirr. AhfMwirrsch , 1999, 9, 130-134. (In German) The quality assurance of alternative fuels is reviewed. The issues of pollutant minimizing, fuel quality assurance and a general course of quality assurance are covered. 00/02764 Release of inorganic constituents from leached biomass during thermal conversion Dayton, D. C. er 01. Energy Fuels, 1999, 13. (4) 860-970. Comparative studies of volatile inorganic species evolving from leached and unleached biomass fuels during thermal conversion are reported here. Leached and unleached samples of rice straw, wheat straw, switchgrass, commercial power plant wood fuel and banagrass (Pennisetum purpureum) were tested in bench-scale combustion studies using an alumina-tube flow reactor housed in a variable temperature furnace and coupled to a molecular beam mass spectrometer (MBMS) system. Sugarcane bagasse, as the leached byproduct of sugar production, was also tested. The MBMS system was used to monitor the combustion products, including inorganic vanours. directlv and in real time during each batch combustion event. Total relative amounts of HCl(g), SO&), NaCl(g), KCI(g), and other species were compared for leached and unleached samples. The MBMS results were consistent with the levels of alkali metals and chlorine in the samples as determined from the oroximate. ultimate, and ash analvses of the samples. The more alkali and chlorine in a given sample, the more gasphase HCI, KCI, and NaCl detected with the MBMS during combustion of that particular sample. The MBMS results clearly support earlier results, which indicated that during combustion leaching biomass effectively reduced or eliminated the release of alkali metal vapours. 00/02765 Requirements for the pretreatment of wastes from the standpoint of their use as a fuel product Schone, H. and Ruge, K. Beirr. A~fullwirf.sch. 1999, 9, 135-140. (In German) The advantages of co-combustion, utilization of wastes as alternate fuel, emission limits and gas analysis from various fuels are presented. 00/02766 Ulladulla launch for solar sailor Scully-Power, P. S&r Progress, 2000, 21, (I), 21.