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02942 Composition of aerosols in an industrialized area of northeastern China
15 Environment
(pollution, health protection,
safety)
00/02934 An attempt for environmentally friendly utilization of oil shale in Mongolia Avid, B. er al. Environ. Eng. Renen~crhle Energy. Proc. In/. Conf., 1998, 1, 36. Edited by Gavasci er rrl. From eight deposits in central Mongolia, oil shale samples were removed and pyrolysis experiments were conducted on them. The best quality oil shale gave 15% pitch. The process of distillation allowed liquid fractions and solid residues to be obtained. After acids, organic bases and phenolic compounds have been isolated from each fraction, these liquid products can be used as diesel, oil materials, binding materials (bitumen-like hard residue) and gasoline. 00/02935 Application of computer modelling to predict the leaching behaviour of heavy metals from MSWI fly ash and comparison with a sequential extraction method Herck, P. V. Wasre Munoge., 2000, 20, (2/3), 203-210. Combustion residues in general and MSWI fly ashes in particular form a major environmental problem as they are polluted with heavy metals. The heavy metals can be removed from the fly ash by leaching with for example the acid wastewater obtained in the wet scrubber of the air pollution control system. The remaining fly ash can be land-filled or valorized. An understanding of the leaching reactions and of the factors that influence leaching is very important for the treatment of fly ash. Therefore, the composition of the fly ash was determined and the influence of pH was examined. In this paper, the results of experimental leaching tests of fly ash are compared with computer calculations of the thermodynamic equilibrium of the leaching solution-fly ash system. The computer program MINTEQAZ, used for this purpose, allows the prediction of the metal concentrations in the leaching solution, the minerals that precipitate, and the pH of the leaching solution at equilibrium. Also a sequential extraction procedure was performed on the fly ash. The procedure can be used to investigate which leaching conditions are necessary to obtain good extraction of the heavy metals. Comparison of the experimental and calculated leaching data with the results from the extraction procedure allowed verifying the accuracy of the sequential extraction procedure. 00/02936 Binary and ternary blends of R-134a as alternative refrigerants to R-22 Stegou-Sagia, A. and Damanakis, M. Energy Convers. Munugc., 2000, 41, (13) 1345-1359. Refrigerant mixtures may be used to solve the ozone layer depletion problem as they offer the optimum combination of favourable technical performance with environmentally acceptable behaviour. This work reports on the thermodynamic properties and characteristics of the binary mixtures R-32/R-134a in compositions 20-80%, 30-70%. 40-60% by mass and of the ternary mixture R-407~: 23 wt% R-32 + 25 wt% R-125 + 52 wt% R-134a. A computer code has been developed for the phase equilibrium relationship of the binary mixtures using related activity and fugacity coefficients. The results produced agree with existing experimental data. For the ternary blend, enthalpy and entropy correlations, diagrams illustrating the real gas behaviour by means of k-type isentropic change exponents and figures for the refrigerating systems efficiency expressed by coefficient of performance values are presented. 00102937 City-regions and the development of sustainable energy-supply systems McEvoy, D. In,. J. Energy Res., 2000, 24, 215-237. To achieve the COz reductions deemed necessary to limit the impact of adverse climate change will require real changes in the way we both use and supply energy. Although explicit international and national frameworks are necessary to facilitate reduction strategies, regional implementation and local initiatives are increasingly seen as having an important role to play, both in meeting national COz reduction targets and improving the local environment. This paper deals with the supply side of the energy equation for Greater Manchester in the UK, examining the potential for ‘regional’ energy supply options to contribute to a reduction in carbon intensity. By assessing actual and latent regional opportunities, the potential for achieving a more sustainable energy supply system is evaluated. 00/02938 Clean coal technology benefits environment QGMJ, 2000, 100, (I 178), 18. Significant greenhouse gas emission reductions might be achieved by the use of clean coal technologies, which increase the net efficiency of coalfired power stations, so that less carbon dioxide is emitted per unit of electricity generated. 00/02939 Cleaner production and environmental impact assessment: a UK perspective Salvador, N. N. B. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2000, 8, (2), 127-132. The objective of this work is to discuss the links between Cleaner Production (CP) and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) practices, within the perspective of the principal European legislation on these matters, which will become operational in 1999. The discussion is centred on the main opportunities and institutional problems to be faced in bringing these practices together, with a particular emphasis on the EIA practices which have been developed in the UK. A proposed procedure is outlined which brings CP and EIA practices closer together, establishing a formal link between them so that companies develop preliminary CP proposals within the EIA process.
324
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
September
2000
00102940 Climate change in Asia: issues and policy options Sanderson, J. and Islam, S. M. N. Nor. Res. Forum, 2000, 24, (I), 39-48. This article provides a brief review of some of the policy issues facing the Asian region with respect to climate change and its economic consequences. The environmental consequences of Asia’s economic rise threaten the future growth of the region. Despite recent economic expansion, Asia will be one of the areas of the world most vulnerable to climate change. While Asia currently contributes moderately to greenhouse gas emissions, the potential for increases in emissions is significant. National and regional policy options, including abatement and adaptation, are examined as strategies for tackling the likely effects of climate change. This study recommends that national initiatives that have ‘ no regrets’ properties be a priority area for further research so that they can be implemented as soon as possible. It is envisaged that in the short to medium term, identifiable ‘no regrets’ policies can be a useful tool for reducing emissions and vulnerability to climate change in developing regions such as Asia. 00102941 Coal combustion products attract attention Wright, P. Coal Age, 1999, 104, (12), 29-30. Recently, a group of 22 Midwestern and South-eastern consumer and environmental groups urged the Environment protection Agency (EPA) to designate coal and oil combustion wastes as hazardous wastes subject to regulation under Subtitle C of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). 00/02942 Composition of aerosols in an industrialized area of northeastern China Kato, S. et al. J. Environ. Sci. Health. Par/ A: To.uiclHozurd. Suhsr. Environ. Eng., 1999, A34, (S), 1075-1092. A conventional high volume air sampler collected surface level aerosol samples in the highly industrialized area of Shenyang, China, located in the north-eastern part of the country. The samples were taken both in summer and winter. The average SOz and total suspended particle TSP concentrations obtained during the summer was 38 ppb and 388 &ma, respectively. Sod*-, NO,- and Cl were the detected water-soluble anions with respective summer concentrations of 3.6-10.6, 3.2-6.5 and 4.5-7.8 pg/ ma, In addition, elevated levels of heavy metals such as iron, lead, and zinc in aerosols were noted, which most likely resulted from the combustion of coal and other fuels and/or emissions associated with nearby industrial facilities. During the winter months the expected increase in concentration levels of TSP, water-soluble ions and heavy metals took place. 00102943 Confidence building in radioactive waste management Nucl. Energy Agency News/e/ter, 1999, 17, (2), 12-15. The Nuclear EnergyAgency has recently completed an in-depth assessment of the progress made over the past decade in building confidence in the safe geologic disposal and management of long-lived radioactive waste. This review points out the importance of closely integrating social values in the decision-making and development processes, and of continuously interacting with stakeholders. 00/02944 Contribution of Kenya’s house-hold activities to global warming Oteng’i, S. B. B. Greenhouse Gus Con/ml Technol.. Proc. Inr. Cm/., 4rh, 1999,997-1004. A study was carried out into the use of energy sources that release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere by different social classes in various areas of Kenya. Charcoal, liquid gas, kerosene, wood-fuel, refrigerators and motor vehicles were used as proxies to quantify the trace gases: COz, CO, Hz0 and CFC. From the results it is evident that all of the social classes in most regions in Kenya release a substantial amount of trace gases into the atmosphere, however, the quantities depend upon the energy sources and density of the population. 00102945 CO* emission reduction strategy and roles of nuclear energy in Japan Sato, 0. ef al. JAERI-Res., 1999, 99-015, (i-iv), l-95. (In Japanese) The potential and cost of reducing COa emissions from Japan’s long-term energy systems was analysed using the MARKAL model, developed in the energy technology systems analysis programme (ETSAP) of the International Energy Agency (IEA). Assuming future growths of GDP, the demand for energy services was estimated for the time horizon 1990-2050. Assumptions were made also on prices and availability of fossil fuels, and on the availability of nuclear and renewable energy. For COz emissions and system costs a comparison was made between energy demand and supply scenarios defined with different assumptions on nuclear energy, a CO* disposal option, and natural gas imports. The main conclusions were as follows. Without nuclear energy, the COz emissions will hardly be reduced because of the increases in coal use. COz disposal will be effective in reducing emissions, however at much higher costs than with nuclear energy. Also, it is concluded that the expansion of natural gas imports alone is not sufficient to reduce the emissions at enough low levels. 00102946 Effects of changes in the UK energy demand and environmental legislation on atmospheric pollution by sulphur dioxide Blakemore, F. B. et crl. Appl. Energy, 1999, 62, (4), 283-295.
(pollution, health protection,
safety)
00/02934 An attempt for environmentally friendly utilization of oil shale in Mongolia Avid, B. er al. Environ. Eng. Renen~crhle Energy. Proc. In/. Conf., 1998, 1, 36. Edited by Gavasci er rrl. From eight deposits in central Mongolia, oil shale samples were removed and pyrolysis experiments were conducted on them. The best quality oil shale gave 15% pitch. The process of distillation allowed liquid fractions and solid residues to be obtained. After acids, organic bases and phenolic compounds have been isolated from each fraction, these liquid products can be used as diesel, oil materials, binding materials (bitumen-like hard residue) and gasoline. 00/02935 Application of computer modelling to predict the leaching behaviour of heavy metals from MSWI fly ash and comparison with a sequential extraction method Herck, P. V. Wasre Munoge., 2000, 20, (2/3), 203-210. Combustion residues in general and MSWI fly ashes in particular form a major environmental problem as they are polluted with heavy metals. The heavy metals can be removed from the fly ash by leaching with for example the acid wastewater obtained in the wet scrubber of the air pollution control system. The remaining fly ash can be land-filled or valorized. An understanding of the leaching reactions and of the factors that influence leaching is very important for the treatment of fly ash. Therefore, the composition of the fly ash was determined and the influence of pH was examined. In this paper, the results of experimental leaching tests of fly ash are compared with computer calculations of the thermodynamic equilibrium of the leaching solution-fly ash system. The computer program MINTEQAZ, used for this purpose, allows the prediction of the metal concentrations in the leaching solution, the minerals that precipitate, and the pH of the leaching solution at equilibrium. Also a sequential extraction procedure was performed on the fly ash. The procedure can be used to investigate which leaching conditions are necessary to obtain good extraction of the heavy metals. Comparison of the experimental and calculated leaching data with the results from the extraction procedure allowed verifying the accuracy of the sequential extraction procedure. 00/02936 Binary and ternary blends of R-134a as alternative refrigerants to R-22 Stegou-Sagia, A. and Damanakis, M. Energy Convers. Munugc., 2000, 41, (13) 1345-1359. Refrigerant mixtures may be used to solve the ozone layer depletion problem as they offer the optimum combination of favourable technical performance with environmentally acceptable behaviour. This work reports on the thermodynamic properties and characteristics of the binary mixtures R-32/R-134a in compositions 20-80%, 30-70%. 40-60% by mass and of the ternary mixture R-407~: 23 wt% R-32 + 25 wt% R-125 + 52 wt% R-134a. A computer code has been developed for the phase equilibrium relationship of the binary mixtures using related activity and fugacity coefficients. The results produced agree with existing experimental data. For the ternary blend, enthalpy and entropy correlations, diagrams illustrating the real gas behaviour by means of k-type isentropic change exponents and figures for the refrigerating systems efficiency expressed by coefficient of performance values are presented. 00102937 City-regions and the development of sustainable energy-supply systems McEvoy, D. In,. J. Energy Res., 2000, 24, 215-237. To achieve the COz reductions deemed necessary to limit the impact of adverse climate change will require real changes in the way we both use and supply energy. Although explicit international and national frameworks are necessary to facilitate reduction strategies, regional implementation and local initiatives are increasingly seen as having an important role to play, both in meeting national COz reduction targets and improving the local environment. This paper deals with the supply side of the energy equation for Greater Manchester in the UK, examining the potential for ‘regional’ energy supply options to contribute to a reduction in carbon intensity. By assessing actual and latent regional opportunities, the potential for achieving a more sustainable energy supply system is evaluated. 00/02938 Clean coal technology benefits environment QGMJ, 2000, 100, (I 178), 18. Significant greenhouse gas emission reductions might be achieved by the use of clean coal technologies, which increase the net efficiency of coalfired power stations, so that less carbon dioxide is emitted per unit of electricity generated. 00/02939 Cleaner production and environmental impact assessment: a UK perspective Salvador, N. N. B. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2000, 8, (2), 127-132. The objective of this work is to discuss the links between Cleaner Production (CP) and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) practices, within the perspective of the principal European legislation on these matters, which will become operational in 1999. The discussion is centred on the main opportunities and institutional problems to be faced in bringing these practices together, with a particular emphasis on the EIA practices which have been developed in the UK. A proposed procedure is outlined which brings CP and EIA practices closer together, establishing a formal link between them so that companies develop preliminary CP proposals within the EIA process.
324
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
September
2000
00102940 Climate change in Asia: issues and policy options Sanderson, J. and Islam, S. M. N. Nor. Res. Forum, 2000, 24, (I), 39-48. This article provides a brief review of some of the policy issues facing the Asian region with respect to climate change and its economic consequences. The environmental consequences of Asia’s economic rise threaten the future growth of the region. Despite recent economic expansion, Asia will be one of the areas of the world most vulnerable to climate change. While Asia currently contributes moderately to greenhouse gas emissions, the potential for increases in emissions is significant. National and regional policy options, including abatement and adaptation, are examined as strategies for tackling the likely effects of climate change. This study recommends that national initiatives that have ‘ no regrets’ properties be a priority area for further research so that they can be implemented as soon as possible. It is envisaged that in the short to medium term, identifiable ‘no regrets’ policies can be a useful tool for reducing emissions and vulnerability to climate change in developing regions such as Asia. 00102941 Coal combustion products attract attention Wright, P. Coal Age, 1999, 104, (12), 29-30. Recently, a group of 22 Midwestern and South-eastern consumer and environmental groups urged the Environment protection Agency (EPA) to designate coal and oil combustion wastes as hazardous wastes subject to regulation under Subtitle C of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). 00/02942 Composition of aerosols in an industrialized area of northeastern China Kato, S. et al. J. Environ. Sci. Health. Par/ A: To.uiclHozurd. Suhsr. Environ. Eng., 1999, A34, (S), 1075-1092. A conventional high volume air sampler collected surface level aerosol samples in the highly industrialized area of Shenyang, China, located in the north-eastern part of the country. The samples were taken both in summer and winter. The average SOz and total suspended particle TSP concentrations obtained during the summer was 38 ppb and 388 &ma, respectively. Sod*-, NO,- and Cl were the detected water-soluble anions with respective summer concentrations of 3.6-10.6, 3.2-6.5 and 4.5-7.8 pg/ ma, In addition, elevated levels of heavy metals such as iron, lead, and zinc in aerosols were noted, which most likely resulted from the combustion of coal and other fuels and/or emissions associated with nearby industrial facilities. During the winter months the expected increase in concentration levels of TSP, water-soluble ions and heavy metals took place. 00102943 Confidence building in radioactive waste management Nucl. Energy Agency News/e/ter, 1999, 17, (2), 12-15. The Nuclear EnergyAgency has recently completed an in-depth assessment of the progress made over the past decade in building confidence in the safe geologic disposal and management of long-lived radioactive waste. This review points out the importance of closely integrating social values in the decision-making and development processes, and of continuously interacting with stakeholders. 00/02944 Contribution of Kenya’s house-hold activities to global warming Oteng’i, S. B. B. Greenhouse Gus Con/ml Technol.. Proc. Inr. Cm/., 4rh, 1999,997-1004. A study was carried out into the use of energy sources that release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere by different social classes in various areas of Kenya. Charcoal, liquid gas, kerosene, wood-fuel, refrigerators and motor vehicles were used as proxies to quantify the trace gases: COz, CO, Hz0 and CFC. From the results it is evident that all of the social classes in most regions in Kenya release a substantial amount of trace gases into the atmosphere, however, the quantities depend upon the energy sources and density of the population. 00102945 CO* emission reduction strategy and roles of nuclear energy in Japan Sato, 0. ef al. JAERI-Res., 1999, 99-015, (i-iv), l-95. (In Japanese) The potential and cost of reducing COa emissions from Japan’s long-term energy systems was analysed using the MARKAL model, developed in the energy technology systems analysis programme (ETSAP) of the International Energy Agency (IEA). Assuming future growths of GDP, the demand for energy services was estimated for the time horizon 1990-2050. Assumptions were made also on prices and availability of fossil fuels, and on the availability of nuclear and renewable energy. For COz emissions and system costs a comparison was made between energy demand and supply scenarios defined with different assumptions on nuclear energy, a CO* disposal option, and natural gas imports. The main conclusions were as follows. Without nuclear energy, the COz emissions will hardly be reduced because of the increases in coal use. COz disposal will be effective in reducing emissions, however at much higher costs than with nuclear energy. Also, it is concluded that the expansion of natural gas imports alone is not sufficient to reduce the emissions at enough low levels. 00102946 Effects of changes in the UK energy demand and environmental legislation on atmospheric pollution by sulphur dioxide Blakemore, F. B. et crl. Appl. Energy, 1999, 62, (4), 283-295.