- Email: [email protected]
02963 Methane flaring - an initiative in lie with the greenhouse challenge German Creek mine - Central Colliery
15 Environment
(pollution, health protection,
safety)
be due to increased root biomass rather than increased carbon concentration. Root weight density generally decreased in the interrow with wider row width and nitrogen application generally did not affect root weight density. Root weight density in the Pacolet soil was higher than in the other four soils and root density was 4.1 tnnes higher in the Pacolet soil than in the Norfolk soil. Root mass in the Pacolet soil (36 327 kg ha ‘) was 2.7 times greater than that found in the Norfolk soil (I3 204 kg ha ‘) within 150 cm of the soil surface. Differences in root characteristics were found among cultivars: root weight density with ‘Cave-in-Rock’ switchgrass was 29.4 and 47.6% higher than ‘Alamo’ and ‘Kanlow’, respectively. Variations in switchgrass root biomass production owing to soil type and cultivar suggest that site and cultivar selection will be important determinants of C sequestration by switchgrass roofs. A potential benefit of switchgrass is the reduced loss of nutrients associated with non-point pollution, owing to its deep root system that may extend 330 cm below the soil surface. 00102956 Implementing the Kyoto protocol: why JI and CDM show more promise than international emissions trading Woerdman, E. Energ): Polic), 2000, 28, (I), 29-38. The Kyoto protocol allows developed countries to achieve cost-effective greenhouse gas emission reductions abroad by means of international emissions trading (IET), joint implementation (JI) and the clean development mechanism (CDM). The article argues that JI and CDM projects will be more effective, efficient and politically acceptable than an IET system. First, e.~ posr baselines will ensure real abatement for JI and CDM projects, while the allocation of ‘hot air’ entails the trading of fake emission reductions under IET. Secondly, region-by-project baseline matrices will reduce transaction costs for JI and CDM, while transaction costs may increase for IET both under various trading rules and in an upstream, hybrid or mixed domestic trading system design. Thirdly, JI and CDM have more competitive advantages than IET, for example the possibility of prebudget banking for CDM. Fourthly, analyses of about 100 pilot phase projects and 20 permit tradin_r simulation studies indicate that JI and CDM will be cheaper than IET. Ftfthly. JI and CDM will be more politically acceptable than IET, since they avoid the macro-level (re)distribution of property or user rights. 00102957 Increase of nitrogen oxides emission during inappropriate combustion of organic dust above the grate of an OSR 254ype boiler Juszczak, M. Chem. Ins. E/id., 1998, 5, (IO). 873-876. (In Polish) It has been observed that during inappropriate combustion of organic dust in coal dust-fired boilers, there is a 30% increase in emissions. The waste utilization through combustion was promising if the dust combustion was carried out in the front section of the boiler. There was partial substitution of the organic dust for the coal dust. 00102958 India ponders prep plants Fiscor, S. Coal Age, 2000, 105, (5), 30-31. Air pollution leads the list of many environmental problems for India. A dense population of poorly maintained vehicles emits a significant amount of pollution, but burning raw high-ash coals only adds to the severity. As new environmental regulations loom, coal mines and utilities meet to decide on installation strategies. 00102959 Industrial emissions of trichloroethene, tetrachloroethene, and dichloromethane: reactive chlorine emissions inventory McCulloch, A. er rrl. J. Geophpy. Res., /A~nros./, 1999, 104, (D7), 84178427. Industrial and commercial processes are predominantly responsible for identified trichloroethene, tetrachloroethene and dichloromethane emissions. Trichloroethene and tetrachloroethene are also observed as byproducts of gasoline and coal combustion; these sources were also considered but shown to be insignificant versus industrial releases. In 1990, global emissions of 0.241 zIz0.013 Tg trichloroethene, 0.366 + 0.020 Tg tetrachloroethene, and 0.583 zt 0.032 Tg dichloromethane were assigned to individual countries and thence to a 1” latitude x 1” longitude grid based on a combination of three data sets: regional sales data available on a continental scale; economic activity in the form of national gross domestic products; and population distribution within each country. For those countries where available, data for the quantity and location of reported emissions were also incorporated. Uncertainty in distributed emissions was &4% relative to countries with the largest emissions. The results are recorded here in the form of maps. While industrial regions of North America, Europe, and Japan are the largest sites of anthropogenic emissions, there are also significant sources in the developing nations of Asia; in contrast, anthropogenic emissions within the southern hemisphere are much smaller and more widely dispersed. Total dichloromethane emissions appeared to match observed atmospheric concentrations, but ~25% of the tetrachloroethene flux calculated from observations remains unaccounted, and significant extra emissions of trichloroethene are necessary to effect a balance. Known sources were examined thoroughly, so it is reasonably certain that additional emissions are not a deliberate result of human activity. However, there was no means of discriminating their origin unequivocally, and it is possible that inadvertent by-products of anthropogenic activity are to blame for the missing quantities.
326
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
September
2000
00102960 Influence of coal volatiles compositions on NO, and SO. emissions Zhong, B. er al. Ranshao Ke.we Yu Jishu, 1998, 4, (4), 3633368. (In Chinese) During the combustion of coal, its voltiles release a large quantity of NO, and SO,. Contents and components of coal volatiles vary depending on the different coals. This paper studied the influence of different volatiles components on NO, and SO, emissions in coal combustion under rich oxygen. Through calculations based on the chemical reaction mechanism dynamics of NO, and SO, emissions in coal combustion under rich oxygen, it was shown that there is a good correlation between NO, and SO, yields and some of the characteristic parameters of the fuel. 00/02961 Local policies for DSM: the UK’s home energy conservation act Jones, E. Energy Po/ic.r, 2000, 28, (3), 201-21 I. Residential energy use accounts for approximately 28% of total primary energy use in the UK, with consumption in this sector forecast to increase due partly to expanding numbers of households. Finding ways to reduce residential energy consumption must form a key part of the climate change strategies of the UK and all developed countries. In 1995, an innovative piece of legislation was passed in the UK, devolving residential energy efficiency responsibility to local government. Under ‘The Home Energy Conservation Act’ (HECA), local authorities are obliged to consider the energy efficiency of private as well as public housing stock. Authorities were given a duty to produce a strategy for improving residential energy efficiency in their area by 30% in the next 10-15 years. This paper describes the enormous variation in the quality of local authorities’ strategies and discusses reasons for this variation. Based on a nationwide survey of HECA lead officers, it considers the opportunities and constraints facing local authorities and what has been achieved to-date under the Act. It also examines how HECA fits into the UK’s national energy policy and explains the roles of other institutions across the public, private and voluntary sector in facilitating implementation of the Act. Finally, the paper considers how other countries can learn from the UK’s HECA experience and can use the Act as a template to apply the principle of subsidiarity to this area of environmental policy. 00102962 Mercury becomes an issue Oswald, M. Coul Age, 2000, 105, (I), 27-28. Political and regulatory interest in the reduction of mercury emissions continues to grow as the scrutiny of environmental groups intensifies. With new controls on medical waste and municipal waste incinerators, roughly one-third of all anthropogenic (artificial) mercury emissions in the United States now originate from the production of electricity, most notably from the combustion of coal. Methane flaring - an initiative in lie with the 00102963 greenhouse challenge German Creek mine - Central Colliery Greenwood, D. QCMJ, 2000, 100, (I l78), 23-25. Shell Coal recently installed a methane flaring facility at its German Creek Central Colliery in the Bowen Basin to reduce the level of greenhouse gas emissions. This article looks at the installed plant and explains the reasons flaring was selected over other alternatives. 00102964 Migration, transformation, and treatment of fluorine in coal-fired power plant Tang, W. e/ crl. Huanjing Boohu (Beijing), 1999, 2, 13-15. (In Chmese) A study was carried out into the migration and transformation of fluorine in a coal-fired power plant. The results showed that 97% fluorine pollution was generated from high fluorine coal. In a wet dedusting system, about 52.5% of total effluent fluorine was in slag, 34.4% in wastewater, and 12.2% in waste gas. In a dry dedusting system, about 43.5% of total effluent fluorine was in slag, 9.5% in wastewater, and 42.0% in waste gas. Methods for treating the fluorine pollution were introduced, which contains using low fluorine coal, treating waste gas by water spraying, treating wastewater by the lime-AIZ(S04)-( method, and producing cement with fly ash. 00102965 New denitrification process and development of NO,absorbing materials Machida, M. Eco Id., 1999, 4, (4), 5-12. (In Japanese) The author’s new denitrification system is presented along with several examples of the combination of systems for absorbing lean NO, and deN0, catalysers. In the oxidizing atmosphere, NO, in exhaust gas is oxidized on catalysers to be fixed as nitrates on basic NO, storage materials. Then in a reducing atmosphere the nitrate was reduced NZ and the NO, storage material was recovered. The review covers the author group’s finding of absorption of NO into interlayer gaps of Laa.,Ba,SrCuzOb at lower temperature, and NO, desorption as Nz upon heating at 400-500”. NO absorption is accelerated in the presence of water vapour and Oa. However, a strong interaction between COa and basic barium inhibits the NO absorption. 00102966 Nitrogen release during fixed-bed gasification of several coals with COz: factors controlling formation of N2 Ohtsuka, Y. and Wu, Z. Fuel, 1999, 78, (5). 521-527. Different ranks of coals and their nitrogen release during CO2 gasification at 0.1 MPa and 1000°C have been studied with a fixed-bed quartz reactor. Among HCN, NH,, Na and tar-nitrogen analysed, Na was the main product
(pollution, health protection,
safety)
be due to increased root biomass rather than increased carbon concentration. Root weight density generally decreased in the interrow with wider row width and nitrogen application generally did not affect root weight density. Root weight density in the Pacolet soil was higher than in the other four soils and root density was 4.1 tnnes higher in the Pacolet soil than in the Norfolk soil. Root mass in the Pacolet soil (36 327 kg ha ‘) was 2.7 times greater than that found in the Norfolk soil (I3 204 kg ha ‘) within 150 cm of the soil surface. Differences in root characteristics were found among cultivars: root weight density with ‘Cave-in-Rock’ switchgrass was 29.4 and 47.6% higher than ‘Alamo’ and ‘Kanlow’, respectively. Variations in switchgrass root biomass production owing to soil type and cultivar suggest that site and cultivar selection will be important determinants of C sequestration by switchgrass roofs. A potential benefit of switchgrass is the reduced loss of nutrients associated with non-point pollution, owing to its deep root system that may extend 330 cm below the soil surface. 00102956 Implementing the Kyoto protocol: why JI and CDM show more promise than international emissions trading Woerdman, E. Energ): Polic), 2000, 28, (I), 29-38. The Kyoto protocol allows developed countries to achieve cost-effective greenhouse gas emission reductions abroad by means of international emissions trading (IET), joint implementation (JI) and the clean development mechanism (CDM). The article argues that JI and CDM projects will be more effective, efficient and politically acceptable than an IET system. First, e.~ posr baselines will ensure real abatement for JI and CDM projects, while the allocation of ‘hot air’ entails the trading of fake emission reductions under IET. Secondly, region-by-project baseline matrices will reduce transaction costs for JI and CDM, while transaction costs may increase for IET both under various trading rules and in an upstream, hybrid or mixed domestic trading system design. Thirdly, JI and CDM have more competitive advantages than IET, for example the possibility of prebudget banking for CDM. Fourthly, analyses of about 100 pilot phase projects and 20 permit tradin_r simulation studies indicate that JI and CDM will be cheaper than IET. Ftfthly. JI and CDM will be more politically acceptable than IET, since they avoid the macro-level (re)distribution of property or user rights. 00102957 Increase of nitrogen oxides emission during inappropriate combustion of organic dust above the grate of an OSR 254ype boiler Juszczak, M. Chem. Ins. E/id., 1998, 5, (IO). 873-876. (In Polish) It has been observed that during inappropriate combustion of organic dust in coal dust-fired boilers, there is a 30% increase in emissions. The waste utilization through combustion was promising if the dust combustion was carried out in the front section of the boiler. There was partial substitution of the organic dust for the coal dust. 00102958 India ponders prep plants Fiscor, S. Coal Age, 2000, 105, (5), 30-31. Air pollution leads the list of many environmental problems for India. A dense population of poorly maintained vehicles emits a significant amount of pollution, but burning raw high-ash coals only adds to the severity. As new environmental regulations loom, coal mines and utilities meet to decide on installation strategies. 00102959 Industrial emissions of trichloroethene, tetrachloroethene, and dichloromethane: reactive chlorine emissions inventory McCulloch, A. er rrl. J. Geophpy. Res., /A~nros./, 1999, 104, (D7), 84178427. Industrial and commercial processes are predominantly responsible for identified trichloroethene, tetrachloroethene and dichloromethane emissions. Trichloroethene and tetrachloroethene are also observed as byproducts of gasoline and coal combustion; these sources were also considered but shown to be insignificant versus industrial releases. In 1990, global emissions of 0.241 zIz0.013 Tg trichloroethene, 0.366 + 0.020 Tg tetrachloroethene, and 0.583 zt 0.032 Tg dichloromethane were assigned to individual countries and thence to a 1” latitude x 1” longitude grid based on a combination of three data sets: regional sales data available on a continental scale; economic activity in the form of national gross domestic products; and population distribution within each country. For those countries where available, data for the quantity and location of reported emissions were also incorporated. Uncertainty in distributed emissions was &4% relative to countries with the largest emissions. The results are recorded here in the form of maps. While industrial regions of North America, Europe, and Japan are the largest sites of anthropogenic emissions, there are also significant sources in the developing nations of Asia; in contrast, anthropogenic emissions within the southern hemisphere are much smaller and more widely dispersed. Total dichloromethane emissions appeared to match observed atmospheric concentrations, but ~25% of the tetrachloroethene flux calculated from observations remains unaccounted, and significant extra emissions of trichloroethene are necessary to effect a balance. Known sources were examined thoroughly, so it is reasonably certain that additional emissions are not a deliberate result of human activity. However, there was no means of discriminating their origin unequivocally, and it is possible that inadvertent by-products of anthropogenic activity are to blame for the missing quantities.
326
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
September
2000
00102960 Influence of coal volatiles compositions on NO, and SO. emissions Zhong, B. er al. Ranshao Ke.we Yu Jishu, 1998, 4, (4), 3633368. (In Chinese) During the combustion of coal, its voltiles release a large quantity of NO, and SO,. Contents and components of coal volatiles vary depending on the different coals. This paper studied the influence of different volatiles components on NO, and SO, emissions in coal combustion under rich oxygen. Through calculations based on the chemical reaction mechanism dynamics of NO, and SO, emissions in coal combustion under rich oxygen, it was shown that there is a good correlation between NO, and SO, yields and some of the characteristic parameters of the fuel. 00/02961 Local policies for DSM: the UK’s home energy conservation act Jones, E. Energy Po/ic.r, 2000, 28, (3), 201-21 I. Residential energy use accounts for approximately 28% of total primary energy use in the UK, with consumption in this sector forecast to increase due partly to expanding numbers of households. Finding ways to reduce residential energy consumption must form a key part of the climate change strategies of the UK and all developed countries. In 1995, an innovative piece of legislation was passed in the UK, devolving residential energy efficiency responsibility to local government. Under ‘The Home Energy Conservation Act’ (HECA), local authorities are obliged to consider the energy efficiency of private as well as public housing stock. Authorities were given a duty to produce a strategy for improving residential energy efficiency in their area by 30% in the next 10-15 years. This paper describes the enormous variation in the quality of local authorities’ strategies and discusses reasons for this variation. Based on a nationwide survey of HECA lead officers, it considers the opportunities and constraints facing local authorities and what has been achieved to-date under the Act. It also examines how HECA fits into the UK’s national energy policy and explains the roles of other institutions across the public, private and voluntary sector in facilitating implementation of the Act. Finally, the paper considers how other countries can learn from the UK’s HECA experience and can use the Act as a template to apply the principle of subsidiarity to this area of environmental policy. 00102962 Mercury becomes an issue Oswald, M. Coul Age, 2000, 105, (I), 27-28. Political and regulatory interest in the reduction of mercury emissions continues to grow as the scrutiny of environmental groups intensifies. With new controls on medical waste and municipal waste incinerators, roughly one-third of all anthropogenic (artificial) mercury emissions in the United States now originate from the production of electricity, most notably from the combustion of coal. Methane flaring - an initiative in lie with the 00102963 greenhouse challenge German Creek mine - Central Colliery Greenwood, D. QCMJ, 2000, 100, (I l78), 23-25. Shell Coal recently installed a methane flaring facility at its German Creek Central Colliery in the Bowen Basin to reduce the level of greenhouse gas emissions. This article looks at the installed plant and explains the reasons flaring was selected over other alternatives. 00102964 Migration, transformation, and treatment of fluorine in coal-fired power plant Tang, W. e/ crl. Huanjing Boohu (Beijing), 1999, 2, 13-15. (In Chmese) A study was carried out into the migration and transformation of fluorine in a coal-fired power plant. The results showed that 97% fluorine pollution was generated from high fluorine coal. In a wet dedusting system, about 52.5% of total effluent fluorine was in slag, 34.4% in wastewater, and 12.2% in waste gas. In a dry dedusting system, about 43.5% of total effluent fluorine was in slag, 9.5% in wastewater, and 42.0% in waste gas. Methods for treating the fluorine pollution were introduced, which contains using low fluorine coal, treating waste gas by water spraying, treating wastewater by the lime-AIZ(S04)-( method, and producing cement with fly ash. 00102965 New denitrification process and development of NO,absorbing materials Machida, M. Eco Id., 1999, 4, (4), 5-12. (In Japanese) The author’s new denitrification system is presented along with several examples of the combination of systems for absorbing lean NO, and deN0, catalysers. In the oxidizing atmosphere, NO, in exhaust gas is oxidized on catalysers to be fixed as nitrates on basic NO, storage materials. Then in a reducing atmosphere the nitrate was reduced NZ and the NO, storage material was recovered. The review covers the author group’s finding of absorption of NO into interlayer gaps of Laa.,Ba,SrCuzOb at lower temperature, and NO, desorption as Nz upon heating at 400-500”. NO absorption is accelerated in the presence of water vapour and Oa. However, a strong interaction between COa and basic barium inhibits the NO absorption. 00102966 Nitrogen release during fixed-bed gasification of several coals with COz: factors controlling formation of N2 Ohtsuka, Y. and Wu, Z. Fuel, 1999, 78, (5). 521-527. Different ranks of coals and their nitrogen release during CO2 gasification at 0.1 MPa and 1000°C have been studied with a fixed-bed quartz reactor. Among HCN, NH,, Na and tar-nitrogen analysed, Na was the main product