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03084 The Euro and the oil market — new challenges to the industry
0 1 So/id
fuels (derived solid fuels)
dominant lithotypes are dull banded, dull and banded with minor bright and bright banded. The dominant maceral groups of the coal are vitrinite and inertinite followed by mineral matter and the exinite group of macerals. The mineral matter associated with the macerals consists of clay, pyrite and quartz. The sulfur content in the coal from the borehole CPCHl ranges between 0.92 and 2.36%. On the basis of petrological analyses, type of pyrite and trace elements distribution in the coal samples of the bore hole CPCHl of the Mintaja block, the depositional environment postulated for the coal is an upper to lower delta type with a regressive phase of a marine transgression. The association of acritarchs and palynomorphs in the coal measures of the Hill River area supportes this model for the depositional environment. 00/03081 Short-term energy outlook, April 1999 - summer gasoline outlook Rodekohr, M. The Journal of Energy and Developmmr, 24, (2), I X9-20 I. The Energy Information Administration of the US Department of Energy is charged with providing projections of supply and demand for oil and natural gas. This paper offers the results of that exercise during a period when the political output decisions by the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries was just initiated in the spring of 1999. 00/03082 Tax credit plants emerge Kalb, G. W. Coal Age, 2000, 105. (4), 43-44. During the past three years, approximately 50 Section 29 projects have emerged. The typical Section 29 project is designed to produce in the range of 300,000 to 500,000 tons per year (tpy) of a coal-based synthetic fuel, with the most viable operations using old slurry impoundments or fine product streams from existing preparation plants as a feedstock. A section 29 qualified operation sells the synthetic fuel at the market price and simultaneously obtains the tax credit. 00/03083 The electricity sector in Africa: confronting the challenges of demand Sadeqi, M. and Abdullah, A.-N. The Journrrl ofEnergy and Developmenr. 24, (2), 275-290. Demand for electricity shows the most rapid growth of any energy form world-wide: Africa is no exception. Because electricity projects require large capital investment, financing in this sector is becoming more difficult for many developing countries; around 2 billion people in Africa still have no access to electricity. This paper focuses on the past, current, and future of the electricity sector in the six West African countries of Togo, Benin, Ghana, C&e d’Ivoire, Burkina Faso, and Mali. 00103084 The Euro and the oil market - new challenges to the industry Noreng, 0 The Journal oJ Energy and Development, 24, (2). 159-l 87. The euro has the potential to put an end to the US and dollar hegemony in world trade and finance, so far not disputed. The euro has, however, little chance of establishing its own hegemony comparable to that of the US dollar. After a period of competitive substitution, there will be a competitive co-existence between the euro and the dollar. Oil trade could play an important part in this game, but any serious challenge to the position of the dollar raises huge risks for the oil industry. The oil producers would only have an interest in pricing their crude in euro if it appreciates against the dollar. Even if European demand does not count much in the formation of oil prices, the North Sea production and the Brent market have an important role. The Brent market largely determines oil prices in the Atlantic, the Mediterranean, the Gulf, and even Asia. For the establishment of euro as a currency of international trade, a conversion of the Brent market to euro would be an important victory. The game is, however, as much political as economic. Within the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, Iran, Iraq, and Libya could have a political interest in hurting the United States by pricing their oil in euro. In the North Sea, Britain and Norway could have an economic interest in pricing their oil in euro, but their political links with the United States could weigh in the opposite direction. The stakes are enormous. The North Sea and the Gulf producers will essentially decide the outcome.
Derived
solid fuels
OOlO3085 ‘Supercoke’ high strength coke from Western Canadian coals Khan, M. A. ef al. Ironmaking Conf. Proc., 1999, 221-239. This paper presents a study of coking to obtain high strength coke. 00/03088 A new quantitative approach for microstructural analysis of coal char using HRTEM images Sharma, A. ef al. Fuel, 1999, 78, (IO), 1203-1212. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) is a useful technique to observe the structure of coal char at an atomic level. To analyse the char structure quantifiably, a new filtration technique was developed for HRTEM images and a computer algorithm to obtain information such as the graphene layer size, interlayer spacing, the number of layers per stack, and its distribution from the post-filtered extracted
350
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
November 2000
HRTEM images. By using a computerized imaging system and image analysis algorithm, it is possible to analyse many images from different sample spots, which helps to make the analysed result as general as possible, The aim of this article is to describe the usefulness of the technique to analyse the structure of carbonaceous materials, This technique was applied to study quantifiably the crystallinity of Pocahontas coal chars gasified in COz up to various conversion levels at 1200°C. TEM observation showed a remarkable structural change during the gasification. 00103087 An EVS (electrochemical voltage spectroscopy) study for the comparison of graphitiration behaviors of two petroleum needle cokes Park, C.W. er ul. Curbon, 2000, 38, (9), 1261-1269. Electrochemical voltage spectroscopy (EVS) was utilized to compare the graphitization tendency of two needle cokes at 2000 to 3000°C. Of the two precursors, the NC-A-1000 has a higher density and lower impurity than NC-B-1000. The polarized optical microscopic pictures revealed that the NC-A-1000 has a flow-type texture whereas the NC-B-1000 a mixed (flow and mosaic) one, indicative of a better molecular ordering in the former. Both the X-ray and scanning electron microscopy analysis on the resulting carbons indicated that the NC-A has a higher graphitizability, which most likely stems from the higher molecular ordering (mesophase development) in the precursor states. The EVS study also supported the easier graphitization in the NC-A series, where it was found that the onset temperature for graphitization is lower in the NC-A series, and their EVS profiles look closer to those observed with natural graphites, The staging phenomenon involved in the resulting graphitized materials was analysed by the EVS technique with a high potential resolution. Here, the intensity and location of the discharging EVS peaks was so sensitively affected by the degree of graphitization that it could be used as a probe for estimating the graphitizability. In particular, the peak labelled C in this report decreases in intensity with graphitization and the peak position steadily moves to the negative direction in the potential range of 0.16 to 0.25 V (versus Li/Li+). 00103088 Characteristics of oxygen chemisorption on porous coal char Song, K. S. and Kim, S. D. Koreun J. Chem. Eng., 1999, 16, (2), 175-179. An investigation into the oxygen chemisorption on a porous coal char took place with a typical consecutive pyrolysis and chemisorption experiment. In a thermogravimetric analyser small amounts of carbon-oxygen surface complexes were gasified. The kinetic equation of oxygen chemisorption on porous char including the gasification of surface oxides well represented the chemisorptionigasification behaviour of oxygen on the coal char. The activation energy and the frequency factor for oxygen chemisorption on coal char were 57 kJ/mol and 9.16x10rJh, respectively. 00103089 Effect of technological semicoking conditions on properties of semicoke Kuvshin, V. E. er rrl. Koks Khim, 1999, 4, 20-22. (In Russian) The coking of low rank coal in order to obtain semi-coke as gasification feed is studied. 00103090 Manufacture of coke having high porosity and strength for blast furnace steelmaking metallurgy Kakutani, H. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP I I 181,438 [99 181,438] (Cl. ClOB57;04), 6 Jul 1999, Appl. 1997/349,574, I8 Dee 1997. 5. (In Japanese) In coke manufacture, a coal blend mixed with a pore-forming agent is carbonized in a carbonizing chamber and a hydrocarbon is added to the chamber in the middle or the end stage of the carbonization to deposit pyrolytic carbon on a microcrack or on a pore wall of the coke mass. The obtained coke displays low bulk density and high strength. 00103091 Manufacture of cokes for blast furnaces Kato, K. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 11 181,440 [99 181,440] (Cl. ClOB571 04), 6 Jul 1999, Appl. 19971357,594, 25 Dee 1997. 5. (In Japanese) The title cokes are manufactured from raw materials containing 10-30 wt% coals. They have a reflection rate of vitrinite (Ro; for showing rank of coalification) 21.5 and 90-70 wt% caking coal, slightly caking coal, and non-caking coal having Ro c 1.5 by drying to show a moisture content of 36 wt% and then coking. The resultant cokes are obtained at low cost and display high strength. 00103092 Manufacture of metallurgical coke by viscosity control of melts in coke oven Fukada, K. el crl. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP II 181,437 [99 181,437] (Cl. ClOB57104), 6 Jul 1999, Appl. 1997/363,855, 18 Dee 1997. 4. (In Japanese) The title coke is manufactured by blending at least two coals to show different viscosities between the low- and the high-temperature sides in the softening and melting temperature region of the coke oven. Preferably, the low-temperature side shows low viscosity and the high-temperature side shows high viscosity. The resulting coke has a large pore volume, large grain size, low bulk density and high strength. 00/03093 Manufacture of metallurgical cokes by blowing liquid hvdrocarbon FLkushima, Y. and Itagaki, S. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 11 181,435 [99 181,435] (Cl. CIOB57/02), 6 Jul 1999, Appl. 1997/348,781, 18 Dee 1997. 5. (In Japanese)
fuels (derived solid fuels)
dominant lithotypes are dull banded, dull and banded with minor bright and bright banded. The dominant maceral groups of the coal are vitrinite and inertinite followed by mineral matter and the exinite group of macerals. The mineral matter associated with the macerals consists of clay, pyrite and quartz. The sulfur content in the coal from the borehole CPCHl ranges between 0.92 and 2.36%. On the basis of petrological analyses, type of pyrite and trace elements distribution in the coal samples of the bore hole CPCHl of the Mintaja block, the depositional environment postulated for the coal is an upper to lower delta type with a regressive phase of a marine transgression. The association of acritarchs and palynomorphs in the coal measures of the Hill River area supportes this model for the depositional environment. 00/03081 Short-term energy outlook, April 1999 - summer gasoline outlook Rodekohr, M. The Journal of Energy and Developmmr, 24, (2), I X9-20 I. The Energy Information Administration of the US Department of Energy is charged with providing projections of supply and demand for oil and natural gas. This paper offers the results of that exercise during a period when the political output decisions by the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries was just initiated in the spring of 1999. 00/03082 Tax credit plants emerge Kalb, G. W. Coal Age, 2000, 105. (4), 43-44. During the past three years, approximately 50 Section 29 projects have emerged. The typical Section 29 project is designed to produce in the range of 300,000 to 500,000 tons per year (tpy) of a coal-based synthetic fuel, with the most viable operations using old slurry impoundments or fine product streams from existing preparation plants as a feedstock. A section 29 qualified operation sells the synthetic fuel at the market price and simultaneously obtains the tax credit. 00/03083 The electricity sector in Africa: confronting the challenges of demand Sadeqi, M. and Abdullah, A.-N. The Journrrl ofEnergy and Developmenr. 24, (2), 275-290. Demand for electricity shows the most rapid growth of any energy form world-wide: Africa is no exception. Because electricity projects require large capital investment, financing in this sector is becoming more difficult for many developing countries; around 2 billion people in Africa still have no access to electricity. This paper focuses on the past, current, and future of the electricity sector in the six West African countries of Togo, Benin, Ghana, C&e d’Ivoire, Burkina Faso, and Mali. 00103084 The Euro and the oil market - new challenges to the industry Noreng, 0 The Journal oJ Energy and Development, 24, (2). 159-l 87. The euro has the potential to put an end to the US and dollar hegemony in world trade and finance, so far not disputed. The euro has, however, little chance of establishing its own hegemony comparable to that of the US dollar. After a period of competitive substitution, there will be a competitive co-existence between the euro and the dollar. Oil trade could play an important part in this game, but any serious challenge to the position of the dollar raises huge risks for the oil industry. The oil producers would only have an interest in pricing their crude in euro if it appreciates against the dollar. Even if European demand does not count much in the formation of oil prices, the North Sea production and the Brent market have an important role. The Brent market largely determines oil prices in the Atlantic, the Mediterranean, the Gulf, and even Asia. For the establishment of euro as a currency of international trade, a conversion of the Brent market to euro would be an important victory. The game is, however, as much political as economic. Within the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, Iran, Iraq, and Libya could have a political interest in hurting the United States by pricing their oil in euro. In the North Sea, Britain and Norway could have an economic interest in pricing their oil in euro, but their political links with the United States could weigh in the opposite direction. The stakes are enormous. The North Sea and the Gulf producers will essentially decide the outcome.
Derived
solid fuels
OOlO3085 ‘Supercoke’ high strength coke from Western Canadian coals Khan, M. A. ef al. Ironmaking Conf. Proc., 1999, 221-239. This paper presents a study of coking to obtain high strength coke. 00/03088 A new quantitative approach for microstructural analysis of coal char using HRTEM images Sharma, A. ef al. Fuel, 1999, 78, (IO), 1203-1212. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) is a useful technique to observe the structure of coal char at an atomic level. To analyse the char structure quantifiably, a new filtration technique was developed for HRTEM images and a computer algorithm to obtain information such as the graphene layer size, interlayer spacing, the number of layers per stack, and its distribution from the post-filtered extracted
350
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
November 2000
HRTEM images. By using a computerized imaging system and image analysis algorithm, it is possible to analyse many images from different sample spots, which helps to make the analysed result as general as possible, The aim of this article is to describe the usefulness of the technique to analyse the structure of carbonaceous materials, This technique was applied to study quantifiably the crystallinity of Pocahontas coal chars gasified in COz up to various conversion levels at 1200°C. TEM observation showed a remarkable structural change during the gasification. 00103087 An EVS (electrochemical voltage spectroscopy) study for the comparison of graphitiration behaviors of two petroleum needle cokes Park, C.W. er ul. Curbon, 2000, 38, (9), 1261-1269. Electrochemical voltage spectroscopy (EVS) was utilized to compare the graphitization tendency of two needle cokes at 2000 to 3000°C. Of the two precursors, the NC-A-1000 has a higher density and lower impurity than NC-B-1000. The polarized optical microscopic pictures revealed that the NC-A-1000 has a flow-type texture whereas the NC-B-1000 a mixed (flow and mosaic) one, indicative of a better molecular ordering in the former. Both the X-ray and scanning electron microscopy analysis on the resulting carbons indicated that the NC-A has a higher graphitizability, which most likely stems from the higher molecular ordering (mesophase development) in the precursor states. The EVS study also supported the easier graphitization in the NC-A series, where it was found that the onset temperature for graphitization is lower in the NC-A series, and their EVS profiles look closer to those observed with natural graphites, The staging phenomenon involved in the resulting graphitized materials was analysed by the EVS technique with a high potential resolution. Here, the intensity and location of the discharging EVS peaks was so sensitively affected by the degree of graphitization that it could be used as a probe for estimating the graphitizability. In particular, the peak labelled C in this report decreases in intensity with graphitization and the peak position steadily moves to the negative direction in the potential range of 0.16 to 0.25 V (versus Li/Li+). 00103088 Characteristics of oxygen chemisorption on porous coal char Song, K. S. and Kim, S. D. Koreun J. Chem. Eng., 1999, 16, (2), 175-179. An investigation into the oxygen chemisorption on a porous coal char took place with a typical consecutive pyrolysis and chemisorption experiment. In a thermogravimetric analyser small amounts of carbon-oxygen surface complexes were gasified. The kinetic equation of oxygen chemisorption on porous char including the gasification of surface oxides well represented the chemisorptionigasification behaviour of oxygen on the coal char. The activation energy and the frequency factor for oxygen chemisorption on coal char were 57 kJ/mol and 9.16x10rJh, respectively. 00103089 Effect of technological semicoking conditions on properties of semicoke Kuvshin, V. E. er rrl. Koks Khim, 1999, 4, 20-22. (In Russian) The coking of low rank coal in order to obtain semi-coke as gasification feed is studied. 00103090 Manufacture of coke having high porosity and strength for blast furnace steelmaking metallurgy Kakutani, H. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP I I 181,438 [99 181,438] (Cl. ClOB57;04), 6 Jul 1999, Appl. 1997/349,574, I8 Dee 1997. 5. (In Japanese) In coke manufacture, a coal blend mixed with a pore-forming agent is carbonized in a carbonizing chamber and a hydrocarbon is added to the chamber in the middle or the end stage of the carbonization to deposit pyrolytic carbon on a microcrack or on a pore wall of the coke mass. The obtained coke displays low bulk density and high strength. 00103091 Manufacture of cokes for blast furnaces Kato, K. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 11 181,440 [99 181,440] (Cl. ClOB571 04), 6 Jul 1999, Appl. 19971357,594, 25 Dee 1997. 5. (In Japanese) The title cokes are manufactured from raw materials containing 10-30 wt% coals. They have a reflection rate of vitrinite (Ro; for showing rank of coalification) 21.5 and 90-70 wt% caking coal, slightly caking coal, and non-caking coal having Ro c 1.5 by drying to show a moisture content of 36 wt% and then coking. The resultant cokes are obtained at low cost and display high strength. 00103092 Manufacture of metallurgical coke by viscosity control of melts in coke oven Fukada, K. el crl. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP II 181,437 [99 181,437] (Cl. ClOB57104), 6 Jul 1999, Appl. 1997/363,855, 18 Dee 1997. 4. (In Japanese) The title coke is manufactured by blending at least two coals to show different viscosities between the low- and the high-temperature sides in the softening and melting temperature region of the coke oven. Preferably, the low-temperature side shows low viscosity and the high-temperature side shows high viscosity. The resulting coke has a large pore volume, large grain size, low bulk density and high strength. 00/03093 Manufacture of metallurgical cokes by blowing liquid hvdrocarbon FLkushima, Y. and Itagaki, S. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 11 181,435 [99 181,435] (Cl. CIOB57/02), 6 Jul 1999, Appl. 1997/348,781, 18 Dee 1997. 5. (In Japanese)