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03235 Research on reforming natural gas with carbon dioxide to produce synthesis gas. (I). Activities of catalysts
04 By-products
spaces vacated by bltumcn-recovery gas, designed for future hydrogen chemical production or as fuel.
become storage space for the synthesis productlon used in oil upgradmg and
00103235 Research on reforming natural gas with carbon dioxide to produce synthesis gas. (I). Activities of catalysts Ye, Q. e, rrl. Be[/i,ig Gong~e &~rr~ X~htro. 1999. 25. (I). S&53. (In Chinese) This investigation studied the reformin g of natural gas with CO? into synthesis gas, on the base of a Ni-5 and Ni-SPM catalyst which had previously been selected in the reforming of methane with COz. The activity, stability, and ability of inhibiting the carbon deposition of Ni-5 and Ni-5PM catalyst was studled in the reform of natural gas with CO?. The results showed that the activity of Ni-5 was higher than that of Ni-5 catalyst and its resistance to carbon deposition was higher than that of Ni-5 catalyst. However, there was carbon deposition in the reactor, formed by cracking of high hydrocarbon of natural gas in the reforming of natural gas with CO:. Therefore a gas ‘A’ was added to feed gas to remove the carbon deposition. The results show that it can effectively inhibit carbon deposition with little effect on synthesis yield, catalyst activity. selectivity and stability and in addition it did not pass into the gases at the exit. Thus, a high activity, selectivity and stability was displayed by Ni-5PM in the reforming of natural gas with COZ.r to produce synthesis gasdioxide 00103236 Stability of hydrogen adsorbed on Saran char Zhang. Z. Ed ul. Corhon. 2000, 38, (9). 1289-1296. The reactivity of hydrogen adsorbed on Saran char is examined, in order to characterize Its properties and role in carbon gasification. In sequential DLHZ gasification, H-D exchange is observed at 1120 K, supporting a hydrogasification mechanism of sequential, dissociative hydrogen adsorption on adjacent carbon sites. Char oxidation m 02, removes hydrogen at a slower rate than that at which the carbon is gasified, suggesting that hydrogen inhibits the char reaction even in oxygen. Char oxidation at low temperatures enhances the rate of subsequent hydrogen gasification by creating additional active sites and removing a portion of the adsorbed hydrogen. 00103237 Steam reforming of biogas: application to syngas production Koulidiati, J. and Czernichowski, A. J. Sot Outs/-A/r. Clrm.. 1999, 4, (7). 91-107. The gliding arc-assisted conversion of hiogas to synthesis gas is presented. 00103238 Supported nickel catalysts for carbon dioxide reforming of methane in plug flow and membrane reactors Prabhu, A. K. et ol. Appl. Crrru/.. A. 1999. 183, (2), 241-252. A study into the catalytic productron of synthesis gas through methane reforming using carbon dioxide was carried out in a plug flow reactor and a membrane reactor at atmospheric pressure over nickel supported on MgO and LazO,. The Nir, olMGo <),O and the Ni/La203 catalysts exhibited high activity and gave conversions methane at equivalent levels in the plug flow mode of operation. Incorporation of a Vycor glass membrane in the reactor resulted in higher conversions than obtained in an identical plug flow reactor operated without diluent. The catalysts had low to moderate surface areas and low uptakes of Hz and CO at room temperature. X-ray diffraction showed that there was no discernible change between the catalysts before and after reaction. Elemental analysis showed that while there was little carbon deposited on the Nio n3Mg,, q70 catalyst, the Ni/LalOl catalyst did in fact undergo a slight coking. 00103239 Synthesis of dimethyl ether from natural gas via synthesis gas Shikada. T. PI 01. Kill. (‘ural., 1999. 40, (3). 395%400. A hybrid catalyst containmg Cu0-Zn0-A1201 and Cu/?-A1202 shows high activity in Me?0 preparation from synthesis gas in the slurry phase. At initial H/CO ratio 1.0 in the feed gas optimum synthesis gas conversion and high selectivity to Me?0 were attained. The study of process economics suggests that compared to conventional MeOH synthesis the production cost is reduced hv 2W. 00103240 Synthetic fuels from natural gas Martinez, J. CI rrl. lnx QI~I,,J i .Moh~dl. 1999. il. (3571. 137-145. (In Sparush) This paper discusses the technology of obtaining synthetic fuels (e.g. MeOH, dimethyl ether. Hz, hydrocarbons) from synthesis gas produced by the reforming or partial oxidation of natural gas. Direct conversion of natural gas (e.g. by electric arc or direct oxidation) to higher hydrocarbons and commercial plants for synthetic fuels are described. The integrated gasification combined cycles (IGCC). 00103241 Complex of Petronor Lopez, C. J. Ing. Qurm. t Mdrd). I9Y9, 31, (357). 149-155. (In Spanish) The integrated gaslficatlon combined cycle (IGCC) complex at Petronor is described as to its construction and technology. The fuel oil dependence IS decreased by the gasification of other petroleum fractions, coal, coke, petroleum resids. natural gas or biomass to produce a clean synthesis gas which can he combined with power production using gas turhine5.
related to fuels
00103242 The seeding of methane oxidation Davis, M. B. and Schmidt, L. D. Comhffsr Flnnlc, lY99. 119. t 1,‘2), 1X2-188. Useful products can be produced from mixtures of light alkanes and oxygen hy catalytic partial oxidation in excess fuel at moderate temperature. The relative.importance of homogeneous chemical In the reactions is still a subject of active debate and. in this paper, the gas-phase partial oxidation of methane was simulated using detailed chemical reaction mechanisms. The sensitivity of homogeneous chemical to the addition of trace amounts of radical and molecular species was analysed to evaluate both the possibility of heterogeneous assistance to gas-phase reactcons and the effectiveness of different species which might he added as promoters of particular product selectivities. Seeding of reaction mixtures with 2% of radicals reduced the homogeneous Ignition delay time by only 50% at 1400 K. The delay was fairly insensitive to particular radical seeds because the radical pool adjusts rapidly. Seeding only alters the product selectivity to CO and Hz at low conversion. 00103243 The thermal wave in a fixed-bed reactor for catalytic partial oxidation of methane to syngas Jin, R. er ~1. Ct,ihucr Xuehno, 1999. 20, (3), 26-7-772 (In Chinese) This paper investigates the thermal wave in a fixed-bed reactor for catalytic partial oxidation of methane (POM) to syngas, under various conditions, such as furnace temperature, space velocity, n(CHl)/n(Ol) and diluted/ undiluted catalyst beds. The peak temperature of the thermal wave became higher as the space velocity was increased. The decrease of n(CH,)/n(O,) led to a considerable rise in peak temperature, which was caused by the strong exothermic side reactions of deep oxidation of both Hz and carbon monoxide. A large rise in peak temperature was observed as the catalyst bed was diluted with tr-AlzOl supports of the same particle size as the Nice/a-AIZ03 catalyst (20-40 mesh). By comparing the catalytic performance as well as the thermal wave of the catalyst bed with a 3 mm height and that with a 15 mm height, it was clearly revealed that the POM reaction primarily took place in the upper zone (height 3-4 mm) of the catalyst bed, which was an almost isothermal region, and that the decrease of the lower part of the wave implied not the strong endothermic reforming reactions hut the characteristics of the heat transportation for the product gases, hecause the lower thermal wave was not associated with the presence of the catalyst. A direct oxidation mechanism for POM is supported by these results. 00103244 Thermochemical fundamentals for transformation of industrial gases into CO and H2 during dry quenching of coke Starovoit, A. G. and Zuhilin, I. G. Mrrrrll (;oT~‘~I)TI~&~ Prom-sr., 1998, I, 1823. (In RussIan) This paper examined the chemistry of the manufacture of reducing gases and synthesis gases from hydrocarbon-containing gases in the presence of hot (glowing) coke. Also presented is the concept of the chemical process in the technology of dry quenching of coke.? 00103245 Thermodynamics of the oxidation conversion of hydrocarbon-containing gases Zubilin, I. G. and Yushko, V. K. Mraccl// (;~~r~zor~rtlr~Prom-vt., 1998. 2. l721. (In Russian) The thermochemical and thermodynamic conversion of complex gas mixtures to CO and HZ was studied. A model was set up for the manufacture of reducing gases. 00103246 Underground gasification of coal. Investigation of the cavity growth at the time of testing El Tremedal’s great depth Brasseur, A. er (I/. Rewnr.s Proq. Gc~rzieProm~k.s, 1998. 12, (61). 63-68. (In French) In thts study, helium gas tracer, co-injected with the injected gas reactant, was used to follow the evolution of the underground cavity in underground gasification of coal in the El Tremedal lormation, near Alcorisa (Spain). The volume of the cavity increased with an increasing cumulative amount of injected oxygen. A model of cavity growth and fluld flow was based on a material exchange between the fluids and flow, and included the presence of a ‘dead’ zone. The growth of the volume of the cavity is an initial function of tnne followed by a stabilization period, which is characterized by an increasing amount (and importance) of accumulated water. The increased amount of water (or steam) could result in a destruction of the roof of the coal seam. The model can he described as a series of tanks exchanging material5 by diffusion within a dead zone with a small number of tanks in series. The general view that the process of underground gasification can be approximated as a perfectly mixed stirred-tank reactor is supported by this result.
04
BY-PRODUCTS TO FUELS
RELATED
00103247 A model for water adsorption in activated Do. D. D. and Do, H. D. (‘rrrhorl. 2000. 38. 15). 767 773
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
carbon
November 2000
365
spaces vacated by bltumcn-recovery gas, designed for future hydrogen chemical production or as fuel.
become storage space for the synthesis productlon used in oil upgradmg and
00103235 Research on reforming natural gas with carbon dioxide to produce synthesis gas. (I). Activities of catalysts Ye, Q. e, rrl. Be[/i,ig Gong~e &~rr~ X~htro. 1999. 25. (I). S&53. (In Chinese) This investigation studied the reformin g of natural gas with CO? into synthesis gas, on the base of a Ni-5 and Ni-SPM catalyst which had previously been selected in the reforming of methane with COz. The activity, stability, and ability of inhibiting the carbon deposition of Ni-5 and Ni-5PM catalyst was studled in the reform of natural gas with CO?. The results showed that the activity of Ni-5 was higher than that of Ni-5 catalyst and its resistance to carbon deposition was higher than that of Ni-5 catalyst. However, there was carbon deposition in the reactor, formed by cracking of high hydrocarbon of natural gas in the reforming of natural gas with CO:. Therefore a gas ‘A’ was added to feed gas to remove the carbon deposition. The results show that it can effectively inhibit carbon deposition with little effect on synthesis yield, catalyst activity. selectivity and stability and in addition it did not pass into the gases at the exit. Thus, a high activity, selectivity and stability was displayed by Ni-5PM in the reforming of natural gas with COZ.r to produce synthesis gasdioxide 00103236 Stability of hydrogen adsorbed on Saran char Zhang. Z. Ed ul. Corhon. 2000, 38, (9). 1289-1296. The reactivity of hydrogen adsorbed on Saran char is examined, in order to characterize Its properties and role in carbon gasification. In sequential DLHZ gasification, H-D exchange is observed at 1120 K, supporting a hydrogasification mechanism of sequential, dissociative hydrogen adsorption on adjacent carbon sites. Char oxidation m 02, removes hydrogen at a slower rate than that at which the carbon is gasified, suggesting that hydrogen inhibits the char reaction even in oxygen. Char oxidation at low temperatures enhances the rate of subsequent hydrogen gasification by creating additional active sites and removing a portion of the adsorbed hydrogen. 00103237 Steam reforming of biogas: application to syngas production Koulidiati, J. and Czernichowski, A. J. Sot Outs/-A/r. Clrm.. 1999, 4, (7). 91-107. The gliding arc-assisted conversion of hiogas to synthesis gas is presented. 00103238 Supported nickel catalysts for carbon dioxide reforming of methane in plug flow and membrane reactors Prabhu, A. K. et ol. Appl. Crrru/.. A. 1999. 183, (2), 241-252. A study into the catalytic productron of synthesis gas through methane reforming using carbon dioxide was carried out in a plug flow reactor and a membrane reactor at atmospheric pressure over nickel supported on MgO and LazO,. The Nir, olMGo <),O and the Ni/La203 catalysts exhibited high activity and gave conversions methane at equivalent levels in the plug flow mode of operation. Incorporation of a Vycor glass membrane in the reactor resulted in higher conversions than obtained in an identical plug flow reactor operated without diluent. The catalysts had low to moderate surface areas and low uptakes of Hz and CO at room temperature. X-ray diffraction showed that there was no discernible change between the catalysts before and after reaction. Elemental analysis showed that while there was little carbon deposited on the Nio n3Mg,, q70 catalyst, the Ni/LalOl catalyst did in fact undergo a slight coking. 00103239 Synthesis of dimethyl ether from natural gas via synthesis gas Shikada. T. PI 01. Kill. (‘ural., 1999. 40, (3). 395%400. A hybrid catalyst containmg Cu0-Zn0-A1201 and Cu/?-A1202 shows high activity in Me?0 preparation from synthesis gas in the slurry phase. At initial H/CO ratio 1.0 in the feed gas optimum synthesis gas conversion and high selectivity to Me?0 were attained. The study of process economics suggests that compared to conventional MeOH synthesis the production cost is reduced hv 2W. 00103240 Synthetic fuels from natural gas Martinez, J. CI rrl. lnx QI~I,,J i .Moh~dl. 1999. il. (3571. 137-145. (In Sparush) This paper discusses the technology of obtaining synthetic fuels (e.g. MeOH, dimethyl ether. Hz, hydrocarbons) from synthesis gas produced by the reforming or partial oxidation of natural gas. Direct conversion of natural gas (e.g. by electric arc or direct oxidation) to higher hydrocarbons and commercial plants for synthetic fuels are described. The integrated gasification combined cycles (IGCC). 00103241 Complex of Petronor Lopez, C. J. Ing. Qurm. t Mdrd). I9Y9, 31, (357). 149-155. (In Spanish) The integrated gaslficatlon combined cycle (IGCC) complex at Petronor is described as to its construction and technology. The fuel oil dependence IS decreased by the gasification of other petroleum fractions, coal, coke, petroleum resids. natural gas or biomass to produce a clean synthesis gas which can he combined with power production using gas turhine5.
related to fuels
00103242 The seeding of methane oxidation Davis, M. B. and Schmidt, L. D. Comhffsr Flnnlc, lY99. 119. t 1,‘2), 1X2-188. Useful products can be produced from mixtures of light alkanes and oxygen hy catalytic partial oxidation in excess fuel at moderate temperature. The relative.importance of homogeneous chemical In the reactions is still a subject of active debate and. in this paper, the gas-phase partial oxidation of methane was simulated using detailed chemical reaction mechanisms. The sensitivity of homogeneous chemical to the addition of trace amounts of radical and molecular species was analysed to evaluate both the possibility of heterogeneous assistance to gas-phase reactcons and the effectiveness of different species which might he added as promoters of particular product selectivities. Seeding of reaction mixtures with 2% of radicals reduced the homogeneous Ignition delay time by only 50% at 1400 K. The delay was fairly insensitive to particular radical seeds because the radical pool adjusts rapidly. Seeding only alters the product selectivity to CO and Hz at low conversion. 00103243 The thermal wave in a fixed-bed reactor for catalytic partial oxidation of methane to syngas Jin, R. er ~1. Ct,ihucr Xuehno, 1999. 20, (3), 26-7-772 (In Chinese) This paper investigates the thermal wave in a fixed-bed reactor for catalytic partial oxidation of methane (POM) to syngas, under various conditions, such as furnace temperature, space velocity, n(CHl)/n(Ol) and diluted/ undiluted catalyst beds. The peak temperature of the thermal wave became higher as the space velocity was increased. The decrease of n(CH,)/n(O,) led to a considerable rise in peak temperature, which was caused by the strong exothermic side reactions of deep oxidation of both Hz and carbon monoxide. A large rise in peak temperature was observed as the catalyst bed was diluted with tr-AlzOl supports of the same particle size as the Nice/a-AIZ03 catalyst (20-40 mesh). By comparing the catalytic performance as well as the thermal wave of the catalyst bed with a 3 mm height and that with a 15 mm height, it was clearly revealed that the POM reaction primarily took place in the upper zone (height 3-4 mm) of the catalyst bed, which was an almost isothermal region, and that the decrease of the lower part of the wave implied not the strong endothermic reforming reactions hut the characteristics of the heat transportation for the product gases, hecause the lower thermal wave was not associated with the presence of the catalyst. A direct oxidation mechanism for POM is supported by these results. 00103244 Thermochemical fundamentals for transformation of industrial gases into CO and H2 during dry quenching of coke Starovoit, A. G. and Zuhilin, I. G. Mrrrrll (;oT~‘~I)TI~&~ Prom-sr., 1998, I, 1823. (In RussIan) This paper examined the chemistry of the manufacture of reducing gases and synthesis gases from hydrocarbon-containing gases in the presence of hot (glowing) coke. Also presented is the concept of the chemical process in the technology of dry quenching of coke.? 00103245 Thermodynamics of the oxidation conversion of hydrocarbon-containing gases Zubilin, I. G. and Yushko, V. K. Mraccl// (;~~r~zor~rtlr~Prom-vt., 1998. 2. l721. (In Russian) The thermochemical and thermodynamic conversion of complex gas mixtures to CO and HZ was studied. A model was set up for the manufacture of reducing gases. 00103246 Underground gasification of coal. Investigation of the cavity growth at the time of testing El Tremedal’s great depth Brasseur, A. er (I/. Rewnr.s Proq. Gc~rzieProm~k.s, 1998. 12, (61). 63-68. (In French) In thts study, helium gas tracer, co-injected with the injected gas reactant, was used to follow the evolution of the underground cavity in underground gasification of coal in the El Tremedal lormation, near Alcorisa (Spain). The volume of the cavity increased with an increasing cumulative amount of injected oxygen. A model of cavity growth and fluld flow was based on a material exchange between the fluids and flow, and included the presence of a ‘dead’ zone. The growth of the volume of the cavity is an initial function of tnne followed by a stabilization period, which is characterized by an increasing amount (and importance) of accumulated water. The increased amount of water (or steam) could result in a destruction of the roof of the coal seam. The model can he described as a series of tanks exchanging material5 by diffusion within a dead zone with a small number of tanks in series. The general view that the process of underground gasification can be approximated as a perfectly mixed stirred-tank reactor is supported by this result.
04
BY-PRODUCTS TO FUELS
RELATED
00103247 A model for water adsorption in activated Do. D. D. and Do, H. D. (‘rrrhorl. 2000. 38. 15). 767 773
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
carbon
November 2000
365