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GCMS investigation of fibrous residue combustion
07 Alternative
energy sources (others, including development,
economics)
A good wind resource, growing environmental concerns and a dispersed population make small wind turbines an increasingly popular choice in Southern Patagonia, particularly in the regions of Santa Cruz and Chubut in Argentina and Magallanes in Chile.
Others, including
development,
economics
00103528 A new technology for treatment of PVC waste Jaksland, C. Wasre Munagemenr, 2000, 20, (S/6), 463-467. A new environmentally sustainable technology for chemical recycling of PVC waste is presented in this paper. The new technology transforms PVC waste into completely new chemical products/raw materials. The process is based on a combined thermal and chemical degradation of PVC in a reactor. In the reactor, the chlorine from the PVC reacts with fillers producing calcium chloride. The metal stabilizers (lead, cadmium, zinc and/ or barium) are converted to metal chlorides. Exploiting the influence of pH, temperature, liquid-to-solid ratio and comminution on the metal solubility, metals and calcium chloride are sequentially extracted from the reaction product. This occurs in a downstream multi-stage extraction-filtration procedure. The products from the process are: (1) calcium chloride, which satisfies the specifications as thaw-salt, (2) lead (metal) product, which may be further purified and reused, (3) coke, and (4) organic condensate, which may be used as energy resources for the process. This article presents the basis of the technology in terms of reaction and separation principles, selected process equipment and process design. Further, the economy of the process, environmental issues and product purities/applications are addressed. 00103529 Bioenergy in the United States: progress and possibilities Cook, J. and Beyea, J. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2000, 18, (6), 441455. Concerns about global climate change and air quality have increased interest in biomass and other energy sources that are potentially COzneutral and less polluting. Large-scale bioenergy development could indeed bring significant ecological benefits - or equally significant damage depending on the specific paths taken. In particular, the land requirements for biomass production are potentially immense. Various entities in the United States have performed research; prepared cost-supply assessments, environmental impact assessments, life-cycle analyses and externality impact assessments; and engaged in demonstration and development regarding biomass crops and other potential biomass energy feedstocks. These efforts have focused on various biomass wastes, forest management issues, and biomass crops, including both perennial herbaceous crops and fast-growing woody crops. Simultaneously, several regional and national groups of bioenergy stakeholders have issued consensus recommendations and guidelines for sustainable bioenergy development. It is a consistent conclusion from these efforts that displacing annual agricultural crops with native perennial biomass crops could - in addition to reducing fossil fuel use and ameliorating associated ecological problems - also help restore natural ecosystem functions in worked landscapes, and thereby preserve natural biodiversity. Conversely, if forests are managed and harvested more intensively, and/or if biomass crops displace more natural land cover such as forests and wetlands, it is likely that ecosystem functions would be impaired and biodiversity lost. 00103530 Coal and plastic waste in a PF boiler Petra, E. C. er al. Energy Policy, 2000, 28, (4), 223-229. Plastics wastes from a municipal solid waste (MSW) plant have a highenergy content and are suitable for co-processing with coal. The addition of 5% plastic waste to a coal-fired PF power station reduces its efficiency slightly from 44.0 to 43.7% due to the high moisture content of the plastics, The overall economics however can be favourable. For the cost of electricity to be the same as the coal only case, the plastic waste could have a value of up to 23 euros/dry tonne to the power station, assuming that it had been prepared for use. Therefore the maximum amount that the power station can afford to spend on preparing the plastic waste for use is 23 euros/dry tonne plus the avoided landfill cost, less the transport cost. The location of the power station plays a key role, since this does not only have an effect on the transport costs of the waste but also on the landfill charges. The sensitivity of the economics of co-processing plastic waste with coal for a variety of power station operational parameters is presented. 00103531 Gasification and thermochemical studies on bio and waste fuels with particular reference to hazelnut shells Olgun, H. ef al. Energy Environ.. Proc. Trahzon ht. Energ_,, Environ. SJWJ~., 2nd, 1999, 309-313. Edited by Dincer I. and Ayhan T. This study aimed to bring about an understanding of the decomposition behaviour of a range of biofuel and waste feedstock during gasification in a downdraft gasifier. A laboratory-scale large sample thermogravimetric analyser (LSTA) is used which allows the data on burn-out characteristics of different fuel part to be measured under agitated conditions, The conditions chosen simulate the combustion behaviour in a gasifier for a range of biofuels and wastes, namely hazelnut, pistachio, and peanut shells, wood chips and sewage sludge pellets. From this data the activation energy is calculated for a heating rate of 20”C/min. It was found that, as the weight
398
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
November 2000
loss increases, the activation energy decreases. In addition, the influence of a range of gasification air/N2 levels on constituents of the gas released during hazelnut shell decomposition was observed. The composition of the product gases was found to consist of CHI, Hz, CO, COz, CzH.,, &He. This was analysed as function of time for hazelnut shells revealing the primary products to be Hz, CO, CH4 and COz. 00103532 Leaching characteristics of glassy waste forms containing two different incineration ashes Kim, I. T. Waste Management, 2000, 20, (S/6), 409-1116. Several glassy waste forms are fabricated from two different incineration ashes at different mixing ratios of ashes to base glass. Incineration ashes used in the experiments are hazardous waste (HW) incineration ash from a paint factory and simulated radioactive waste (RW) incineration ash from a nuclear power plant. To assess the chemical durability, which is known to be the most important factor in the waste form integrity, of glassy waste forms, long-term leaching tests such as MCC-4S (for HW glassy waste form) and IS0 (for RW glassy waste form) methods were conducted at 70°C for over 500 days. By observing the initial leach ratio of glass components, it was found that silicon and calcium uniformly leached out after the early leaching of sodium and boron. For sodium and boron, diffusion is a dominant leaching mechanism, while dissolution associated with diffusion affects the leaching of silicon and calcium. Like glass constituents, leaching characteristics of hazardous metals and surrogate nuclides are also dependent upon solubility. Numerical modeling and TGA/FTIR/GCMS 00103533 investigation of fibrous residue combustion Saade, G. and Koziriski, A. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2000, 18, (5), 391404. Numerical modelling results of combustion of fibrous sludge are presented and validated in a series of experiments. Combustion experiments were conducted in a thermogravimetric coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectrometer and gas chromatography mass spectrometer. Sludge material (open matrix of lignocellulosic fibres with inorganic fillers) was generated in pulp and a paper mill during the de-inking process. Mathematical models were developed for solid- and gas-phase combustion. The mathematical model for the decomposition of solid phase is based on the following assumptions: (1) rate of combustion determined by oxygen mass transfer, (2) laminar gas Bow, and (3) negligible radiation. The combustion of aromatic hydrocarbons formed/released during the combustion process is formulated taking the following assumptions: (1) reaction rates of methylnaphthalene and naphthalene are relatively fast and thereby constitute the driving force for the initiation of combustion; and (2) kinetics rate data for the oxidation of methyl-naphthalene and naphthalene are equal to those of benzene. Numerical computations compare well with measurements and provide good predictions of the reactivity of the material during the combustion process. Mass fraction remaining at the end of the simulation period was predicted ‘within 2% accuracy. Flue gas combustion simulations have shown acceptable results, however the computed overall reaction rate was over-predicted. Predictions of the behaviour of major gaseous species (COz, 02, CO and PAH) were reasonable. Simulations also revealed the mechanism of solid biomass combustion to start at the centre of the sample and then propagate toward the surface. Such information could not be obtained from experimental data. It was also shown that indenyl may play an important role in the pulp and paper biomass combustion and may be considered as a catalyst for ignition. 00/03534 Potential of biomass fuel conservation in selected Asian countries Bhattacharya, S. C. et rrl. Energy Comers. Manage, 1999, 40, (II), ll411162. The potential of savings in the biomass consumed for energy in seven Asian countries (China, India, Pakistan, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka and Vietnam) is estimated, if the centuries-old traditional methods of biomass use are reconsidered and an efficient, rational use is implemented, The present pattern and share of biomass consumption of different traditional biomass energy devices are recorded. The efficiency of traditional technologies and that of improved ones (technologies which are practically applicable or already in use somewhere else) are compared and the potential of biomass savings is calculated The total biomass saving potential in all seven countries together has been estimated at 322 million tons/yr. 00/03535 Pressurized gasification of olive waste in a fluidized bed reactor Rosen, C. et al. SW-V. Cornbust. Res. Swed., Proc. List Participmts, 1999, 164-167. Edited by Olsson E. A study on the gasification characteristics of olive waste is presented, The experimental work was carried out in the LDU-unit, the pressurized fluidized bed reactor at KTH, and the results are compared with those obtained in gasification of wood. An outline of the experiments shows the very large process influence of the ash behaviour. Ash from olive waste has a low melting temperature and an increased pressure negatively influencing the behaviour of the ash. The composition of the biomass influences the distribution of the products. The product gas from olive waste contains higher percentages of COz and Ha and lower amounts of CO than the gas from wood gasification. Olive waste gives less volatiles and more char than wood. The fuel nitrogen was principally converted to ammonia and nitrogen gas. A new very efficient method based on solid-phase adsorption (SPA) was used for tar sampling.
energy sources (others, including development,
economics)
A good wind resource, growing environmental concerns and a dispersed population make small wind turbines an increasingly popular choice in Southern Patagonia, particularly in the regions of Santa Cruz and Chubut in Argentina and Magallanes in Chile.
Others, including
development,
economics
00103528 A new technology for treatment of PVC waste Jaksland, C. Wasre Munagemenr, 2000, 20, (S/6), 463-467. A new environmentally sustainable technology for chemical recycling of PVC waste is presented in this paper. The new technology transforms PVC waste into completely new chemical products/raw materials. The process is based on a combined thermal and chemical degradation of PVC in a reactor. In the reactor, the chlorine from the PVC reacts with fillers producing calcium chloride. The metal stabilizers (lead, cadmium, zinc and/ or barium) are converted to metal chlorides. Exploiting the influence of pH, temperature, liquid-to-solid ratio and comminution on the metal solubility, metals and calcium chloride are sequentially extracted from the reaction product. This occurs in a downstream multi-stage extraction-filtration procedure. The products from the process are: (1) calcium chloride, which satisfies the specifications as thaw-salt, (2) lead (metal) product, which may be further purified and reused, (3) coke, and (4) organic condensate, which may be used as energy resources for the process. This article presents the basis of the technology in terms of reaction and separation principles, selected process equipment and process design. Further, the economy of the process, environmental issues and product purities/applications are addressed. 00103529 Bioenergy in the United States: progress and possibilities Cook, J. and Beyea, J. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2000, 18, (6), 441455. Concerns about global climate change and air quality have increased interest in biomass and other energy sources that are potentially COzneutral and less polluting. Large-scale bioenergy development could indeed bring significant ecological benefits - or equally significant damage depending on the specific paths taken. In particular, the land requirements for biomass production are potentially immense. Various entities in the United States have performed research; prepared cost-supply assessments, environmental impact assessments, life-cycle analyses and externality impact assessments; and engaged in demonstration and development regarding biomass crops and other potential biomass energy feedstocks. These efforts have focused on various biomass wastes, forest management issues, and biomass crops, including both perennial herbaceous crops and fast-growing woody crops. Simultaneously, several regional and national groups of bioenergy stakeholders have issued consensus recommendations and guidelines for sustainable bioenergy development. It is a consistent conclusion from these efforts that displacing annual agricultural crops with native perennial biomass crops could - in addition to reducing fossil fuel use and ameliorating associated ecological problems - also help restore natural ecosystem functions in worked landscapes, and thereby preserve natural biodiversity. Conversely, if forests are managed and harvested more intensively, and/or if biomass crops displace more natural land cover such as forests and wetlands, it is likely that ecosystem functions would be impaired and biodiversity lost. 00103530 Coal and plastic waste in a PF boiler Petra, E. C. er al. Energy Policy, 2000, 28, (4), 223-229. Plastics wastes from a municipal solid waste (MSW) plant have a highenergy content and are suitable for co-processing with coal. The addition of 5% plastic waste to a coal-fired PF power station reduces its efficiency slightly from 44.0 to 43.7% due to the high moisture content of the plastics, The overall economics however can be favourable. For the cost of electricity to be the same as the coal only case, the plastic waste could have a value of up to 23 euros/dry tonne to the power station, assuming that it had been prepared for use. Therefore the maximum amount that the power station can afford to spend on preparing the plastic waste for use is 23 euros/dry tonne plus the avoided landfill cost, less the transport cost. The location of the power station plays a key role, since this does not only have an effect on the transport costs of the waste but also on the landfill charges. The sensitivity of the economics of co-processing plastic waste with coal for a variety of power station operational parameters is presented. 00103531 Gasification and thermochemical studies on bio and waste fuels with particular reference to hazelnut shells Olgun, H. ef al. Energy Environ.. Proc. Trahzon ht. Energ_,, Environ. SJWJ~., 2nd, 1999, 309-313. Edited by Dincer I. and Ayhan T. This study aimed to bring about an understanding of the decomposition behaviour of a range of biofuel and waste feedstock during gasification in a downdraft gasifier. A laboratory-scale large sample thermogravimetric analyser (LSTA) is used which allows the data on burn-out characteristics of different fuel part to be measured under agitated conditions, The conditions chosen simulate the combustion behaviour in a gasifier for a range of biofuels and wastes, namely hazelnut, pistachio, and peanut shells, wood chips and sewage sludge pellets. From this data the activation energy is calculated for a heating rate of 20”C/min. It was found that, as the weight
398
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
November 2000
loss increases, the activation energy decreases. In addition, the influence of a range of gasification air/N2 levels on constituents of the gas released during hazelnut shell decomposition was observed. The composition of the product gases was found to consist of CHI, Hz, CO, COz, CzH.,, &He. This was analysed as function of time for hazelnut shells revealing the primary products to be Hz, CO, CH4 and COz. 00103532 Leaching characteristics of glassy waste forms containing two different incineration ashes Kim, I. T. Waste Management, 2000, 20, (S/6), 409-1116. Several glassy waste forms are fabricated from two different incineration ashes at different mixing ratios of ashes to base glass. Incineration ashes used in the experiments are hazardous waste (HW) incineration ash from a paint factory and simulated radioactive waste (RW) incineration ash from a nuclear power plant. To assess the chemical durability, which is known to be the most important factor in the waste form integrity, of glassy waste forms, long-term leaching tests such as MCC-4S (for HW glassy waste form) and IS0 (for RW glassy waste form) methods were conducted at 70°C for over 500 days. By observing the initial leach ratio of glass components, it was found that silicon and calcium uniformly leached out after the early leaching of sodium and boron. For sodium and boron, diffusion is a dominant leaching mechanism, while dissolution associated with diffusion affects the leaching of silicon and calcium. Like glass constituents, leaching characteristics of hazardous metals and surrogate nuclides are also dependent upon solubility. Numerical modeling and TGA/FTIR/GCMS 00103533 investigation of fibrous residue combustion Saade, G. and Koziriski, A. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2000, 18, (5), 391404. Numerical modelling results of combustion of fibrous sludge are presented and validated in a series of experiments. Combustion experiments were conducted in a thermogravimetric coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectrometer and gas chromatography mass spectrometer. Sludge material (open matrix of lignocellulosic fibres with inorganic fillers) was generated in pulp and a paper mill during the de-inking process. Mathematical models were developed for solid- and gas-phase combustion. The mathematical model for the decomposition of solid phase is based on the following assumptions: (1) rate of combustion determined by oxygen mass transfer, (2) laminar gas Bow, and (3) negligible radiation. The combustion of aromatic hydrocarbons formed/released during the combustion process is formulated taking the following assumptions: (1) reaction rates of methylnaphthalene and naphthalene are relatively fast and thereby constitute the driving force for the initiation of combustion; and (2) kinetics rate data for the oxidation of methyl-naphthalene and naphthalene are equal to those of benzene. Numerical computations compare well with measurements and provide good predictions of the reactivity of the material during the combustion process. Mass fraction remaining at the end of the simulation period was predicted ‘within 2% accuracy. Flue gas combustion simulations have shown acceptable results, however the computed overall reaction rate was over-predicted. Predictions of the behaviour of major gaseous species (COz, 02, CO and PAH) were reasonable. Simulations also revealed the mechanism of solid biomass combustion to start at the centre of the sample and then propagate toward the surface. Such information could not be obtained from experimental data. It was also shown that indenyl may play an important role in the pulp and paper biomass combustion and may be considered as a catalyst for ignition. 00/03534 Potential of biomass fuel conservation in selected Asian countries Bhattacharya, S. C. et rrl. Energy Comers. Manage, 1999, 40, (II), ll411162. The potential of savings in the biomass consumed for energy in seven Asian countries (China, India, Pakistan, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka and Vietnam) is estimated, if the centuries-old traditional methods of biomass use are reconsidered and an efficient, rational use is implemented, The present pattern and share of biomass consumption of different traditional biomass energy devices are recorded. The efficiency of traditional technologies and that of improved ones (technologies which are practically applicable or already in use somewhere else) are compared and the potential of biomass savings is calculated The total biomass saving potential in all seven countries together has been estimated at 322 million tons/yr. 00/03535 Pressurized gasification of olive waste in a fluidized bed reactor Rosen, C. et al. SW-V. Cornbust. Res. Swed., Proc. List Participmts, 1999, 164-167. Edited by Olsson E. A study on the gasification characteristics of olive waste is presented, The experimental work was carried out in the LDU-unit, the pressurized fluidized bed reactor at KTH, and the results are compared with those obtained in gasification of wood. An outline of the experiments shows the very large process influence of the ash behaviour. Ash from olive waste has a low melting temperature and an increased pressure negatively influencing the behaviour of the ash. The composition of the biomass influences the distribution of the products. The product gas from olive waste contains higher percentages of COz and Ha and lower amounts of CO than the gas from wood gasification. Olive waste gives less volatiles and more char than wood. The fuel nitrogen was principally converted to ammonia and nitrogen gas. A new very efficient method based on solid-phase adsorption (SPA) was used for tar sampling.