- Email: [email protected]
03675 Indoor 222Rn concentrations in the vicinity of a Turkish coal-fired power plant
15 Environment
(pollution, health protecfion,
safety)
monetary’ criteria. This is unlike the engineering models that provide an integrated assessment of energy sector-related abatement options on the supply side as well as in the end-use sectors, over time. However, technology evaluation is based on purely quantifiable criteria whereas in the real world, decisions are taken based on other considerations as well. 00103659 Assessment of occupational exposure to diesel fumes - parameter optimization of the thermal coulometric measurement method for carbon Perret, V. et al. J. Environ. Mod., 1999, 1, (4), 367-312. As a surrogate to assess occupational exposure to diesel soot, elemental carbon (EC) is used. EC thermal analysis needs complete desorption of organic compounds from soot particles prior to analysis to minimize positive interferences and artefacts. Organic compound desorption can be considered the major step affecting the reliability of EC determination. A systematic study was conducted to investigate the effect of different parameters (e.g. desorption temperature, desorption duration, heating rate, sample type) on desorption efficiency. Temperature and duration were the major parameters of influence on desorption efficiency. The influence of sample load can be seen as a measure of the pyrolysis susceptibility of the sample. This paper proposes an optimized temperature programme. 00103660 Carbon sequestered, carbon displaced and the Kyoto context Marland, Gregg and Schlamadinger, B. Proc. - TAPPI hr. Envrron. Cor$., 1999, I, 283-289. Any integrated system that embraces forest management, forest products and land-use change impacts the global carbon cycle - and hence the net emission of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide - in four fundamental ways. Carbon is stored in living and dead biomass, in wood products and landfills. Forest products substitute in the market place products made from other materials and forest harvests can be used wholly or partially to displace fossil fuels in the energy sector. Implementation of the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change would result in the creation of international markets for carbon dioxide emissions credits, but the current Kyoto text does not treat all carbon identically. A carbon accounting model, GORCAM, has been developed to examine a variety of scenarios for land management and the production of forest products. This paper explores, for two simple scenarios of forest management, the carbon flows that occur and how these might be accounted for under the Kyoto text. The Kyoto Protocol raises questions about what activities can result in emissions credits: which carbon reservoirs will be counted, who will receive the credits, and how much credit will be available. The Kyoto Protocol would only sometimes give credits for carbon sequestered, but when fossil fuel carbon dioxide emissions are displaced, it would always give credits. 00103661 Characterization of organic emissions from hazardous waste incineration processes under the new EPA draft ‘Risk burn guidance: measurement issues’ Ryan, J. V. Wnsre Management, 2000, 20, (5/6), 3477353. EPA’s recently published draft ‘Risk burn guidance’ recommends that hazardous waste combustion facilities complete a mass balance of the total organics (TOs) that may be emitted from the combustor. TOs, consisting of three distinct fractions (volatile, semi-volatile, and non-volatile organic compounds) are determined using measurement techniques specific to the boiling point range of each component. Preliminary proof-of-concept tests have been performed to gain further knowledge of the total chromatographable organics (TCO) and gravimetric analysis (GRAV) procedures used to determine the semi-volatile and non-volatile organic fractions. A commercially prepared Method 8270 semi-volatile organic standard solution made up of 112 compounds containing a variety of halogenated, oxygenated, nitrogenated, and sulfonated hydrocarbons, in addition to those hydrocarbons containing only carbon and hydrogen, was used to examine measurement biases of the TCO and GRAV methods, The results indicate that, at least for this particular standard, both methods are accurate, exhibiting biases <+lO%. However, these TCO results may be deceiving TCO measurement biases observed for select individual semivolatile organic compounds are well in excess of the composite bias observed. The composite bias observed may be more a result of a relatively equal number of negative and positive biases that negate each rather than a true indication of TCO measurement bias. Further methods evaluation work is required to support this tenet. Additional tests were performed to verify that the semi-volatile organic mass was not redundantly measured by the GRAV procedure. Experiments were also performed to expand the mass of non-volatile organic material that could be quantified using the TCO procedure. Expanding the TCO working boiling point range may be a viable alternative to the GRAV technique. It must be cautioned that these results are not fully comprehensive in nature and, as a result, applications of these results are limited. :)/$3;2
Conflicting
energy, environment,
economy
policies
in
Bauer, M. and Quintanilla, J. Energy Policy, 2000, 28, (5), 321-326. Environmental concerns, both at the local and global levels, have been present in Mexico’s energy planning and national and international commitments. However, deregulation policies and financial constraints in the public sector seem to come in conflict with respect to greenhouse gas emissions in the development of the Mexican energy system. This is
410
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
November 2000
specially noticeable in the power sector where expansion of non-fossil fuel generation has been essentially postponed at present and only the substitution of fuel oil and diesel by natural gas is contemplated. 00/03663 Effective pollution control as an integral part of the modern waste-to-energy plant Carlsson, K. B. Proc. In!. Disposal Conf?., ISI, 1999, 37-56. Edited by Johansson S. R. namely toxic Residual solid waste (RMSW) always contains contaminants, hydrocarbons, various microorganisms and heavy metal compounds, regardless of the sorting procedure at source. It is therefore difficult and can also be dangerous to recycle this waste, either for composting or as raw material. On the other hand, despite contamination, RMSW is a good, largely organic fuel, which can replace fossil fuels in power or preferably, combined heat and power plants. Effective pollution control is of course necessary in order to eliminate emissions to air, water and land. 00/03664 Emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and particulate matter from domestic combustion of selected fuels Oanh, N. et al. Environ. Sci. Technol., 1999, 33, (l6), 2703-2709. Three common fuel-stove systems in south-east Asia were monitored for their polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and particulate matter (PM) emissions. The systems were: eucalyptus wood sticks open burning, charcoal stove, and coal briquette stove. Smoke samples were taken isokinetically from the flue pipe of a hood and analysed for PAH using HPLC/ fluorescence detector and UV detector. Wood fuel burning produced the highest emission of 18 PAH and 11 genotoxic PAH in terms of the emission factor on energy basis (mg/MJ), emission rate, and pollutant concentration in smoke, while the charcoal produced the least. On a fuel-weight basis, wood fuel produced almost the same emission factor of the total of 18 PAH (110 mgikg) as coal briquettes but twice as much as genotoxic PAH, 13.4 vs 6.5 mg/kg. The wood fuel high burning rate, however, resulted in the highest total 18 PAH emission rate (208 mgih) and concentration (957 hug/ m ), leading to a htgh exposure to toxic pollutants. The PM emission factor in milligrams per kg of fuel was 51, 36, and 7 for the wood, charcoal, and coal briquettes, respectively. The largest fraction of PAH in PM was found for wood fuel burning smoke. The average daily cooking of a household of two to three releases 40 mg of genotoxic PAH from wood fuel, 9 mg from coal briquettes, and 3.3 mg from charcoal burning. The charcoal fuel stove was identified as the cleanest system, although this was not taking into account the pollutant emissions during production of the charcoal in the first place. 00/03665 Emissions from buses with DDC 6V92 engines using synthetic diesel fuel Norton, P. ei al. Sot. Auiomot. Eng., [Spec. Puhl.] SP, 1999, SP-1458, El89. A variety of feedstocks can be used to make synthetic diesel fuel, including coal, natural gas and biomass. Synthetic diesel fuels can have very low sulfur and aromatic content, and excellent auto-ignition characteristics. Moreover, synthetic diesel fuels may also be economically competitive with California diesel fuel if produced in large volumes. Previous engine laboratory and field tests using a heavy-duty chassis dynamometer indicate that synthetic diesel fuel made using the Fischer-Tropsch catalytic conversion process is a promising alternative fuel because it can be used in unmodified diesel engines, and can reduce exhaust emissions substantially. The objective of this study was a preliminary assessment of the emissions from older model transit operated on Mossgas synthetic diesel fuel. The study compared emissions from transit buses operating on Federal No. 2 diesel fuel, Mossgas synthetic diesel (MGSD), and a 50150 blend of the two fuels. The buses were equipped with unmodified Detroit Diesel 6V92 2-stroke diesel engines, Six 40 ft buses were tested. Three of the buses had recently rebuilt engines and were equipped with an oxidation catalytic converter. Vehicle emissions measurements were performed using West Virginia University’s unique transportable chassis dynamometer. The emissions were measured over the Central Business District (CBD) driving cycle. The buses performed well on both neat and blended MGSD fuel. Three buses without catalytic converters were tested. Compared to their emissions when operating on Federal No. 2 diesel fuel, these buses emitted an average of 5% lower oxides of nitrogen (NO,) and 20% lower particulate matter (PM) when operating on neat MGSD fuel. When operating on MGSD instead of Federal No. 2 diesel fuel, catalyst equipped buses emitted an average of 8% lower NO, and 31% lower PM. 00103666 Environmental assessment and characterization of residues from coal processing and steel industry activities Teixeira, E. C. er al. Fuel, 1999, 78, (IO), 1161-1169. This work aims to characterize residues from coal processing and steel industry activities by means of physical-chemical analyses. The deposits were selected according to the field descriptions which aimed at the generic characterization of each deposit, mainly in relation to type/aspect and to the particle size range predominant in each deposit. Total extraction, as well as leaching and solubilization tests were applied to samples of coal waste, ash and residues from the steel industry. Results of the characterization indicated that the pollutant potential is more significant in coal waste than in ashes. Some metallic elements, such as iron, showed high concentrations in the total extraction but they were not necessarily the most mobile when leaching and solubilization tests were conducted. Manganese followed by lead and zinc presented a more significant concentration in the extract of
(pollution, health protecfion,
safety)
monetary’ criteria. This is unlike the engineering models that provide an integrated assessment of energy sector-related abatement options on the supply side as well as in the end-use sectors, over time. However, technology evaluation is based on purely quantifiable criteria whereas in the real world, decisions are taken based on other considerations as well. 00103659 Assessment of occupational exposure to diesel fumes - parameter optimization of the thermal coulometric measurement method for carbon Perret, V. et al. J. Environ. Mod., 1999, 1, (4), 367-312. As a surrogate to assess occupational exposure to diesel soot, elemental carbon (EC) is used. EC thermal analysis needs complete desorption of organic compounds from soot particles prior to analysis to minimize positive interferences and artefacts. Organic compound desorption can be considered the major step affecting the reliability of EC determination. A systematic study was conducted to investigate the effect of different parameters (e.g. desorption temperature, desorption duration, heating rate, sample type) on desorption efficiency. Temperature and duration were the major parameters of influence on desorption efficiency. The influence of sample load can be seen as a measure of the pyrolysis susceptibility of the sample. This paper proposes an optimized temperature programme. 00103660 Carbon sequestered, carbon displaced and the Kyoto context Marland, Gregg and Schlamadinger, B. Proc. - TAPPI hr. Envrron. Cor$., 1999, I, 283-289. Any integrated system that embraces forest management, forest products and land-use change impacts the global carbon cycle - and hence the net emission of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide - in four fundamental ways. Carbon is stored in living and dead biomass, in wood products and landfills. Forest products substitute in the market place products made from other materials and forest harvests can be used wholly or partially to displace fossil fuels in the energy sector. Implementation of the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change would result in the creation of international markets for carbon dioxide emissions credits, but the current Kyoto text does not treat all carbon identically. A carbon accounting model, GORCAM, has been developed to examine a variety of scenarios for land management and the production of forest products. This paper explores, for two simple scenarios of forest management, the carbon flows that occur and how these might be accounted for under the Kyoto text. The Kyoto Protocol raises questions about what activities can result in emissions credits: which carbon reservoirs will be counted, who will receive the credits, and how much credit will be available. The Kyoto Protocol would only sometimes give credits for carbon sequestered, but when fossil fuel carbon dioxide emissions are displaced, it would always give credits. 00103661 Characterization of organic emissions from hazardous waste incineration processes under the new EPA draft ‘Risk burn guidance: measurement issues’ Ryan, J. V. Wnsre Management, 2000, 20, (5/6), 3477353. EPA’s recently published draft ‘Risk burn guidance’ recommends that hazardous waste combustion facilities complete a mass balance of the total organics (TOs) that may be emitted from the combustor. TOs, consisting of three distinct fractions (volatile, semi-volatile, and non-volatile organic compounds) are determined using measurement techniques specific to the boiling point range of each component. Preliminary proof-of-concept tests have been performed to gain further knowledge of the total chromatographable organics (TCO) and gravimetric analysis (GRAV) procedures used to determine the semi-volatile and non-volatile organic fractions. A commercially prepared Method 8270 semi-volatile organic standard solution made up of 112 compounds containing a variety of halogenated, oxygenated, nitrogenated, and sulfonated hydrocarbons, in addition to those hydrocarbons containing only carbon and hydrogen, was used to examine measurement biases of the TCO and GRAV methods, The results indicate that, at least for this particular standard, both methods are accurate, exhibiting biases <+lO%. However, these TCO results may be deceiving TCO measurement biases observed for select individual semivolatile organic compounds are well in excess of the composite bias observed. The composite bias observed may be more a result of a relatively equal number of negative and positive biases that negate each rather than a true indication of TCO measurement bias. Further methods evaluation work is required to support this tenet. Additional tests were performed to verify that the semi-volatile organic mass was not redundantly measured by the GRAV procedure. Experiments were also performed to expand the mass of non-volatile organic material that could be quantified using the TCO procedure. Expanding the TCO working boiling point range may be a viable alternative to the GRAV technique. It must be cautioned that these results are not fully comprehensive in nature and, as a result, applications of these results are limited. :)/$3;2
Conflicting
energy, environment,
economy
policies
in
Bauer, M. and Quintanilla, J. Energy Policy, 2000, 28, (5), 321-326. Environmental concerns, both at the local and global levels, have been present in Mexico’s energy planning and national and international commitments. However, deregulation policies and financial constraints in the public sector seem to come in conflict with respect to greenhouse gas emissions in the development of the Mexican energy system. This is
410
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
November 2000
specially noticeable in the power sector where expansion of non-fossil fuel generation has been essentially postponed at present and only the substitution of fuel oil and diesel by natural gas is contemplated. 00/03663 Effective pollution control as an integral part of the modern waste-to-energy plant Carlsson, K. B. Proc. In!. Disposal Conf?., ISI, 1999, 37-56. Edited by Johansson S. R. namely toxic Residual solid waste (RMSW) always contains contaminants, hydrocarbons, various microorganisms and heavy metal compounds, regardless of the sorting procedure at source. It is therefore difficult and can also be dangerous to recycle this waste, either for composting or as raw material. On the other hand, despite contamination, RMSW is a good, largely organic fuel, which can replace fossil fuels in power or preferably, combined heat and power plants. Effective pollution control is of course necessary in order to eliminate emissions to air, water and land. 00/03664 Emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and particulate matter from domestic combustion of selected fuels Oanh, N. et al. Environ. Sci. Technol., 1999, 33, (l6), 2703-2709. Three common fuel-stove systems in south-east Asia were monitored for their polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and particulate matter (PM) emissions. The systems were: eucalyptus wood sticks open burning, charcoal stove, and coal briquette stove. Smoke samples were taken isokinetically from the flue pipe of a hood and analysed for PAH using HPLC/ fluorescence detector and UV detector. Wood fuel burning produced the highest emission of 18 PAH and 11 genotoxic PAH in terms of the emission factor on energy basis (mg/MJ), emission rate, and pollutant concentration in smoke, while the charcoal produced the least. On a fuel-weight basis, wood fuel produced almost the same emission factor of the total of 18 PAH (110 mgikg) as coal briquettes but twice as much as genotoxic PAH, 13.4 vs 6.5 mg/kg. The wood fuel high burning rate, however, resulted in the highest total 18 PAH emission rate (208 mgih) and concentration (957 hug/ m ), leading to a htgh exposure to toxic pollutants. The PM emission factor in milligrams per kg of fuel was 51, 36, and 7 for the wood, charcoal, and coal briquettes, respectively. The largest fraction of PAH in PM was found for wood fuel burning smoke. The average daily cooking of a household of two to three releases 40 mg of genotoxic PAH from wood fuel, 9 mg from coal briquettes, and 3.3 mg from charcoal burning. The charcoal fuel stove was identified as the cleanest system, although this was not taking into account the pollutant emissions during production of the charcoal in the first place. 00/03665 Emissions from buses with DDC 6V92 engines using synthetic diesel fuel Norton, P. ei al. Sot. Auiomot. Eng., [Spec. Puhl.] SP, 1999, SP-1458, El89. A variety of feedstocks can be used to make synthetic diesel fuel, including coal, natural gas and biomass. Synthetic diesel fuels can have very low sulfur and aromatic content, and excellent auto-ignition characteristics. Moreover, synthetic diesel fuels may also be economically competitive with California diesel fuel if produced in large volumes. Previous engine laboratory and field tests using a heavy-duty chassis dynamometer indicate that synthetic diesel fuel made using the Fischer-Tropsch catalytic conversion process is a promising alternative fuel because it can be used in unmodified diesel engines, and can reduce exhaust emissions substantially. The objective of this study was a preliminary assessment of the emissions from older model transit operated on Mossgas synthetic diesel fuel. The study compared emissions from transit buses operating on Federal No. 2 diesel fuel, Mossgas synthetic diesel (MGSD), and a 50150 blend of the two fuels. The buses were equipped with unmodified Detroit Diesel 6V92 2-stroke diesel engines, Six 40 ft buses were tested. Three of the buses had recently rebuilt engines and were equipped with an oxidation catalytic converter. Vehicle emissions measurements were performed using West Virginia University’s unique transportable chassis dynamometer. The emissions were measured over the Central Business District (CBD) driving cycle. The buses performed well on both neat and blended MGSD fuel. Three buses without catalytic converters were tested. Compared to their emissions when operating on Federal No. 2 diesel fuel, these buses emitted an average of 5% lower oxides of nitrogen (NO,) and 20% lower particulate matter (PM) when operating on neat MGSD fuel. When operating on MGSD instead of Federal No. 2 diesel fuel, catalyst equipped buses emitted an average of 8% lower NO, and 31% lower PM. 00103666 Environmental assessment and characterization of residues from coal processing and steel industry activities Teixeira, E. C. er al. Fuel, 1999, 78, (IO), 1161-1169. This work aims to characterize residues from coal processing and steel industry activities by means of physical-chemical analyses. The deposits were selected according to the field descriptions which aimed at the generic characterization of each deposit, mainly in relation to type/aspect and to the particle size range predominant in each deposit. Total extraction, as well as leaching and solubilization tests were applied to samples of coal waste, ash and residues from the steel industry. Results of the characterization indicated that the pollutant potential is more significant in coal waste than in ashes. Some metallic elements, such as iron, showed high concentrations in the total extraction but they were not necessarily the most mobile when leaching and solubilization tests were conducted. Manganese followed by lead and zinc presented a more significant concentration in the extract of