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Al catalysts
18 Energy conversion and recycling
Pyrolysis for the simultaneous generation of oils and gases can be convenient to obtain hydrocarbons and even to recover crude petrochemicals or to generate energy from waste plastics. A Gray-King apparatus has been used to pyrolyse waste polyethylene (PE) and polystyrene (PS), both separately and with different compositions. Thermogravimetric analysis of waste plastics indicated the critical temperatures, which should be effective for ovrolvsis. The chosen heatine rate was low in order to achieve higher liqujd yields, The results showed that waste PS yielded higher liquid,-and waste PE yielded higher gaseous products, The dominant liquid product of PS waste -was styrene whereas for waste PE, prophenylbettzene was the dominant pyrolysis product.
Requirements for, and benefits of, environmentally sound and economically viable management of battery recycling in the Philippines in the wake of Base1 Convention trade restrictions
00103733
Hoffmann, U. and Wilson, B. Journal of Power Sources, 2000, 88, (l), 115123. The ban on the exoort of used lead-acid batteries (ULABl from Annex VII to non-Annex ViT countries pursuant to decision III/l of the Base1 Convention reduced the availability of imported scrap feedstock for battery recycling in the Philippines. As-ULAB supply from other developing countries becomes scarcer, the ban is likely to encourage and enhance collection and recuperation for domestically generated scrap. From a shortterm perspective, this study explores the technological and managerial opportunities for improving the environmental and occupational health performance of the formal battery recycling sector and unregulated reconditioning. From a medium- and long-term point of view, the study investigates restructuring the informal ULAB’s collection and recycling sector. The objective has been to make the smaller battery recyclers and reconditioners in the informal sector part of an effective and efficient collection infrastructure that supports an environmentally sound secondary lead sector. This approach gradually phases out uncontrolled, inefficient and environmentally unacceptable methods of secondary lead recovery. Due attention has also been paid to the logistical peculiarities of an archipelago, in particular the regional spread of collection infrastructure, collection and shipment costs as well as the assurance of environmentally safe transport. OOlO3734 Utilizing vapor vent back/vapor balance technology to eliminate VOC emissions from liquid organic storage tanks Latchem, K. et al. Proc. Inr. Conf. Incine;ation Therm. Treat. ?echnology, 1997, 427-431. Energy from liquid waste-derived fuels is recovered by Texas Industries (TXI) at its Midlothian, Texas cement plant. The liquid waste storage facility utilizes six 25,000 gal and two 110,000 gal storage tanks to store and
416
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
November 2000
process liquid waste derived fuels. In early 1996, the overall VOC emission control system at the TX1 liquid waste storage tank facility was studied in detail with the objective of completely eliminating the volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions associated with storage tank working and breathing losses. As a result of this study, a fully automated tank-to-tank vapour balance system was developed to operate in combination with the existing vapour vent back system. This vapour balance design was made possible because TX1 had originally installed pressurized ASME code storage tanks with spherically dished, torispherical heads. Implementation of the vapour balance system in combination with the vapour vent back and pressurized storage tank svstems. has resulted in an emission control svstem ihat is 100% eff&tive in’ eliminating VOC emissions from storage’ tank working and breathing losses. The improved design also has the benefit of eliminatmg the generation of a spent activated carbon solid waste stream that was previously generated from operation of a carbon canister vapour control system. The details of the vapour vent back/vapour balance control system and the associated emission calculations are presented here, demonstrating 100% control of VOC from storage tank working and breathing losses.
00103735 Wall Street notices renewables Stronberg, J. Solar Today, 2000, 14, (3), 12-13. The day that sustainable energy companies topped the list of companies whose stock prices increased the most during one day on Wall Street is unforgettable for some people. Among the companies listed on that day in January were photovoltaic companies AstroPower and Spire.
00/03736 Waste plastics: lignite mixtures co-liquefaction over SilAl catalysts Gimouhopoulos, K. er al. Wasre Manage. Res., 1999, 17, (3), 181-185. The examination of the co-liquefaction conversion of lignite and plastic wastes to liquid products took place in the presence of a series of acidic silica-alumina catalysts prepared by the sol-gel process with different silicaaluminium ratios’ and ratios of Bronsted-to-Lewis acid sites. Thermal and catalytic co-liqudfactions were attempted for 1:l mixtures of lignite and waste plastics (e.g. polystyrene, polyisoprene, and polyethylene). The catalysts enhanced oil formation in all cases, although lignite and polymeric materials demonstrated a variety of catalytic char&te&tics. Thermal and catalytic reactions of polystyrene and polyisoprene showed that both polymers were liquefied easily at 420”, whereas polyethylene did not interact promptly under the same conditions. There was a correlation between the conversion of the solid materials with the concentration of Bronsted acidity of the catalysts.
Pyrolysis for the simultaneous generation of oils and gases can be convenient to obtain hydrocarbons and even to recover crude petrochemicals or to generate energy from waste plastics. A Gray-King apparatus has been used to pyrolyse waste polyethylene (PE) and polystyrene (PS), both separately and with different compositions. Thermogravimetric analysis of waste plastics indicated the critical temperatures, which should be effective for ovrolvsis. The chosen heatine rate was low in order to achieve higher liqujd yields, The results showed that waste PS yielded higher liquid,-and waste PE yielded higher gaseous products, The dominant liquid product of PS waste -was styrene whereas for waste PE, prophenylbettzene was the dominant pyrolysis product.
Requirements for, and benefits of, environmentally sound and economically viable management of battery recycling in the Philippines in the wake of Base1 Convention trade restrictions
00103733
Hoffmann, U. and Wilson, B. Journal of Power Sources, 2000, 88, (l), 115123. The ban on the exoort of used lead-acid batteries (ULABl from Annex VII to non-Annex ViT countries pursuant to decision III/l of the Base1 Convention reduced the availability of imported scrap feedstock for battery recycling in the Philippines. As-ULAB supply from other developing countries becomes scarcer, the ban is likely to encourage and enhance collection and recuperation for domestically generated scrap. From a shortterm perspective, this study explores the technological and managerial opportunities for improving the environmental and occupational health performance of the formal battery recycling sector and unregulated reconditioning. From a medium- and long-term point of view, the study investigates restructuring the informal ULAB’s collection and recycling sector. The objective has been to make the smaller battery recyclers and reconditioners in the informal sector part of an effective and efficient collection infrastructure that supports an environmentally sound secondary lead sector. This approach gradually phases out uncontrolled, inefficient and environmentally unacceptable methods of secondary lead recovery. Due attention has also been paid to the logistical peculiarities of an archipelago, in particular the regional spread of collection infrastructure, collection and shipment costs as well as the assurance of environmentally safe transport. OOlO3734 Utilizing vapor vent back/vapor balance technology to eliminate VOC emissions from liquid organic storage tanks Latchem, K. et al. Proc. Inr. Conf. Incine;ation Therm. Treat. ?echnology, 1997, 427-431. Energy from liquid waste-derived fuels is recovered by Texas Industries (TXI) at its Midlothian, Texas cement plant. The liquid waste storage facility utilizes six 25,000 gal and two 110,000 gal storage tanks to store and
416
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
November 2000
process liquid waste derived fuels. In early 1996, the overall VOC emission control system at the TX1 liquid waste storage tank facility was studied in detail with the objective of completely eliminating the volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions associated with storage tank working and breathing losses. As a result of this study, a fully automated tank-to-tank vapour balance system was developed to operate in combination with the existing vapour vent back system. This vapour balance design was made possible because TX1 had originally installed pressurized ASME code storage tanks with spherically dished, torispherical heads. Implementation of the vapour balance system in combination with the vapour vent back and pressurized storage tank svstems. has resulted in an emission control svstem ihat is 100% eff&tive in’ eliminating VOC emissions from storage’ tank working and breathing losses. The improved design also has the benefit of eliminatmg the generation of a spent activated carbon solid waste stream that was previously generated from operation of a carbon canister vapour control system. The details of the vapour vent back/vapour balance control system and the associated emission calculations are presented here, demonstrating 100% control of VOC from storage tank working and breathing losses.
00103735 Wall Street notices renewables Stronberg, J. Solar Today, 2000, 14, (3), 12-13. The day that sustainable energy companies topped the list of companies whose stock prices increased the most during one day on Wall Street is unforgettable for some people. Among the companies listed on that day in January were photovoltaic companies AstroPower and Spire.
00/03736 Waste plastics: lignite mixtures co-liquefaction over SilAl catalysts Gimouhopoulos, K. er al. Wasre Manage. Res., 1999, 17, (3), 181-185. The examination of the co-liquefaction conversion of lignite and plastic wastes to liquid products took place in the presence of a series of acidic silica-alumina catalysts prepared by the sol-gel process with different silicaaluminium ratios’ and ratios of Bronsted-to-Lewis acid sites. Thermal and catalytic co-liqudfactions were attempted for 1:l mixtures of lignite and waste plastics (e.g. polystyrene, polyisoprene, and polyethylene). The catalysts enhanced oil formation in all cases, although lignite and polymeric materials demonstrated a variety of catalytic char&te&tics. Thermal and catalytic reactions of polystyrene and polyisoprene showed that both polymers were liquefied easily at 420”, whereas polyethylene did not interact promptly under the same conditions. There was a correlation between the conversion of the solid materials with the concentration of Bronsted acidity of the catalysts.