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00307 Corrosion-resistant boiler tube materials for advanced coal-fired steam generating systems
09 Combustion (bumers, combustion systems) 05/00305 Working towards sustainability in small towns: perspectives from northern Australia Macgregor, C. J. International Journal o f Environment and Sustainable Development, 2003, 2, (4), 342-363. Local Agenda 21 emphasizes the role of local governments in initiating sustainability strategies. However, there is considerable debate about what constitutes a sustainable community and about how to progress towards it. Local sustainability initiatives also require wide support from the community but for what sorts of sustainability initiatives can we expect to find support? The towns of northern Australia provided a useful geography to examine these questions. The emerging global economic playing field has offered economic opportunities as never before to some towns in the region whilst others have experienced rapid decline. In short, different sustainability issues have emerged depending upon regional circumstances. An analytical model capable of assessing community support for local sustainability initiatives is presented. The model was used to compare and contrast a sample of towns form northern Australia and it was found that there was good support for many strategic initiatives that would encourage sustainability.
20% groundnut shell has been analysed. The deposits in the various portions of the boiler were characterized by particle size analysis, chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The deposits were found to be mainly quartz, alkali and alkaline earth silicates and sulfates. From the phase constitution and other microscopic characteristics of the deposit, it can be inferred that the silicates in the deposit formed through inertial impaction and the sulfates formed by vapour phase deposition.
09
COMBUSTION Burners, combustion systems
05/00310 Characterization of laser-induced ignition of biogas-air mixtures
08
STEAM RAISING Boiler operation/design
05/00306 A soft-computing based classification procedure for the identification of transients in the steam generator of a pressurized water reactor Marseguerra, M. et al. Annals ~/'Nuclear Energy, 2004, 31, (13), 14291446. In this paper, a new method based on soft-computing techniques is propounded for the identification of the causes of transients in nuclear components. The method is verified on a case study regarding the steam generator of a pressurized water reactor (PWR). It is shown that based on the measured signals, the forcing function responsible for the transient is readily classified also in presence of faulty sensors.
05100307 Corrosion-resistant boiler tube materials for advanced coal-fired steam generating systems Nishiyama, Y. et al. Proceedings c~/" the International Technical Conference on Coal Utilization & Fuel Systems, 2003, l, (28), 35-41. High-temperature corrosion of boiler tubes in advanced coal-fired steam-generating systems will be summarized from the point of its 'unique' fuel chemical. Corrosion resistance of recently developed CRAs for boiler tube application is introduced from the point of thermodynamic stability of protective oxide scale. For ultra-supercritical boilers, steam oxidation would become an important issue, and the excellent corrosion resistance of austenitic stainless steels of TP347HFG and TP310HCbN is interpreted by the uniform formation of protective Cr203 scale. For USC, IGCC, and PFBC boilers, fireside corrosion along with erosion would become highlighted, and again the good corrosion resistance of TP310HCbN steel will be demonstrated.
05•00308 Model identification by neuro-fuzzy techniques: predicting the water level in a steam generator of a PWR Marseguerra, M. et al. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 2004, 44, (3), 237252. In this paper a neuro-fuzzy technique is presented that allows building a predictive model of an evolving signal. The fuzzy if-then rules are inferred from the available input-output data through a training procedure. During operation, in correspondence of each incoming input pattern the corresponding output is predicted and a measure of the strength of the model rules is computed: the largest strength value can be used as an indicator for detecting, in real-time, any deviation of the process due to a component failure or sensor malfunction. Applications of the prediction approach are presented with respect to a chaotic time series of literature and to the water level in the steam generator of a PWR.
05/00309 Nature of fireside deposits in a bagasse and groundnut shell fired 20 MW thermal boiler Srikanth, S. et al. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2004, 27, (4), 375 384. The nature of deposit formation on the fireside surfaces of the boiler tubes in the various parts (water walls, platen super-heater, final superheater, economizer, electrostatic precipitator, etc.) of a commercial 20 MW stoker-fired boiler being fired with a mixture of 80% bagasse and
42
Fuel and Energy Abstracts January 2005
Forsich, C. et al. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2004, 27, (3), 299 312. Fuel-rich to fuel-lean biogas-air mixtures were ignited by a Nd:YAG laser at initial pressures of up to 3 MPa and compared to the ignition of methane-air mixtures. The investigations were performed in a constant volume vessel heatable up to 473 K. An InGaAsSb/A1GaAsSb quantum well ridge diode laser operating at 2.55 ~tm was used to track the generation of water in the vicinity of the laser spark in a semiquantitative manner. Additionally, the flame emissions during the ignition process were recorded and a gas inhomogeneity index was deduced. Laser-induced ignition and its accompanying effects could be characterized on a time scale spanning four orders of magnitude. The presence of COz in the biogas reduces the burning velocity. The flame emissions result in a much higher intensity for methane than it was the case during biogas ignition. This knowledge concludes that engines fuelled with biogas ultimately affect the performance of the process in a different way than with methane. Methane-air mixtures can be utilized in internal combustion engines with a higher air-fuel ratio than biogas. Comparing failed laser-induced ignition of methane-air and biogas-air mixtures similar results were obtained. The three parameters water absorbance, flame emission and the gas inhomogeneity index constitute a suitable tool for judging the quality of laser-induced ignition of hydrocarbon-air mixtures at elevated pressures and temperatures as encountered in internal combustion engines.
05/00311 dust
Characterization of steel mill electric-arc furnace
Sofili, T. et al. Journal o f Hazardous Materials, 2004, 109, (l 3), 59-70. In order to make a complete characterization of electric-arc furnace (EAF) dust, as hazardous industrial waste, and to solve its permanent disposal and/or recovery, bearing in mind both the volumes formed in the Croatian steel industry and experiences of developed industrial countries, a study of its properties was undertaken. For this purpose, samples of EAF dust, taken from the regular production process in the eljezara Sisak Steel Mill between December 2000 and December 2001, were subjected to a series of tests. The chemical composition of EAF dust samples was investigated by means of a several different analytical methods. The results from the chemical analysis show that the approximate order of abundance of major elements in EAF dusts is as follows: Fe, Zn, Mn, Ca, Mg, Si, Pb, S, Cr, Cu, Al, C, Ni, Cd, As and Hg. Granular-metric composition of single samples was determined by applying sieve separation. Scanning electron micro-structural examination of EAF dust microstructure was performed and results indicated that all 12 EAF dusts were composed of solid spherical agglomerates with Fe, Zn, Pb, O, Si and Ca as the principal element. The investigation of grain morphology and the mineralogical composition of EAF dust were taken by combination of high resolution Auger electron spectroscopy (HR AES), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray powder diffraction analysis. The analysis of XPSspectra determined the presence of zinc in the form of Z n O phase and the presence of lead in the form of PbO phase, i.e. PbSO3/PbSO4 forms. The results of the X-ray diffraction phase analysis show that the basis of the examined EAF dust samples is made of a mixture of metal oxides, silicates and sulphates. The metal concentration, anions, pH value and conductivity in water eluates was determined in order to define the influence of EAF dust on the environment.
05/00312 Combustion of wood hydrolysis residue in a 150 kW powder burner Eriksson, G. et al. Fuel, 2004, 83, (ll 12), 1635-1641. A combustion test has been made with residues from hydrolysis of wood for fuel ethanol production. A 150 kW powder burner was used. Fuel feeding and combustion were stable. The average concentration of
20% groundnut shell has been analysed. The deposits in the various portions of the boiler were characterized by particle size analysis, chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The deposits were found to be mainly quartz, alkali and alkaline earth silicates and sulfates. From the phase constitution and other microscopic characteristics of the deposit, it can be inferred that the silicates in the deposit formed through inertial impaction and the sulfates formed by vapour phase deposition.
09
COMBUSTION Burners, combustion systems
05/00310 Characterization of laser-induced ignition of biogas-air mixtures
08
STEAM RAISING Boiler operation/design
05/00306 A soft-computing based classification procedure for the identification of transients in the steam generator of a pressurized water reactor Marseguerra, M. et al. Annals ~/'Nuclear Energy, 2004, 31, (13), 14291446. In this paper, a new method based on soft-computing techniques is propounded for the identification of the causes of transients in nuclear components. The method is verified on a case study regarding the steam generator of a pressurized water reactor (PWR). It is shown that based on the measured signals, the forcing function responsible for the transient is readily classified also in presence of faulty sensors.
05100307 Corrosion-resistant boiler tube materials for advanced coal-fired steam generating systems Nishiyama, Y. et al. Proceedings c~/" the International Technical Conference on Coal Utilization & Fuel Systems, 2003, l, (28), 35-41. High-temperature corrosion of boiler tubes in advanced coal-fired steam-generating systems will be summarized from the point of its 'unique' fuel chemical. Corrosion resistance of recently developed CRAs for boiler tube application is introduced from the point of thermodynamic stability of protective oxide scale. For ultra-supercritical boilers, steam oxidation would become an important issue, and the excellent corrosion resistance of austenitic stainless steels of TP347HFG and TP310HCbN is interpreted by the uniform formation of protective Cr203 scale. For USC, IGCC, and PFBC boilers, fireside corrosion along with erosion would become highlighted, and again the good corrosion resistance of TP310HCbN steel will be demonstrated.
05•00308 Model identification by neuro-fuzzy techniques: predicting the water level in a steam generator of a PWR Marseguerra, M. et al. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 2004, 44, (3), 237252. In this paper a neuro-fuzzy technique is presented that allows building a predictive model of an evolving signal. The fuzzy if-then rules are inferred from the available input-output data through a training procedure. During operation, in correspondence of each incoming input pattern the corresponding output is predicted and a measure of the strength of the model rules is computed: the largest strength value can be used as an indicator for detecting, in real-time, any deviation of the process due to a component failure or sensor malfunction. Applications of the prediction approach are presented with respect to a chaotic time series of literature and to the water level in the steam generator of a PWR.
05/00309 Nature of fireside deposits in a bagasse and groundnut shell fired 20 MW thermal boiler Srikanth, S. et al. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2004, 27, (4), 375 384. The nature of deposit formation on the fireside surfaces of the boiler tubes in the various parts (water walls, platen super-heater, final superheater, economizer, electrostatic precipitator, etc.) of a commercial 20 MW stoker-fired boiler being fired with a mixture of 80% bagasse and
42
Fuel and Energy Abstracts January 2005
Forsich, C. et al. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2004, 27, (3), 299 312. Fuel-rich to fuel-lean biogas-air mixtures were ignited by a Nd:YAG laser at initial pressures of up to 3 MPa and compared to the ignition of methane-air mixtures. The investigations were performed in a constant volume vessel heatable up to 473 K. An InGaAsSb/A1GaAsSb quantum well ridge diode laser operating at 2.55 ~tm was used to track the generation of water in the vicinity of the laser spark in a semiquantitative manner. Additionally, the flame emissions during the ignition process were recorded and a gas inhomogeneity index was deduced. Laser-induced ignition and its accompanying effects could be characterized on a time scale spanning four orders of magnitude. The presence of COz in the biogas reduces the burning velocity. The flame emissions result in a much higher intensity for methane than it was the case during biogas ignition. This knowledge concludes that engines fuelled with biogas ultimately affect the performance of the process in a different way than with methane. Methane-air mixtures can be utilized in internal combustion engines with a higher air-fuel ratio than biogas. Comparing failed laser-induced ignition of methane-air and biogas-air mixtures similar results were obtained. The three parameters water absorbance, flame emission and the gas inhomogeneity index constitute a suitable tool for judging the quality of laser-induced ignition of hydrocarbon-air mixtures at elevated pressures and temperatures as encountered in internal combustion engines.
05/00311 dust
Characterization of steel mill electric-arc furnace
Sofili, T. et al. Journal o f Hazardous Materials, 2004, 109, (l 3), 59-70. In order to make a complete characterization of electric-arc furnace (EAF) dust, as hazardous industrial waste, and to solve its permanent disposal and/or recovery, bearing in mind both the volumes formed in the Croatian steel industry and experiences of developed industrial countries, a study of its properties was undertaken. For this purpose, samples of EAF dust, taken from the regular production process in the eljezara Sisak Steel Mill between December 2000 and December 2001, were subjected to a series of tests. The chemical composition of EAF dust samples was investigated by means of a several different analytical methods. The results from the chemical analysis show that the approximate order of abundance of major elements in EAF dusts is as follows: Fe, Zn, Mn, Ca, Mg, Si, Pb, S, Cr, Cu, Al, C, Ni, Cd, As and Hg. Granular-metric composition of single samples was determined by applying sieve separation. Scanning electron micro-structural examination of EAF dust microstructure was performed and results indicated that all 12 EAF dusts were composed of solid spherical agglomerates with Fe, Zn, Pb, O, Si and Ca as the principal element. The investigation of grain morphology and the mineralogical composition of EAF dust were taken by combination of high resolution Auger electron spectroscopy (HR AES), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray powder diffraction analysis. The analysis of XPSspectra determined the presence of zinc in the form of Z n O phase and the presence of lead in the form of PbO phase, i.e. PbSO3/PbSO4 forms. The results of the X-ray diffraction phase analysis show that the basis of the examined EAF dust samples is made of a mixture of metal oxides, silicates and sulphates. The metal concentration, anions, pH value and conductivity in water eluates was determined in order to define the influence of EAF dust on the environment.
05/00312 Combustion of wood hydrolysis residue in a 150 kW powder burner Eriksson, G. et al. Fuel, 2004, 83, (ll 12), 1635-1641. A combustion test has been made with residues from hydrolysis of wood for fuel ethanol production. A 150 kW powder burner was used. Fuel feeding and combustion were stable. The average concentration of