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01104 Quality requirements for waste fuels
02 Liquid fuels (transport refining, quality, storage) ASPEN process simulation models were developed. Based on a typical PADD II refinery, a linear programming model was developed to assess the values of the oroduced F-T oroducts. The results then were used in a discounted caih flow spreadiheet model to examine the effect of key process variables on the overall F-T economics. Cracking of F-T waxes produced products rich in C-r-reactive olefins which are especially suitable for production of ethers for gasoline blending. The fluid catalytic cracking process produces -34% more gasoline blending components than mild hydrocracking, which is produced at the expense of distillate production.
96/01094
Emulsified fuel and one methodffor preparing same
Haupais, A. et al. PCT Int. Appl. WO 97 34,969 (Cl. ClOL1/32), 25 Sep 1997, FR Appl. 96/3,547,15 Mar 1996, 42 pp. (In French) The authors introduce some novel fuels consisting of emulsions of water in hydrocarbons. The underlying problem is that of providing fuels (e.g. for engines) consisting of stable, non-polluting, low-cost water/hydrocarbon emulsions. Presented is the method for preparing the emulsions. Applications for the fuel include use as a diesel oil, petrol, kerosene and fuel oil.
Experimental evidence of a-olefin readsorption in 96/01095 Fischer-Tropsch synthesis on ruthenium-supported ET!&10 tltanium silicate catalysts
Bianchi, C. L. and Ragaini, V. J. Catal., 1997, 168, (l), 70-74. Two consecutive paths are developed during FischeriTropsch synthesis. These two are a primary process that involves the for_mation of a-olefin products and a secondary process leading to the production of branched isomers and paraffins and requiring the readsorption of primary cu-olefin products. Previous work proved such readsorption steps are of fundamental importance for Ru catalysts and they occur due to the slow diffusive removal of o-olefins when the molecule size increases, this results in a long intraoarticle residence time. In the oresent uaoer a-olefins readsorotion was knhanced by changing the metal distri&ion inside the pores&of a titanium silicate (ETS-lo), modified by ion exchange with alkali metal ions and used as a support for Ru-based catalysts.
Fast and 96/01096 determination
rational
method
of gasoline
lead
Bosilikov. B. S. and Ivovic, B. T. Pet. Coal, 1996, 38, (2). 41-43. Aqueous ICI is used to extract lead alkyls from gasoline’and atmospheric absorption spectroscopy is used for measurement. Ascorbic acid eliminates , the corrosion effect.
Formulating multi-functional detergent additive 96iOlOQ7 packages to assist in minimizing diesel fuel emissions-the combination of lubricity performance with detergency Attfield, M. J. et al. Pet. Coal, 1995, 37, (3), 25-28. It is demonstrated via lubricity test data that by careful formulation, a single additive package which will convey detergency and lubricity performance upon a low sulfur base fuel can be produced. Emissions benefits from fuel quality changes are thus optimized, while providing protection against field problems due to wear.
produced from shale oil by hydrotreating certain specifications except gasoline. indicated no catalysts deactivation.
Ohio DOT dump truck/snow 96101100 evaluations with a blodiesel blend
plow comparative
Malcosky, N. D. and Wald, T. Sot. Automat. Eng., [Spec. Publ.] SP, 1997, SP-1274. 209-213. A two-year evaluation by the Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) was given for truck fleet operations using a biodiesel blend, B20, (an 80/20 blend of diesel fuel and soybean oil Me esters) in two adjacent counties in north-west Ohio. The Fulton county ODOT garage has been operating all diesel-powered equipment on B20 since March 1996. Operation results have been compared with counterpart equipment in nearby Williams county which has continued operation on conventional diesel fuel. Battelle is collecting and analysing detailed operational and reliability data on five Navistar-International dump truck/snow plows in each county. Proper blendine of the B20 fuel is critical if the fleet is to ooerate in cold climates. since thi cold filter plugging point of B20 is abode that of conventional diesel fuel. Pro-blending, instead of splash blending, should be investigated. No loss in engine power or major reductions in visible smoke were observed. Test vehicles and all other diesel-fuelled equipment in the ODOT Fulton County garage continue to operate with no apparent changes, although there has been more frequent filter plugging at the fuel dispenser.
98101101 Process for the production of oxygenated naphtha and diesel fractions for control of dlesel exhaust emissions
Benham. C. B. et al. U.S..US 5.645.613 (Cl. 44-452: ClOL1/18). Ii 8 Jul 1997. US Appi. 140,479, 18 Nov 1993; 29 pp. ’ The paper describes several Fischer-Tropsch reaction schemes using a promoted iron catalyst in a slurry reactor produce oxygenated naphtha and diesel fractions on distillation that reduce particulate emissions in diesel engines. High carbon conversion efficiencies and optimum chain growth are characteristics of the processes.
Production of unleaded gasolines with manganese 96lO1102 antiknock additives Apostolov, I. G. Pet. Coal, 1995, 37, (3), 21-24. The author studies the use of methylcyclopentadienyl nyl as antiknock gasoline additive.
manganese
tricarbo-
Pyrolysis treatment of hydrocarbon sources such 96lO1103 as petroleum heavy oils and naphtha using sensible heat of rough coke oven gas Ueno, I. Jun. Kokai Tokkvo Koho JP 09.286.986 197.286.9861 (Cl. ClOB27/00),4 Nov 1997, Appl:96/102,571,24 Apr 1996,4pp. (In Japanese) The spray of hydrocarbon sources onto rough coke oven gases (COG) for pyrolysis using sensible heat of the gases is described. High Hz content and high temperature of COG means that high Btu gases, BTX, gas oils, and tars are obtained economically from the hydrocarbons without clogging pipes by tars, coal micropowders, pyrolytic carbon.
96lO1104 Kinetics of petroleum generation and cracking by 96/01096 ~;a~~smmed-temperature closed-system pyrolysis of Toarcian
with the two-catalyst system meets A 400 h stability test at 380°C
Quality requirements for waste fuels
Urban, A. I. Mater. Landesumweltamt Nordrhein- Westfalen, 1997, 42, 4760. (In German)
,
Dieckmann, V. et al. Fuel, 1998, 77, (l/2), 23-31. Studies of primary kerogen-to-petroleum and secondary oil-to-gas conversion processes in marine source rocks have been carried out. Programmedtemoerature closed-svstem IMSSV) ovrolvsis of Toarcian Shale concentrates was performed at heating rate’s’of 6.1, 0.7 and 5.0 K min-’ in the temperature range of 300-61O”C. All pyrolysates were analysed by singlestep on-line gas- chromatography. The cumulative evolution profiles of liquid and gaseous compounds were deconvoluted into generation curves for oil (C,,), primary gas and secondary gas using complementary opensystem experiments and simple stoichiometric relationships. The subsequent kinetic analysis resulted in potential versus activation energy distributions which turned out to be comparatively broad for oil and primary gas and rather narrow for secondary gas. This indicated that the former are generated from less homogeneous precursor materials than the latter.
The SELOP-processes: 96/01105 BASF-technology for hydrogenations in the steam cracker downstream treatment
96iOl OQQ Medium severity hydrotreating and hydrocracklng of Israeli shale oil-h. Testing of novel catalyst systems in a trickle bed reactor I
96iO1107 Stabilization by mild catalytic hydrotreating of biooils Droduced bv flash Dvrolvsis
Landaua, M. V. et al. Fuel, 1998, 77, (l/2), 3-13. This work employed a trickle-bed reactor pilot plant packed with two novel catalysts in series to study the hydrotreatment of Israeli shale oil. The first catalyst was Ni-Mo supported on wide-pore alumina and the second was Co-Mo-Cr supported on combined zeolite HY-alumina carrier. The desulfurization conversion was higher than 99% over the operating conditions tested while denitrogenation conversion varied over the range 74.3-99.9%. The effects of LRSV and temperature on the structure of shale oil components and hydrocarbons distribution was studied using ‘H and 13C NMR and CC-MS methods. The yields of total liquid product, gasoline, jet and diesel fuels at 380°C and LRSV = 0.5 h-r were 89.4, 9.3, 22.5 and 65.8 wt% of crude shale oil. The volume yield of liquid product per crude shale oil at those conditions was 106.9%. The quality parameters of motor fuels
Mueller, H.-J. et al. Pet. Coal, 1995, 37, (4), 34-44. BASF selective hydrogenati6n processes (SELOP-processes) for steam cracker downstream treatment are reviewed. These are selective hydrogenation of acetylene, C4 cut hydrorefining, and hydrogenation of pyrolysis gasoline and Cs cut pre-treatment and hydrogenation.
96/01106 The Snamprogetti water cooled tubular reactor in refinery MTBE/ETBE and TAME plants
Trotta, R. and Morandi, F. Pet. Coal, 1996, 38, (2), 7-13. The water-cooled tubular reactor is advantageous because it is the coldest reactor among all existing cdmmercial reactors for ethers production, and both kinetics and thermodynamic of the reaction are optimized to achieve the highest performance.
Magg’i, R. et al. L&omass&ergy-Environ., Proc. Eur. Bioenergy Conf., 9th, 1996, 1, 327-332. Edited by Chartier, P., Elsevier, Oxford, UK. Despite the fact that the liquids produced by flash pyrolysis rarely meet the standards required for fuels, they are nevertheless intended for such use. The unwanted characteristics, especially the instability and the tendency to polymerize, arise as a result of their high oxygen content. For use as fuels, bio-oils must be processed to reduce heteroatom content and to improve stability. The catalytic hydrotreating process, well developed by the petroleum industry, can be easily applied for the treatment of pyrolysis oils. The technical and economical feasibility have been demonstrated at laboratory scale by different groups. Traditional catalytic systems, however, are not adequate, in fact the traditional CoMa and NiMo supported on alumina catalysts are quickly deactivated and the yield of the treatment is insufficient. The key step for the scale-up of this process is the development
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
March 1998 QQ
96/01094
Emulsified fuel and one methodffor preparing same
Haupais, A. et al. PCT Int. Appl. WO 97 34,969 (Cl. ClOL1/32), 25 Sep 1997, FR Appl. 96/3,547,15 Mar 1996, 42 pp. (In French) The authors introduce some novel fuels consisting of emulsions of water in hydrocarbons. The underlying problem is that of providing fuels (e.g. for engines) consisting of stable, non-polluting, low-cost water/hydrocarbon emulsions. Presented is the method for preparing the emulsions. Applications for the fuel include use as a diesel oil, petrol, kerosene and fuel oil.
Experimental evidence of a-olefin readsorption in 96/01095 Fischer-Tropsch synthesis on ruthenium-supported ET!&10 tltanium silicate catalysts
Bianchi, C. L. and Ragaini, V. J. Catal., 1997, 168, (l), 70-74. Two consecutive paths are developed during FischeriTropsch synthesis. These two are a primary process that involves the for_mation of a-olefin products and a secondary process leading to the production of branched isomers and paraffins and requiring the readsorption of primary cu-olefin products. Previous work proved such readsorption steps are of fundamental importance for Ru catalysts and they occur due to the slow diffusive removal of o-olefins when the molecule size increases, this results in a long intraoarticle residence time. In the oresent uaoer a-olefins readsorotion was knhanced by changing the metal distri&ion inside the pores&of a titanium silicate (ETS-lo), modified by ion exchange with alkali metal ions and used as a support for Ru-based catalysts.
Fast and 96/01096 determination
rational
method
of gasoline
lead
Bosilikov. B. S. and Ivovic, B. T. Pet. Coal, 1996, 38, (2). 41-43. Aqueous ICI is used to extract lead alkyls from gasoline’and atmospheric absorption spectroscopy is used for measurement. Ascorbic acid eliminates , the corrosion effect.
Formulating multi-functional detergent additive 96iOlOQ7 packages to assist in minimizing diesel fuel emissions-the combination of lubricity performance with detergency Attfield, M. J. et al. Pet. Coal, 1995, 37, (3), 25-28. It is demonstrated via lubricity test data that by careful formulation, a single additive package which will convey detergency and lubricity performance upon a low sulfur base fuel can be produced. Emissions benefits from fuel quality changes are thus optimized, while providing protection against field problems due to wear.
produced from shale oil by hydrotreating certain specifications except gasoline. indicated no catalysts deactivation.
Ohio DOT dump truck/snow 96101100 evaluations with a blodiesel blend
plow comparative
Malcosky, N. D. and Wald, T. Sot. Automat. Eng., [Spec. Publ.] SP, 1997, SP-1274. 209-213. A two-year evaluation by the Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) was given for truck fleet operations using a biodiesel blend, B20, (an 80/20 blend of diesel fuel and soybean oil Me esters) in two adjacent counties in north-west Ohio. The Fulton county ODOT garage has been operating all diesel-powered equipment on B20 since March 1996. Operation results have been compared with counterpart equipment in nearby Williams county which has continued operation on conventional diesel fuel. Battelle is collecting and analysing detailed operational and reliability data on five Navistar-International dump truck/snow plows in each county. Proper blendine of the B20 fuel is critical if the fleet is to ooerate in cold climates. since thi cold filter plugging point of B20 is abode that of conventional diesel fuel. Pro-blending, instead of splash blending, should be investigated. No loss in engine power or major reductions in visible smoke were observed. Test vehicles and all other diesel-fuelled equipment in the ODOT Fulton County garage continue to operate with no apparent changes, although there has been more frequent filter plugging at the fuel dispenser.
98101101 Process for the production of oxygenated naphtha and diesel fractions for control of dlesel exhaust emissions
Benham. C. B. et al. U.S..US 5.645.613 (Cl. 44-452: ClOL1/18). Ii 8 Jul 1997. US Appi. 140,479, 18 Nov 1993; 29 pp. ’ The paper describes several Fischer-Tropsch reaction schemes using a promoted iron catalyst in a slurry reactor produce oxygenated naphtha and diesel fractions on distillation that reduce particulate emissions in diesel engines. High carbon conversion efficiencies and optimum chain growth are characteristics of the processes.
Production of unleaded gasolines with manganese 96lO1102 antiknock additives Apostolov, I. G. Pet. Coal, 1995, 37, (3), 21-24. The author studies the use of methylcyclopentadienyl nyl as antiknock gasoline additive.
manganese
tricarbo-
Pyrolysis treatment of hydrocarbon sources such 96lO1103 as petroleum heavy oils and naphtha using sensible heat of rough coke oven gas Ueno, I. Jun. Kokai Tokkvo Koho JP 09.286.986 197.286.9861 (Cl. ClOB27/00),4 Nov 1997, Appl:96/102,571,24 Apr 1996,4pp. (In Japanese) The spray of hydrocarbon sources onto rough coke oven gases (COG) for pyrolysis using sensible heat of the gases is described. High Hz content and high temperature of COG means that high Btu gases, BTX, gas oils, and tars are obtained economically from the hydrocarbons without clogging pipes by tars, coal micropowders, pyrolytic carbon.
96lO1104 Kinetics of petroleum generation and cracking by 96/01096 ~;a~~smmed-temperature closed-system pyrolysis of Toarcian
with the two-catalyst system meets A 400 h stability test at 380°C
Quality requirements for waste fuels
Urban, A. I. Mater. Landesumweltamt Nordrhein- Westfalen, 1997, 42, 4760. (In German)
,
Dieckmann, V. et al. Fuel, 1998, 77, (l/2), 23-31. Studies of primary kerogen-to-petroleum and secondary oil-to-gas conversion processes in marine source rocks have been carried out. Programmedtemoerature closed-svstem IMSSV) ovrolvsis of Toarcian Shale concentrates was performed at heating rate’s’of 6.1, 0.7 and 5.0 K min-’ in the temperature range of 300-61O”C. All pyrolysates were analysed by singlestep on-line gas- chromatography. The cumulative evolution profiles of liquid and gaseous compounds were deconvoluted into generation curves for oil (C,,), primary gas and secondary gas using complementary opensystem experiments and simple stoichiometric relationships. The subsequent kinetic analysis resulted in potential versus activation energy distributions which turned out to be comparatively broad for oil and primary gas and rather narrow for secondary gas. This indicated that the former are generated from less homogeneous precursor materials than the latter.
The SELOP-processes: 96/01105 BASF-technology for hydrogenations in the steam cracker downstream treatment
96iOl OQQ Medium severity hydrotreating and hydrocracklng of Israeli shale oil-h. Testing of novel catalyst systems in a trickle bed reactor I
96iO1107 Stabilization by mild catalytic hydrotreating of biooils Droduced bv flash Dvrolvsis
Landaua, M. V. et al. Fuel, 1998, 77, (l/2), 3-13. This work employed a trickle-bed reactor pilot plant packed with two novel catalysts in series to study the hydrotreatment of Israeli shale oil. The first catalyst was Ni-Mo supported on wide-pore alumina and the second was Co-Mo-Cr supported on combined zeolite HY-alumina carrier. The desulfurization conversion was higher than 99% over the operating conditions tested while denitrogenation conversion varied over the range 74.3-99.9%. The effects of LRSV and temperature on the structure of shale oil components and hydrocarbons distribution was studied using ‘H and 13C NMR and CC-MS methods. The yields of total liquid product, gasoline, jet and diesel fuels at 380°C and LRSV = 0.5 h-r were 89.4, 9.3, 22.5 and 65.8 wt% of crude shale oil. The volume yield of liquid product per crude shale oil at those conditions was 106.9%. The quality parameters of motor fuels
Mueller, H.-J. et al. Pet. Coal, 1995, 37, (4), 34-44. BASF selective hydrogenati6n processes (SELOP-processes) for steam cracker downstream treatment are reviewed. These are selective hydrogenation of acetylene, C4 cut hydrorefining, and hydrogenation of pyrolysis gasoline and Cs cut pre-treatment and hydrogenation.
96/01106 The Snamprogetti water cooled tubular reactor in refinery MTBE/ETBE and TAME plants
Trotta, R. and Morandi, F. Pet. Coal, 1996, 38, (2), 7-13. The water-cooled tubular reactor is advantageous because it is the coldest reactor among all existing cdmmercial reactors for ethers production, and both kinetics and thermodynamic of the reaction are optimized to achieve the highest performance.
Magg’i, R. et al. L&omass&ergy-Environ., Proc. Eur. Bioenergy Conf., 9th, 1996, 1, 327-332. Edited by Chartier, P., Elsevier, Oxford, UK. Despite the fact that the liquids produced by flash pyrolysis rarely meet the standards required for fuels, they are nevertheless intended for such use. The unwanted characteristics, especially the instability and the tendency to polymerize, arise as a result of their high oxygen content. For use as fuels, bio-oils must be processed to reduce heteroatom content and to improve stability. The catalytic hydrotreating process, well developed by the petroleum industry, can be easily applied for the treatment of pyrolysis oils. The technical and economical feasibility have been demonstrated at laboratory scale by different groups. Traditional catalytic systems, however, are not adequate, in fact the traditional CoMa and NiMo supported on alumina catalysts are quickly deactivated and the yield of the treatment is insufficient. The key step for the scale-up of this process is the development
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
March 1998 QQ