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02162 Investigation of a combined solar-heat pump system for residential heating. Part 2: simulation results
15 Environment
14
(pollution, health protection,
safety)
to
HEAT PUMPS
00102161 Investigation of a combined solar-heat pump system for residential heatina. Part 1: exoerimental results iaygusuz, K. Irtr. J. of’ E;lrr.,q. Rc.\., 1699. 23. ( 14). 12 I? 1223. In order to investigate the performance of the combined solar-heat pump system with energy storage in encapsulated phase change material (PCM) packings for residential heating in Trabzon, Turkey. an experimental set-up was constructed. The experimental results were obtained from Novemher to May during the heating season for two heating systems. These systems are a series of heat pump system, and a parallel heat pump system. The experimentally obtained results are used to calculate the heat pump coefficient of performance (COP), seasonal heating performance, the fraction of annual load meet bv free enerev. storaee and collector efficiencies and total energy consumption of the systems &ring the heating season.
significant Canadian studies on agriculiural sources of nitrogen air emissions, there is little research into the associated environmental effects and on abatement techniaues. In conclusion. it is evident that there is a requirement for further ‘investigation into all aspects of atmospheric nitrogen emissions produced hy the agricultural industry in Canada. 00/02166 An attempt for environmentally friendly utilization of oil shale in Mongolia Avid, B. EJII~&XI.Or,? Rc/~,~~ohl~, t‘,rtzr,v~, Prm lui. C‘ou/../I/. 1998, 3 6. This paper reports on the performance of pyrolysis experiments with oil shales from eight deposits in central Mongolia. The best quality oil shale gave 15% pitch. Distillation was used to obtain liquid fractions and solid residues. After the isolation of organic bases, acids and phenolic compounds from each of the fractions, these liquid products can he used as gasoline. oil materials. diesel and hinding materials.
Y,
00102162 Investigation of a combined solar-heat pump system for residential heating. Part 2: simulation results Kaygusuz, K. Irlt. J. of E~rerg?’ RCA., 1999. 23. ( 14). 122S- 1237. In this study, a mathematical model of a solar-assisted heat pump system with latent heat energy storage for residential heating in Turkey was developed. The model consists of dynamic and heat transfer relations concerning the fundamental equipment in the system such as solar collector, latent thermal energy storage tank, compressor, condenser, evaporator and building heating load. Some model parameters of the system were calculated by using experimental results. It was found that the model agreed well with the experimental results. The contact factor for dryer performance and design 00102163 Chou, S. K. Ill/. J. o/’ Errergj~ Res.. 1999. 23. ( 14). 1277-l 29 I. This paper describes an approach using the contact factor (CF) as the dryer performance and design parameter. The CF is calculated using known drying variables with a view to minimizing the drying costs. An algorithm to obtain the ‘economic’ CF for drvine is oresented. Besides beine a desien parameter of single-stage drydrs,- the ’ CF is a useful parameter rn determining the schedule of cascade dryers in multi-stages drying. We demonstrate the dryer component selection process using a set of design charts for heat pump dryers.
15
ENVIRONMENT Pollution,
health protection,
safety
00/02164 A definition of ‘pollution’ based on thermodynamic goal functions Bastianoni, S. E& Mot/c//.. 1998, 113. (l-3), 163-166. Several functions, called ‘goal functions’ have been introduced at the interface between ecology and thermodynamics. In order to study the effects of pollution on ecological systems, two functions have been chosen: exergy is related to the degree of organization of a system and represents the biogeochemical energy of a system; emergy is defined as the total amount of solar energy directly or indirectly required to generate a product or a service. They represent two complementary aspects of a system. Previously introduced was the ratio of exergy to the emergy flow to indicate the efficiency of an ecosystem in producing or maintaining its organization. This paper considers the variation in time of exergy and emergy, their ratio indicates the effect of the change of available inputs in the level of organization of the system under study. This can lead to a definition of ‘pollution”: based on thermodynamics: a pollutant for a system is defined as an input for which to an increase (decrease) in the emergy flow corresponds a loss (rise) in the exergy content of the system. All the possible situations are represented as a two-dimensional diagram and a discussion is also included. 00/02165 Agricultural NH3 and NO. emissions in Canada Kurvits, T. Nirrojic,,t. Cortf~r-N-s, Irtt. Nirrogel~ Co/l/. I.$/.199X. I X7- 194. Reviewed in this paper is the atmospheric nitrogen emissions from agriculture in Canadian. The gases ammonia (NHj) and nitrogen oxides (NO,) are focused on in this study. In Canada, recent inventories show a significant increase in agricultural emissions of NH3. Most emissions are from farm animals, with the remainder from fertilizer application. Current estimates indicate that farm vehicles contribute approximately 5% of the total NO, emissions in Canada. Fertilized farmland is also a source of NO,. Techniques that are available to Canadian producers to reduce on-farm nitrogen air emissions include feeding strategies, manure management and housing for livestock, air purification systems, and synthetic nutrient management. NO, emissions can be reduced by improvements in the efficiency of fuel combustion in farm vehicles. At the present time, relative
00/02167 An industrial emissions inventory of calcium for Europe Lee. 0. S. and Pacyna, J. M. Af~rrr~.\.t;!r~,/rrj!r . IYYY. 33. (1I). 1687 l6Y7. In Europe and North America it has been ohserved that the hase cations magnesium, calcium and potassium. are declining in air and precipitation. There is good evidence that this is the result of declining emissions of fly ash from industrial plants, owing to increased ahatement and industrial decline. This may have the effect of offsetting the effects of declines in acidic emissions, in terms of net deposited acidity. An industrial emissions inventory of calcium (the dominant base cation in air precipitation) has been compiled in order to reconcile source strengths of hase cations. The main sources identified were: iron and steel plants. cement plants and coal combustion from both large and small hoilers (the dominant source). The overall emission was calculated to he between approximately 750 and 800 ktonnes Ca year-‘. The inventory is not 1005 -accurate a< the emission factors used are very uncertain. Furthermore. the emissions are compiled on a hase year of lY90 and large changes have taken place in the industrial structuring of the largest contributing countries. Disregarding the uncertainties, the compilation of the inventory represents a vital initial step in understanding the sources of deposited calcium. 00/02168 Basics of environmentally acceptable energy conservation and technology for thermal dewatering of coal beneficiation products Bobrikov, V. V. and Chernikov, V. N. KoLv Klrirn.. 1998. (I I 12). 7 I I. ([n Russian) A rotary drying apparatus is discussed. It is used for coal flotation concentration and tailings, it has four sections and external heating: its diameter is I2 metres. It dries 45-X) tons/hour flotation products from moisture content 25-28 to 7-8 wt?/,,. 00102169 Bioluminescent bioreporter integrated circuit Simpson, M. L. PCT Int. Appl. WO 99 27,351 (Cl. GOIN2II7h). 3 Jun IYYO. US Appl. 978,439, 25 Nov 1997. 226. Information related to monolithic hioelectronic devices comprising of a hioreporter and an optical application specific integrated circuit (OA-SIC) is disclosed in this paper. These bioluminescent hioreporter integrated circuits are valuable as they can detect substances such as pollutants, explosives, and heavy-metals residing in inhospitable areas such as groundwater, industrial process vessels. and hattlefields. In addition, methods and apparatus for environmental pollutant detection. drug discovery, oil exploration, industrial process control, and the monitoring of hazardous chemicals is also provided. 00102170 CAFE compliance by light trucks: economic impacts of clean diesel engnine Teotia, A. Encr;el, P~~/ic:~~. 1999. 27. (15). 889~YOO With the popularity of light trucks increasing in the United States, their share of the US light vehicle market had doubled between 1980 and 1996, climbing from 20 to 40%. BY 1996, annual energy consumption for light trucks had risen to S.Y7 x IO’- Btu 15.97 quadrillion Btu, or ‘quad’ or 6.30 x 10” joule (J)], compared to 7.94 quad (8.38 ‘< Ill’xJ) for cars. In recent years (since 1995). the fuel economy of US-manufactured light trucks (almost 99% of which use gasoline engines) has been helow the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards. This paper analyses a strategy to reduce the CAFE shortfalls hy adopting the new, highly energy-efficient clean diesel engine. Research on such engines has been funded hy the US Department of Energy, Office of Heavy Vehicle Technologies, under its Light Truck Clean Diesel Engine Program. A clean diesel engine market penetration trajectory is developed. representmg an industry response to meet the CAFE standards. It still remains uncertain whether the engine will be produced inside the country or imported, so two cases are defined. Values of exports/imports of clean diesel engines/trucks under these cases are estimated. The macroeconomic benefits are estimated by using a model of the US economy developed by Standard CyrPoor’s Data Resources, Inc. On the basis of gains in the gross domestic product projected under the alternative cases, domestic production of the clean diesel engine is favoured over importing it. 00/02171 Coal mining impact upon the social and environmental situation and health of the population Kharchenko. V. A. O,1+rof1. /s.\r~e\ l+r/.\rc ,Zf[rf~r/~~. EIIC~,:~~~ Afirrc,-. P ror/. Prw /,I/. Sl~!rl/‘.,.~I/!,lY9X. 349-35 I.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
July 2000
239
14
(pollution, health protection,
safety)
to
HEAT PUMPS
00102161 Investigation of a combined solar-heat pump system for residential heatina. Part 1: exoerimental results iaygusuz, K. Irtr. J. of’ E;lrr.,q. Rc.\., 1699. 23. ( 14). 12 I? 1223. In order to investigate the performance of the combined solar-heat pump system with energy storage in encapsulated phase change material (PCM) packings for residential heating in Trabzon, Turkey. an experimental set-up was constructed. The experimental results were obtained from Novemher to May during the heating season for two heating systems. These systems are a series of heat pump system, and a parallel heat pump system. The experimentally obtained results are used to calculate the heat pump coefficient of performance (COP), seasonal heating performance, the fraction of annual load meet bv free enerev. storaee and collector efficiencies and total energy consumption of the systems &ring the heating season.
significant Canadian studies on agriculiural sources of nitrogen air emissions, there is little research into the associated environmental effects and on abatement techniaues. In conclusion. it is evident that there is a requirement for further ‘investigation into all aspects of atmospheric nitrogen emissions produced hy the agricultural industry in Canada. 00/02166 An attempt for environmentally friendly utilization of oil shale in Mongolia Avid, B. EJII~&XI.Or,? Rc/~,~~ohl~, t‘,rtzr,v~, Prm lui. C‘ou/../I/. 1998, 3 6. This paper reports on the performance of pyrolysis experiments with oil shales from eight deposits in central Mongolia. The best quality oil shale gave 15% pitch. Distillation was used to obtain liquid fractions and solid residues. After the isolation of organic bases, acids and phenolic compounds from each of the fractions, these liquid products can he used as gasoline. oil materials. diesel and hinding materials.
Y,
00102162 Investigation of a combined solar-heat pump system for residential heating. Part 2: simulation results Kaygusuz, K. Irlt. J. of E~rerg?’ RCA., 1999. 23. ( 14). 122S- 1237. In this study, a mathematical model of a solar-assisted heat pump system with latent heat energy storage for residential heating in Turkey was developed. The model consists of dynamic and heat transfer relations concerning the fundamental equipment in the system such as solar collector, latent thermal energy storage tank, compressor, condenser, evaporator and building heating load. Some model parameters of the system were calculated by using experimental results. It was found that the model agreed well with the experimental results. The contact factor for dryer performance and design 00102163 Chou, S. K. Ill/. J. o/’ Errergj~ Res.. 1999. 23. ( 14). 1277-l 29 I. This paper describes an approach using the contact factor (CF) as the dryer performance and design parameter. The CF is calculated using known drying variables with a view to minimizing the drying costs. An algorithm to obtain the ‘economic’ CF for drvine is oresented. Besides beine a desien parameter of single-stage drydrs,- the ’ CF is a useful parameter rn determining the schedule of cascade dryers in multi-stages drying. We demonstrate the dryer component selection process using a set of design charts for heat pump dryers.
15
ENVIRONMENT Pollution,
health protection,
safety
00/02164 A definition of ‘pollution’ based on thermodynamic goal functions Bastianoni, S. E& Mot/c//.. 1998, 113. (l-3), 163-166. Several functions, called ‘goal functions’ have been introduced at the interface between ecology and thermodynamics. In order to study the effects of pollution on ecological systems, two functions have been chosen: exergy is related to the degree of organization of a system and represents the biogeochemical energy of a system; emergy is defined as the total amount of solar energy directly or indirectly required to generate a product or a service. They represent two complementary aspects of a system. Previously introduced was the ratio of exergy to the emergy flow to indicate the efficiency of an ecosystem in producing or maintaining its organization. This paper considers the variation in time of exergy and emergy, their ratio indicates the effect of the change of available inputs in the level of organization of the system under study. This can lead to a definition of ‘pollution”: based on thermodynamics: a pollutant for a system is defined as an input for which to an increase (decrease) in the emergy flow corresponds a loss (rise) in the exergy content of the system. All the possible situations are represented as a two-dimensional diagram and a discussion is also included. 00/02165 Agricultural NH3 and NO. emissions in Canada Kurvits, T. Nirrojic,,t. Cortf~r-N-s, Irtt. Nirrogel~ Co/l/. I.$/.199X. I X7- 194. Reviewed in this paper is the atmospheric nitrogen emissions from agriculture in Canadian. The gases ammonia (NHj) and nitrogen oxides (NO,) are focused on in this study. In Canada, recent inventories show a significant increase in agricultural emissions of NH3. Most emissions are from farm animals, with the remainder from fertilizer application. Current estimates indicate that farm vehicles contribute approximately 5% of the total NO, emissions in Canada. Fertilized farmland is also a source of NO,. Techniques that are available to Canadian producers to reduce on-farm nitrogen air emissions include feeding strategies, manure management and housing for livestock, air purification systems, and synthetic nutrient management. NO, emissions can be reduced by improvements in the efficiency of fuel combustion in farm vehicles. At the present time, relative
00/02167 An industrial emissions inventory of calcium for Europe Lee. 0. S. and Pacyna, J. M. Af~rrr~.\.t;!r~,/rrj!r . IYYY. 33. (1I). 1687 l6Y7. In Europe and North America it has been ohserved that the hase cations magnesium, calcium and potassium. are declining in air and precipitation. There is good evidence that this is the result of declining emissions of fly ash from industrial plants, owing to increased ahatement and industrial decline. This may have the effect of offsetting the effects of declines in acidic emissions, in terms of net deposited acidity. An industrial emissions inventory of calcium (the dominant base cation in air precipitation) has been compiled in order to reconcile source strengths of hase cations. The main sources identified were: iron and steel plants. cement plants and coal combustion from both large and small hoilers (the dominant source). The overall emission was calculated to he between approximately 750 and 800 ktonnes Ca year-‘. The inventory is not 1005 -accurate a< the emission factors used are very uncertain. Furthermore. the emissions are compiled on a hase year of lY90 and large changes have taken place in the industrial structuring of the largest contributing countries. Disregarding the uncertainties, the compilation of the inventory represents a vital initial step in understanding the sources of deposited calcium. 00/02168 Basics of environmentally acceptable energy conservation and technology for thermal dewatering of coal beneficiation products Bobrikov, V. V. and Chernikov, V. N. KoLv Klrirn.. 1998. (I I 12). 7 I I. ([n Russian) A rotary drying apparatus is discussed. It is used for coal flotation concentration and tailings, it has four sections and external heating: its diameter is I2 metres. It dries 45-X) tons/hour flotation products from moisture content 25-28 to 7-8 wt?/,,. 00102169 Bioluminescent bioreporter integrated circuit Simpson, M. L. PCT Int. Appl. WO 99 27,351 (Cl. GOIN2II7h). 3 Jun IYYO. US Appl. 978,439, 25 Nov 1997. 226. Information related to monolithic hioelectronic devices comprising of a hioreporter and an optical application specific integrated circuit (OA-SIC) is disclosed in this paper. These bioluminescent hioreporter integrated circuits are valuable as they can detect substances such as pollutants, explosives, and heavy-metals residing in inhospitable areas such as groundwater, industrial process vessels. and hattlefields. In addition, methods and apparatus for environmental pollutant detection. drug discovery, oil exploration, industrial process control, and the monitoring of hazardous chemicals is also provided. 00102170 CAFE compliance by light trucks: economic impacts of clean diesel engnine Teotia, A. Encr;el, P~~/ic:~~. 1999. 27. (15). 889~YOO With the popularity of light trucks increasing in the United States, their share of the US light vehicle market had doubled between 1980 and 1996, climbing from 20 to 40%. BY 1996, annual energy consumption for light trucks had risen to S.Y7 x IO’- Btu 15.97 quadrillion Btu, or ‘quad’ or 6.30 x 10” joule (J)], compared to 7.94 quad (8.38 ‘< Ill’xJ) for cars. In recent years (since 1995). the fuel economy of US-manufactured light trucks (almost 99% of which use gasoline engines) has been helow the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards. This paper analyses a strategy to reduce the CAFE shortfalls hy adopting the new, highly energy-efficient clean diesel engine. Research on such engines has been funded hy the US Department of Energy, Office of Heavy Vehicle Technologies, under its Light Truck Clean Diesel Engine Program. A clean diesel engine market penetration trajectory is developed. representmg an industry response to meet the CAFE standards. It still remains uncertain whether the engine will be produced inside the country or imported, so two cases are defined. Values of exports/imports of clean diesel engines/trucks under these cases are estimated. The macroeconomic benefits are estimated by using a model of the US economy developed by Standard CyrPoor’s Data Resources, Inc. On the basis of gains in the gross domestic product projected under the alternative cases, domestic production of the clean diesel engine is favoured over importing it. 00/02171 Coal mining impact upon the social and environmental situation and health of the population Kharchenko. V. A. O,1+rof1. /s.\r~e\ l+r/.\rc ,Zf[rf~r/~~. EIIC~,:~~~ Afirrc,-. P ror/. Prw /,I/. Sl~!rl/‘.,.~I/!,lY9X. 349-35 I.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
July 2000
239