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02187 Biomass residues from palm oil mills in Thailand: An overview on quantity and potential usage
07 Alternative energy sources (bioconversion energy) 98lQ2179
Probabilistic ranking of large scale transmission
projects
Tinnium, K. et al. Electrical Power Systems Research, 1997, 42, (I), 21-25. The investigation aims to determine an appropriate way of probabilistically prioritizing transmission system alternatives. Three widely used approaches are studied and compared to the methodology proposed and developed here. Transmission system alternatives were prioritized and the best alternative is placed on the top of a ranking table. An analysis of qualitatively identifying the different transmission system benefits is performed. Some of the qualitative benefits are quantified and used in our methodology. The proposed methodology is tested on the IEEE 25 bus reliability test system (RTS). A software package developed by Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), called TRELSS (transmission reliability evaluation of large scale systems), is utilized in determining the probabilistic indices that are used in the approach proposed in the paper.
Recent development
in open systems for EMS/
9s8ZZ” Kokai, Y. et al. Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 1998, 20, (2), 111-123. The ‘open system’ concept is examined from the users’ and suppliers’ viewpoint, based on the current situation and emerging trends of global development of EMS/SCADA systems throughout the world. Current technologies for open distributed EMS/SCADAs and their possible future trends are described.
Substituting natural gas heating for electric heat98/02181 intia;sessment of the energy and environmental effects in Rosen, M. A. et al. Energy Studies Review, 1996, 8, (2), 143-154. Significant energy-utilization and environmental emissions reductions are possible in the province of Ontario, Canada by substituting natural-gas heating for electric heating, as shown with a technical and thermodynamic analysis. The greatest benefits from substitution are realized in the utility sector, where marked reductions occur in coal and uranium use and related emissions. Consideration should be given to increasing the level of naturalgas substitution in the province, the results suggest. The results are most likely to be useful to the developers and designers of energy systems and to decision makers on energy planning and policy.
98102182
Transmission capacity in power networks
IIiC, M. et al. Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 1998, 20, (2), 99-110. Transmission capacity is discussed, starting from its definition through to its modelling and analysis. Transmission capacity evaluation methods are also briefly described. The second part of the article is concerned with possible means of increasing the transmission capacity at the locations of most interest. The third part is concerned with possible economic incentives for enhancing transmission capacity in a changing electric power industry.
Two-area power system costing by the cumulant 98lO2183 method using available capacity distribution Li, Y. 2. et al. Electric Power Systems Research, 1997, 42, (l), 55-61. In this paper the cumulant method is extended to evaluate the production costs of two-area power systems using available capacity distribution. By means of the independence of both systems equivalent available capacity based on a chronological load curve, the single-variant cumulant and singlevariant Gram-Charlier Series A approximation are adequate for the twoarea production simulation. A new approach to stochastic production simulation for a two-area power system is offered by this system and it is easily extended to three-areas or multi-areas. Favourable accuracy and efficiency results have been demonstrated by sample studies.
Variable costs of electricity generation: effects of new-source bias
98l02184
Stanton, T. J. The Journal of Energy and Development, 22, (l), 125-134. In the literature, evidence of new-source bias in the electric power industry is well established and previous studies have investigated the increase in total cost of generation caused by these more restrictive standards on newer plants. This article extends the existing literature by estimating the operating costs of coal-fired electric-generating units after the capital has been installed. As such, it presents a focused, short-run cost analysis of generating electricity with coal. This model allows investigation of the effect of new-source bias on operating costs alone, instead of on total costs.
07
ALTERNATIVE SOURCES Bioconversion
ENERGY
Energy
Anaerobic digestion of biomass for methane pro98iO2185 duction: a review
Nallathambi Gunaseelan, V. Biomass and Bioenergy, 1997, 13, (l/2), 83114. Interest in the biological conversion of biomass to methane has increased in recent years. Hand- and mechanically-sorted municipal solid waste and nearly 100 genera of fruit and vegetable solid wastes, leaves, grasses, woods, weeds, marine and freshwater biomass have been explored for their anaerobic digestion potential to methane. In this review, the extensive literature data have been tabulated and ranked under various categories and the influence of several parameters on the methane potential of the feedstocks are presented. The urgent need for evaluating the innumerable unexplored genera of plants as potential sources for methane production is emphasised.
Analytical characterization of primary products of biomass liquid pyrolysis in tetralin
gal021 88
Altunbulduk, T. Erdoel, Erdgas, Kohle, 1997, 113, (12), 541-545. (In German) Degradation of biomass, BRAM, and BRAP (fuel from waste and paper) was carried out via liquid pyrolysis at temperatures between 350-415”C for 5-13 min under 3-4 MPa initial nitrogen pressure using tetralin as solvent in a PFTR. The primary products were analysed by different methods and the results reveal the main fraction extract consists mainly of tetralin derivatives.
Biomass residues from palm oil mills In Thailand: 98l02187 an overview on quantity and potential usage
Prasertsan, S. and Prasertsan, P. Biomass and Eioenergy, 1996, 11, (5), 387-395. In the south of Thailand, palm oil production is one of the major industries and a study of the quantity and potential usage of palm oil mill wastes was carried out. Sixteen palm oil mills in the region generate 386,930 tons/year 165,830 tons/year and 110,550 tons/year of empty fruit bunches, palm press fibre and palm kernel shell, respectively. In addition, 1,202,260 tons/year of waste water is being treated anaerobically. Only the pericarp fibre is used for boiler feed. Empty fruit bunches and the shell are disposed of by the land filling method, which is very costly. In some factories the empty fruit bunches are burnt in the furnaces, which causes air pollution. Potential uses of the solid and liquid wastes are suggested by the study. gal021 88 Carbohydrate biofuels. II. The need and the potential for root-fuel in the Navajo nation
Shultz, E. B., Jr. et al. Proc. Biomass Conf. Am.: Energy, Environ., Agric. Ind., 2nd, 1995, 323-332. Scarce wood fuel and low-grade coal is used by over 80% of rural Navajos and about two-thirds of all Navajos for home heating half the year, with coal used mainly as a night-time adjunct. Serious health problems arise because stoves are old and leak smoke and carbon monoxide, affecting women and small children particularly. Respiratory.disease is a major cause of Navajo mortality and unusually high admissions to Navajo Indian Health Service hospitals. A 1990 study showed that Navajo children under two years of age from homes with woodstoves are nearly five times more likely to contract acute lower respiratory tract infections than children from homes with no stove. Previous studies on clean-burning starchy/cellulosic ‘rootfuels’ in Latin America, Africa and Asia are applicable in this case. Preliminary work on the Navajo reservation, the current status of household stoves and stove fuels, the health impacts of wood smoke and coal smoke from old, faulty stoves, the conditions for growing root-fuel on the reservation and policy and strategy for coping with the problem are discussed here. The Western Regional Biomass Energy Program of the US Department of Energy sponsored this research.
98lO2189 Chemistry of tar formation and maturation in the thermochemical conversion of biomass Evans, R. J. and Milne, T. A. Dev. Thermochem. Biomass Convers., 1997, 2, 803-816. Edited by Bridgwater, A. V. and Boocock, D. G. B., Blackie, London, UK. A fundamental part of the development of gasification and gas cleaning systems for high efficiency applications is an understanding of the molecular details of tar formation and maturation in thermochemical processes. Tars are functionally defined as the condensable organic fraction from gasifier effluents, and are therefore generally considered to be aromatic in nature. This definition does not allow a distinction between classes of compounds which originate under different reaction regimes, for example the primary pyrolysis products; or primary pyrolysis products, which may be in the gasifier effluent because of low temperature operation; or due to process upsets, and high molecular weight polynuclear aromatic
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
May 1998
197
Probabilistic ranking of large scale transmission
projects
Tinnium, K. et al. Electrical Power Systems Research, 1997, 42, (I), 21-25. The investigation aims to determine an appropriate way of probabilistically prioritizing transmission system alternatives. Three widely used approaches are studied and compared to the methodology proposed and developed here. Transmission system alternatives were prioritized and the best alternative is placed on the top of a ranking table. An analysis of qualitatively identifying the different transmission system benefits is performed. Some of the qualitative benefits are quantified and used in our methodology. The proposed methodology is tested on the IEEE 25 bus reliability test system (RTS). A software package developed by Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), called TRELSS (transmission reliability evaluation of large scale systems), is utilized in determining the probabilistic indices that are used in the approach proposed in the paper.
Recent development
in open systems for EMS/
9s8ZZ” Kokai, Y. et al. Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 1998, 20, (2), 111-123. The ‘open system’ concept is examined from the users’ and suppliers’ viewpoint, based on the current situation and emerging trends of global development of EMS/SCADA systems throughout the world. Current technologies for open distributed EMS/SCADAs and their possible future trends are described.
Substituting natural gas heating for electric heat98/02181 intia;sessment of the energy and environmental effects in Rosen, M. A. et al. Energy Studies Review, 1996, 8, (2), 143-154. Significant energy-utilization and environmental emissions reductions are possible in the province of Ontario, Canada by substituting natural-gas heating for electric heating, as shown with a technical and thermodynamic analysis. The greatest benefits from substitution are realized in the utility sector, where marked reductions occur in coal and uranium use and related emissions. Consideration should be given to increasing the level of naturalgas substitution in the province, the results suggest. The results are most likely to be useful to the developers and designers of energy systems and to decision makers on energy planning and policy.
98102182
Transmission capacity in power networks
IIiC, M. et al. Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 1998, 20, (2), 99-110. Transmission capacity is discussed, starting from its definition through to its modelling and analysis. Transmission capacity evaluation methods are also briefly described. The second part of the article is concerned with possible means of increasing the transmission capacity at the locations of most interest. The third part is concerned with possible economic incentives for enhancing transmission capacity in a changing electric power industry.
Two-area power system costing by the cumulant 98lO2183 method using available capacity distribution Li, Y. 2. et al. Electric Power Systems Research, 1997, 42, (l), 55-61. In this paper the cumulant method is extended to evaluate the production costs of two-area power systems using available capacity distribution. By means of the independence of both systems equivalent available capacity based on a chronological load curve, the single-variant cumulant and singlevariant Gram-Charlier Series A approximation are adequate for the twoarea production simulation. A new approach to stochastic production simulation for a two-area power system is offered by this system and it is easily extended to three-areas or multi-areas. Favourable accuracy and efficiency results have been demonstrated by sample studies.
Variable costs of electricity generation: effects of new-source bias
98l02184
Stanton, T. J. The Journal of Energy and Development, 22, (l), 125-134. In the literature, evidence of new-source bias in the electric power industry is well established and previous studies have investigated the increase in total cost of generation caused by these more restrictive standards on newer plants. This article extends the existing literature by estimating the operating costs of coal-fired electric-generating units after the capital has been installed. As such, it presents a focused, short-run cost analysis of generating electricity with coal. This model allows investigation of the effect of new-source bias on operating costs alone, instead of on total costs.
07
ALTERNATIVE SOURCES Bioconversion
ENERGY
Energy
Anaerobic digestion of biomass for methane pro98iO2185 duction: a review
Nallathambi Gunaseelan, V. Biomass and Bioenergy, 1997, 13, (l/2), 83114. Interest in the biological conversion of biomass to methane has increased in recent years. Hand- and mechanically-sorted municipal solid waste and nearly 100 genera of fruit and vegetable solid wastes, leaves, grasses, woods, weeds, marine and freshwater biomass have been explored for their anaerobic digestion potential to methane. In this review, the extensive literature data have been tabulated and ranked under various categories and the influence of several parameters on the methane potential of the feedstocks are presented. The urgent need for evaluating the innumerable unexplored genera of plants as potential sources for methane production is emphasised.
Analytical characterization of primary products of biomass liquid pyrolysis in tetralin
gal021 88
Altunbulduk, T. Erdoel, Erdgas, Kohle, 1997, 113, (12), 541-545. (In German) Degradation of biomass, BRAM, and BRAP (fuel from waste and paper) was carried out via liquid pyrolysis at temperatures between 350-415”C for 5-13 min under 3-4 MPa initial nitrogen pressure using tetralin as solvent in a PFTR. The primary products were analysed by different methods and the results reveal the main fraction extract consists mainly of tetralin derivatives.
Biomass residues from palm oil mills In Thailand: 98l02187 an overview on quantity and potential usage
Prasertsan, S. and Prasertsan, P. Biomass and Eioenergy, 1996, 11, (5), 387-395. In the south of Thailand, palm oil production is one of the major industries and a study of the quantity and potential usage of palm oil mill wastes was carried out. Sixteen palm oil mills in the region generate 386,930 tons/year 165,830 tons/year and 110,550 tons/year of empty fruit bunches, palm press fibre and palm kernel shell, respectively. In addition, 1,202,260 tons/year of waste water is being treated anaerobically. Only the pericarp fibre is used for boiler feed. Empty fruit bunches and the shell are disposed of by the land filling method, which is very costly. In some factories the empty fruit bunches are burnt in the furnaces, which causes air pollution. Potential uses of the solid and liquid wastes are suggested by the study. gal021 88 Carbohydrate biofuels. II. The need and the potential for root-fuel in the Navajo nation
Shultz, E. B., Jr. et al. Proc. Biomass Conf. Am.: Energy, Environ., Agric. Ind., 2nd, 1995, 323-332. Scarce wood fuel and low-grade coal is used by over 80% of rural Navajos and about two-thirds of all Navajos for home heating half the year, with coal used mainly as a night-time adjunct. Serious health problems arise because stoves are old and leak smoke and carbon monoxide, affecting women and small children particularly. Respiratory.disease is a major cause of Navajo mortality and unusually high admissions to Navajo Indian Health Service hospitals. A 1990 study showed that Navajo children under two years of age from homes with woodstoves are nearly five times more likely to contract acute lower respiratory tract infections than children from homes with no stove. Previous studies on clean-burning starchy/cellulosic ‘rootfuels’ in Latin America, Africa and Asia are applicable in this case. Preliminary work on the Navajo reservation, the current status of household stoves and stove fuels, the health impacts of wood smoke and coal smoke from old, faulty stoves, the conditions for growing root-fuel on the reservation and policy and strategy for coping with the problem are discussed here. The Western Regional Biomass Energy Program of the US Department of Energy sponsored this research.
98lO2189 Chemistry of tar formation and maturation in the thermochemical conversion of biomass Evans, R. J. and Milne, T. A. Dev. Thermochem. Biomass Convers., 1997, 2, 803-816. Edited by Bridgwater, A. V. and Boocock, D. G. B., Blackie, London, UK. A fundamental part of the development of gasification and gas cleaning systems for high efficiency applications is an understanding of the molecular details of tar formation and maturation in thermochemical processes. Tars are functionally defined as the condensable organic fraction from gasifier effluents, and are therefore generally considered to be aromatic in nature. This definition does not allow a distinction between classes of compounds which originate under different reaction regimes, for example the primary pyrolysis products; or primary pyrolysis products, which may be in the gasifier effluent because of low temperature operation; or due to process upsets, and high molecular weight polynuclear aromatic
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
May 1998
197