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02831 Net energy analysis of LNG power generation system
02
Liquid fuels (derived liquid fuels)
98102828 Liquid-phase thermal treatment of tall oil soap into hydrocarbon fuels Oasmaa, A. et al. Dev. Thermochem. Biomass Convers., 1997, 1, 696-710. Edited by Bridgwater, A. V. and Boocock, D. G. B., Blackie, London, UK. Experiments have been conducted to investigate liquid-phase thermochemical processing of tall oil soap. A by-product of kraft pulping, the tall soap originates mainly from wood extractives. Conventional processing involves acidization to yield crude tall oil and subsequent distillation of the oil at centralized refineries. As tall oil originating from birch wood is far less valuable than that from pine, there is an economic incentive in the Nordic countries to develop alternative conversion processes for the tall oil soap produced at pulp mills where birch is widely used as feedstock. Both catalytic hydro-treatment and liquid-phase thermal treatment of a mixed pine/birch soap have been investigated in the laboratory. The principal products formed in both types of treatment were liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons. The thermal treatment process appeared to be more economically viable.
98102833 Pilot scale production and combustion of liquid fuels from refuse derived fuel (RDF)-Part II Klosky, M. K. Proc. Bienn. Waste Process. Conf., 1996, 17, 215-220 A process for producing pumpable slurry fuels, comparable to coal-water fuels, from solid refuse-derived fuels (RDF) is being developed by EnerTech. The characteristics of the fuel are summarized and the latest combustion tests performed with the final product fuel are discussed. This research attempts to determine the boiler and emission performance from the carbonized RDF slurry fuel using statistical screening experiments. Eight combustion tests were performed with a pilot scale pulverized coal/oil boiler simulator, with CO, SOz, and NO, emissions determined on-line. CO and NO, emissions were well below and SO2 emissions were comparable to the promulgated New Source Performance Standards. This research forms the basis for later combustion experiments to be performed with the carbonized RDF slurry fuel, in which dioxinifuran and trace metal emissions will be determined.
Mechanistic considerations in retrograde reaction 98102827 Mcmillen, D. F. and Malhotra, R. Prep. Pap. Am. Chem. Sot., Div. Fuel Chem., 1997, 42, (I), l-7. A mechanistic model incorporating a single surrogate coal structure in a reaction medium consisting of phenanthrene-dihydrophenanthrene mixtures with or without hydrogen overpressure was used to study retrograde reactions in coal liquefaction. One of the conclusions arrived at is that scavengers that operate via a radical capping process have a dual role, i.e. they also act as initiators.
98102834 Possibilities of widening diesel fuel feedstock pool. 1. Possibility of substituting cracker light gas oil for kerosine cut in the production of diesel fuel Palichev, T. and Petkov, P. God. Vissh. Khim. Tekhnol. Inst., Burga.\, 1990 (Pub. 1996) 25, 73-78. (In Bulgarian) Partial or complete substitution of a kerosene cut with cracker light gas oil in the production of diesel oils was explored. Up to 25% cracker light ga\ oil can be substituted. The anti-oxidant Ionol increases the chemical stability of the fuels containing the gas oil.
Methanol conversion to olefins over high-silica 98102828 zeolites in continuous flow fixed-bed reactor Redwan, D. S. Pet. Sci. Technol., 1997, 15, (l/2), 19-36. In order to optimize production of light (CZ_~) olefins, methanol conversion over high-silica zeolites in a continuous flow fixed-bed reactor was studied. Commercially available zeolites (silicalite and HZSM-5) were modified, and new ones were synthesized locally. The catalytic performances of the commercially available zeolites and of the synthesized zeolite were evaluated. Improved selectivity to Cz_e-alkenes of commercial zeolites was observed, but the zeolite active lifetime was decreased. The locally synthesized high-silica zeolite had a better performance than the commercially available ones. Used (deactivated) samples were analysed, proving that carbon deposition is the main factor affecting catalyst activity and selectivity. Due to the necessity for frequent regeneration, fixed-bed operation was not suitable for methanol conversion over zeolite catalysts. Method and apparatus for manufacture of high98102829 concentration coal-water slurries Kubo, Y. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 09 20,896 [97 20,896] (Cl. ClOL1/32), 21 Jan 1997, Appl. 951192,467, 5 Jul 1995, 7 pp. (In Japanese) The process is described in full. Mineral matter effects in low-temperature liquefac98102830 tion of low-rank coals Martin, S. C. and Schobert, H. H. Proc. Annu. Int. Pittsburgh Coal Conf., 1996, 13, (I), 25-30. The removal of the inherent mineral matter from low-rank coal has been proved to impart no serious detrimental effect upon low temperature liquefaction. The elimination of such species seems to allow for better access for gaseous H2. Net energy analysis of LNG power generation 98102831 system Uchiyama, Y. and Anita, S. Teion Kogaku, 1997, 32, (3), 103-109. (In Japanese) For thermal power generation plants using coal, petroleum, and LNG (liquefied natural gas), energy analyses were presented. The input energy of power generation technology was estimated not only for the construction materials of the power plant but also for all fuel processes in mining, refining and transporting to a power station. Net and gross energy analyses on the power plants were calculated using the input and output energies of a generation plant. The analysed net energy ratio of an LNG plant was onethird that of oil or coal plants, because coal- and petroleum-based processes consume a large amount of energy during extraction (mining), refining, and liquefaction processes. Excellent natural gas liquefaction and LNG regasification processes are expected to be realized using available cryogenic engineering knowledge. 98102832 Oil conversion process for manufacturing lowsulfur fuel oil from spend lubricating oil and coal Kuzara, J. K. and Klinger, L. D. U.S. US 5,676,711 (Cl. 44-622; ClOLli 02). 14 Ott 1997, Appl. 604,399, 21 Feb 1996, 6 pp. Production of low-sulfur fuel oil or gas from used oil and finely divided coal is attempted with an improved process. The coal/oil slurry is heated after mixing within a pressure vessel to a temperature of approximately 850°F at a pressure of 1500 psi for over 1 h. It is possible to recover a gaseous lowsulfur diesel fuel from near the top of the pressure vessel.
282
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
July 1998
98102835 Process for converting hydrocarbon gas to liquid hydrocarbon products Wolflick, J. R. et al. PCT Int. Appl. WO 98 01,514 (Cl. ClOG2/00). I.5 Jan 1998, US Appl. 679,402, 9 Jul 1996, 22 pp. A hydrocarbon gas conversion process to syngas which, in turn, is converted into a liquid hydrocarbon product is detailed. A substantial amount of the heat generated in the process is recovered for use in generating steam needed in the process or for conversion into mechanical energy. In addition, the tail gas produced is used to fuel the gas turbine which powers the compressor used in the process. By using tail gas to fuel the gas turbine, less of the compressed combustion air is needed to cool the combustion gases in the turbine and, instead, can be used to provide a portion of the process air required in the process. This produces a possible saving of up to 20-30% of the horsepower otherwise needed to compress the required volume of the process air. 98102838 Production of liquid fuels from brown coal Zotin, A. N. et al. Ugol’ U&r., 1996, (516). 9-10. (In Russian) The paper presents a laboratory unit developed for the production of liquid fuels from brown coal. Hydrogenation was done for 0.5-2 h at 2-12 MPa and 425-475°C. During hydrogenation at 12 MPa, the catalysts were cobalt chloride and iron sulfate. During hydrogenation at 2 MPa. the catalyst was a waste from iron ore beneficiation. The hydrogenation product consisted of a liquid hydrolysate 530% water 20-32%, gas 1 l-25% and solid residue 3040%. 98102837 Research on production of oils and RDF from waste plastics Aihara, T. et al. Tokyo-to Seiso Kenkyusho Kenkyu Hokokrr, 1996 (Pub. 1997), 26, 114-122. (In Japanese) In order to recycle spent plastics into refuse-derived fuel (RDF), laboratory tests were undertaken for 40 min at 430°C to investigate the effects of plastic type, Ca(OH)z as the alkali additive and the catalyst. The plastic type, the conditions under which the catalyst is used and plastics are treated all influence the yield and properties of the RDF. Ca(OH)z addition between 1 and 10% to the starting material brings an insufficient effect to transfer chlorine to RDF under the conditions adopted in this study, but reduces emissions of volatile chlorine compounds when RDF is burnt, leaving them in the incineration residue. 98102838 The role of catalyst in the solvent-free liquefaction of coal Warzinski, R. P. et al. DGMK Tagungsber., 1997,9704, (Proceedings ICCS ‘97, Volume 3), 1437-1440. In solvent-free liquefaction of coal, Mo(CO), is a precursor for generating dispersed MoSz-containing catalyst. THF-insoluble liquefaction products were characterized by solid-state C-NMR and elemental analysis. Catalyst addition increased coal conversion at 350-4Oo”C. brought Hz from the gas phase to coal conversion products and decreased the net production of aromatic carbon. At 375°C improvements in conversion up to 41% were observed. Aromatization of the insoluble fraction strongly increases with temperature. A remarkable linear correlation was found between the catalytically induced increment on THF conversion and the catalytically induced increment in Hz uptake.
Liquid fuels (derived liquid fuels)
98102828 Liquid-phase thermal treatment of tall oil soap into hydrocarbon fuels Oasmaa, A. et al. Dev. Thermochem. Biomass Convers., 1997, 1, 696-710. Edited by Bridgwater, A. V. and Boocock, D. G. B., Blackie, London, UK. Experiments have been conducted to investigate liquid-phase thermochemical processing of tall oil soap. A by-product of kraft pulping, the tall soap originates mainly from wood extractives. Conventional processing involves acidization to yield crude tall oil and subsequent distillation of the oil at centralized refineries. As tall oil originating from birch wood is far less valuable than that from pine, there is an economic incentive in the Nordic countries to develop alternative conversion processes for the tall oil soap produced at pulp mills where birch is widely used as feedstock. Both catalytic hydro-treatment and liquid-phase thermal treatment of a mixed pine/birch soap have been investigated in the laboratory. The principal products formed in both types of treatment were liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons. The thermal treatment process appeared to be more economically viable.
98102833 Pilot scale production and combustion of liquid fuels from refuse derived fuel (RDF)-Part II Klosky, M. K. Proc. Bienn. Waste Process. Conf., 1996, 17, 215-220 A process for producing pumpable slurry fuels, comparable to coal-water fuels, from solid refuse-derived fuels (RDF) is being developed by EnerTech. The characteristics of the fuel are summarized and the latest combustion tests performed with the final product fuel are discussed. This research attempts to determine the boiler and emission performance from the carbonized RDF slurry fuel using statistical screening experiments. Eight combustion tests were performed with a pilot scale pulverized coal/oil boiler simulator, with CO, SOz, and NO, emissions determined on-line. CO and NO, emissions were well below and SO2 emissions were comparable to the promulgated New Source Performance Standards. This research forms the basis for later combustion experiments to be performed with the carbonized RDF slurry fuel, in which dioxinifuran and trace metal emissions will be determined.
Mechanistic considerations in retrograde reaction 98102827 Mcmillen, D. F. and Malhotra, R. Prep. Pap. Am. Chem. Sot., Div. Fuel Chem., 1997, 42, (I), l-7. A mechanistic model incorporating a single surrogate coal structure in a reaction medium consisting of phenanthrene-dihydrophenanthrene mixtures with or without hydrogen overpressure was used to study retrograde reactions in coal liquefaction. One of the conclusions arrived at is that scavengers that operate via a radical capping process have a dual role, i.e. they also act as initiators.
98102834 Possibilities of widening diesel fuel feedstock pool. 1. Possibility of substituting cracker light gas oil for kerosine cut in the production of diesel fuel Palichev, T. and Petkov, P. God. Vissh. Khim. Tekhnol. Inst., Burga.\, 1990 (Pub. 1996) 25, 73-78. (In Bulgarian) Partial or complete substitution of a kerosene cut with cracker light gas oil in the production of diesel oils was explored. Up to 25% cracker light ga\ oil can be substituted. The anti-oxidant Ionol increases the chemical stability of the fuels containing the gas oil.
Methanol conversion to olefins over high-silica 98102828 zeolites in continuous flow fixed-bed reactor Redwan, D. S. Pet. Sci. Technol., 1997, 15, (l/2), 19-36. In order to optimize production of light (CZ_~) olefins, methanol conversion over high-silica zeolites in a continuous flow fixed-bed reactor was studied. Commercially available zeolites (silicalite and HZSM-5) were modified, and new ones were synthesized locally. The catalytic performances of the commercially available zeolites and of the synthesized zeolite were evaluated. Improved selectivity to Cz_e-alkenes of commercial zeolites was observed, but the zeolite active lifetime was decreased. The locally synthesized high-silica zeolite had a better performance than the commercially available ones. Used (deactivated) samples were analysed, proving that carbon deposition is the main factor affecting catalyst activity and selectivity. Due to the necessity for frequent regeneration, fixed-bed operation was not suitable for methanol conversion over zeolite catalysts. Method and apparatus for manufacture of high98102829 concentration coal-water slurries Kubo, Y. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 09 20,896 [97 20,896] (Cl. ClOL1/32), 21 Jan 1997, Appl. 951192,467, 5 Jul 1995, 7 pp. (In Japanese) The process is described in full. Mineral matter effects in low-temperature liquefac98102830 tion of low-rank coals Martin, S. C. and Schobert, H. H. Proc. Annu. Int. Pittsburgh Coal Conf., 1996, 13, (I), 25-30. The removal of the inherent mineral matter from low-rank coal has been proved to impart no serious detrimental effect upon low temperature liquefaction. The elimination of such species seems to allow for better access for gaseous H2. Net energy analysis of LNG power generation 98102831 system Uchiyama, Y. and Anita, S. Teion Kogaku, 1997, 32, (3), 103-109. (In Japanese) For thermal power generation plants using coal, petroleum, and LNG (liquefied natural gas), energy analyses were presented. The input energy of power generation technology was estimated not only for the construction materials of the power plant but also for all fuel processes in mining, refining and transporting to a power station. Net and gross energy analyses on the power plants were calculated using the input and output energies of a generation plant. The analysed net energy ratio of an LNG plant was onethird that of oil or coal plants, because coal- and petroleum-based processes consume a large amount of energy during extraction (mining), refining, and liquefaction processes. Excellent natural gas liquefaction and LNG regasification processes are expected to be realized using available cryogenic engineering knowledge. 98102832 Oil conversion process for manufacturing lowsulfur fuel oil from spend lubricating oil and coal Kuzara, J. K. and Klinger, L. D. U.S. US 5,676,711 (Cl. 44-622; ClOLli 02). 14 Ott 1997, Appl. 604,399, 21 Feb 1996, 6 pp. Production of low-sulfur fuel oil or gas from used oil and finely divided coal is attempted with an improved process. The coal/oil slurry is heated after mixing within a pressure vessel to a temperature of approximately 850°F at a pressure of 1500 psi for over 1 h. It is possible to recover a gaseous lowsulfur diesel fuel from near the top of the pressure vessel.
282
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
July 1998
98102835 Process for converting hydrocarbon gas to liquid hydrocarbon products Wolflick, J. R. et al. PCT Int. Appl. WO 98 01,514 (Cl. ClOG2/00). I.5 Jan 1998, US Appl. 679,402, 9 Jul 1996, 22 pp. A hydrocarbon gas conversion process to syngas which, in turn, is converted into a liquid hydrocarbon product is detailed. A substantial amount of the heat generated in the process is recovered for use in generating steam needed in the process or for conversion into mechanical energy. In addition, the tail gas produced is used to fuel the gas turbine which powers the compressor used in the process. By using tail gas to fuel the gas turbine, less of the compressed combustion air is needed to cool the combustion gases in the turbine and, instead, can be used to provide a portion of the process air required in the process. This produces a possible saving of up to 20-30% of the horsepower otherwise needed to compress the required volume of the process air. 98102838 Production of liquid fuels from brown coal Zotin, A. N. et al. Ugol’ U&r., 1996, (516). 9-10. (In Russian) The paper presents a laboratory unit developed for the production of liquid fuels from brown coal. Hydrogenation was done for 0.5-2 h at 2-12 MPa and 425-475°C. During hydrogenation at 12 MPa, the catalysts were cobalt chloride and iron sulfate. During hydrogenation at 2 MPa. the catalyst was a waste from iron ore beneficiation. The hydrogenation product consisted of a liquid hydrolysate 530% water 20-32%, gas 1 l-25% and solid residue 3040%. 98102837 Research on production of oils and RDF from waste plastics Aihara, T. et al. Tokyo-to Seiso Kenkyusho Kenkyu Hokokrr, 1996 (Pub. 1997), 26, 114-122. (In Japanese) In order to recycle spent plastics into refuse-derived fuel (RDF), laboratory tests were undertaken for 40 min at 430°C to investigate the effects of plastic type, Ca(OH)z as the alkali additive and the catalyst. The plastic type, the conditions under which the catalyst is used and plastics are treated all influence the yield and properties of the RDF. Ca(OH)z addition between 1 and 10% to the starting material brings an insufficient effect to transfer chlorine to RDF under the conditions adopted in this study, but reduces emissions of volatile chlorine compounds when RDF is burnt, leaving them in the incineration residue. 98102838 The role of catalyst in the solvent-free liquefaction of coal Warzinski, R. P. et al. DGMK Tagungsber., 1997,9704, (Proceedings ICCS ‘97, Volume 3), 1437-1440. In solvent-free liquefaction of coal, Mo(CO), is a precursor for generating dispersed MoSz-containing catalyst. THF-insoluble liquefaction products were characterized by solid-state C-NMR and elemental analysis. Catalyst addition increased coal conversion at 350-4Oo”C. brought Hz from the gas phase to coal conversion products and decreased the net production of aromatic carbon. At 375°C improvements in conversion up to 41% were observed. Aromatization of the insoluble fraction strongly increases with temperature. A remarkable linear correlation was found between the catalytically induced increment on THF conversion and the catalytically induced increment in Hz uptake.