- Email: [email protected]
01654 Emergence of the gas-to-liquids industry: a review of global GTL developments
02
Liquid
fuels
(transpolt,
refining,
quality,
storage)
well in the vicinity of the bitumen deposits, is converted into synthesis gas with a subsequent Fischer-Tropsch synthesis to produce highcetane diesel fuel and hot steam, which is then used for steam-injection bitumen recovery of additional bitumen. The recovered bitumen is upgraded (e.g. by hydrotreating, coking, and hydroisomerization) to manufacture low-cetane-number diesel fuel, which is then blended with the high-cetane diesel fuel from the Fischer-Tropsch reactor.
03/01649 Simultaneous and diesel oil
production
of qualified
kerosine
Yin, E. Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu CN 1.324.918 (Cl. ClOG67/00), 5 Dee 2001, Appl. 2,000,110,442. (In Chinese) The petroleum hydrogenation refining process for simultaneously producing kerosine and diesel oil with acceptable quality from sulfurcontaining raw kerosine and diesel oil is developed. The process is characterized in adding a reactor for kerosine hydrogenation refining and high-pressure and low-pressure separators to the existing equipment for diesel oil hydrogenation refining; they share one hydrogen system. Hydrogenation of kerosine is carried at l-4 MPa, LHSV = 2.5-4 he’, ratio of gas to oil 200-300, and 150-300°C; and hydrqgenation of diesel oil carried out at 3-6 MPa, LHSV = 2.5-3.5 h , ratio of gas to oil 250-400, and 300-370°C. The process can lower cost and energy consumption.
03/01650 The origin of crude oils from the ShuguangHuanxillng Buried Hills In the Liaohe Basin, China: evidence from chemical and isotopic compositions Xiong, Y. ef al. Applied Geochemistry, 2003, 18, (3). 445-456. Since the Shu103 well was successfully drilled in 1995, the Buried Hill reservoir is receiving a new exploration emphasis in the Liaohe Basin. China. The Buried Hill oils can be divided into three main types in the Shuguang-Huangxiling area based on their chemical and isotopic compositions. The first type is collected mostly from the Shuguang area. The similarity to the Es4 oils and the Es4 source rock extracts indicates that they were mainly expelled from the fourth member of the Shahejie formation (Es4) in the Chenjia Sag and/or Panshan Sag, deposited in a stratified paleolake system. The second is charactized by a relative high Pr/Ph ratio, low gammacerane content and depletion of “C in individual n-alkanes. These characteristics represent a typical origin from dominantly freshwater paralic lacusrrine sediments. Various biomarker indices of the other Buried Hill oils fall between the former two types. The authors infer that these oils may be derived from the adjacent Qingshui Sag and/or Panshan Sag, and were likely generated from transitional sedimentary facies between well-circulated freshwater paralic lacustrine and relatively closed saline lacustrine.
03101651 petroleum
Total synchronous products
fluorescence
scan spectra of
Patra, D. and Mishra, A. K. Analytical and Bioanu/ytical Chcvnl.stn.. 2002, 373, (4-5), 304-309. Extending the two-dimensional synchronous fluorescence scan to a three-dimensional total synchronous fluorescence scan (TSFS) spectral measurement gives the total synchronous fluorescence characteristics of a multifluorophoric sample at various possible wavelength intervals (ax), which cold help to characterize multifluorophoric systems better. TSFS spectra of petroleum products such as diesel, kerosene, petrol, engine oil, etc., available in the Indian market, are reported. Fluorescence in these samples is due to the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) of various ring sizes. The TSFS contour plot profiles of the neat samples measured at right-angle geometry is a result of various energy-degrading photophysical processes such as inner filter effect, light attenuation, resonance energy transfer. collisional quenching, etc. TSFS plots make it easy to obtain the optimized ax of an unknown sample of analysis interest. TSFS and the excitation-emission matrix (EEM) techniques are similar, but the contour profiles generated are different. The response of the TSFS contour profiles to dilution is different from that in the EEM contour profiles. Thus, TSFS can provide an alternative way of presenting the fluorescence response of concentrated multifluorophoric samples.
03/01652 transient borehole
Understanding chemical-potential-related pore-pressure response to improve real-time (in)stablllty predictions
Tare, U. A. et al. Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technolog.v. 2002. 4 I. (7), 13-16. Chemical potential related borehole (in)stabilities in the field are predominantly time-dependent. With the intention of developing a real-time wellbore (in)stability modelling capability, experimental work was undertaken to study the role of the them. potential of drilling fluids on transient pore pressure and time-dependent rock property alterations of shale formations. The current work presents the concept, and discusses the results of these undertakings. The experiments using a Pore Pressure Transmission Test (PPT) apparatus expose formation (shale) cores under simulated down-hole conditions to various salt solutions and drilling fluids. The uniqueness of this study comes from
290
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
September
2003
the fact that time-dependent alterallon m the pore pressure. acou\tIc’ end rock properties of formations subjected to compressive tri-aria1 stress are recorded during the PPT experiments This eliminates the anisotropy-associated difference5 obtained when different samples al-c used to detect the relation between these characteristic paramctcrs ot shale formations. The main objective of this effort is to translate the results of the PPT tests to actual drilling conditions. At that point, the formation-drilling fluid them. polential horehole instability model would he validated and updated in real-time to Flrcdict borehole (in)atabiliticu.
Transport, refining, quality, storage 03101653 A new method diesel fuel via ultrasound
for obtaining ultra-low sulfur assisted oxldative desulfurization
Mei, H. et a/. Fuel, 2003, 82, (4). 405-414. Due to the requirement of stringent rules for ultra-low sulfur content of diesel fuels, it is necessary to develop alternative methods for desulfurization of fossil fuel derived oil. Using appropriate oxidants and catalysts with the assistance of ultrasound irradiation, model compounds such as dibenzothiophene can he quantitatively oxidized in minutes. For diesel fuels containing various levels of sulfur content. and through the use of catalytic oxidation and ultrasonication followed by solvent extraction, removal efficiency of sulfur-bearing compounds can reach or exceed 99% in a short contact time at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure. This simple approach can he the basis for obtaining ultra-low sulfur-containing diesel oil. GC-PFPD. GC-MS, and GC-SIMDIS were used to monitor the change of organic sulfur compounds and hydrocarbons in diesels during the process.
03/01664 Emergence of the gas-to-liquids review of global GTL developments
industry:
a
Fleisch, T. H. et ctl. Jotrr~zal of Natural Gas Chemi.stq,, 2002. I I. ( I 2). I-14. This paper reviews the status of the gas-to-liquids (GTL) industry including current commercial plants, announced projects and the technologies that probably are implemented in these future projects. Today, only 35 000 B/D of GTL products (0.1% of market) are manufactured from corn. gas-based plants. Advances in technology have lowered the cost of plants to the point where GTL plants can be profitable at crude oil prices of $16/B. The advanced stage of development of several proposed GTL projects and attractive integrated economics, for both the gas field and plant, show that GTL can be a significant alternative for monetizing natural gas in the 21st century. GTL technologies includes more than Fischer-Tropsch technology and extends to other liquid fuels. especially in the oxygenate family (methanol, di-Me ether. etc.).
03/01655 production
Fischer-Tropsch process for a combined of liquid hydrocarbons and oxygenates
Font, F. CI ul. PCT Int. Appl. WO 02 97.009 (Cl. ClOG?;OO), 5 Dee 2002. GB Appl. 2001,‘12.797. A process is disclosed for conversion of synthesis gas to a product containing liquid hydrocarbons and oxygenates (e.g. MeOH). The process involves contacting the synthesis gas at an elevated temperature and pressure with a mixed particulate catalyst containing a mixture of a particulate Fischer-Tropsch catalyst (e.g. Co/ZnO) and a particulate oxygenate synthesis catalyst (e.g. CuiZnO). Preferably, the reaction is performed at 180-280”, S-50 bar, a Hz/CO volume ratio of (O.l-20):1, CO* content in the synthesis gas 5-40 volume%. and Fischer-Tropsch catalyst/oxygenate synthesis catalyst weight ratio ot (l-20):(1-10).
03/01656 Fuel instability and the concentration of organ0 nitrogen compounds in a tar sands derived middle distillate fuel Nassiry,
A. and Mushrush, G. W. Jownal of Umfergrudutrtv C’lrcwi.vtr:,~ 2002, 1, (l), l-3. Instability and incompatibility are terms that denote fuel degradation Today both middle distillate and fuel oils continue to have significant instability problems. Specific chemical reaction pathways that lead to this degradation are difficult to identify. Results from out laboratory indicate that organo-nitrogen compounds are active participants in this sedimentation process. The fuel analysed was a tar-sands derived middle distillate fuel that has been observed to form sediment and thus he unstable.
Research,
03101657 Morphology of paraffin crystals in waxy crude oils cooled in quiescent conditions and under flow Kati,
M.
et rrl.
F~rel. 2003. 82. (2). 117 -135
Liquid
fuels
(transpolt,
refining,
quality,
storage)
well in the vicinity of the bitumen deposits, is converted into synthesis gas with a subsequent Fischer-Tropsch synthesis to produce highcetane diesel fuel and hot steam, which is then used for steam-injection bitumen recovery of additional bitumen. The recovered bitumen is upgraded (e.g. by hydrotreating, coking, and hydroisomerization) to manufacture low-cetane-number diesel fuel, which is then blended with the high-cetane diesel fuel from the Fischer-Tropsch reactor.
03/01649 Simultaneous and diesel oil
production
of qualified
kerosine
Yin, E. Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu CN 1.324.918 (Cl. ClOG67/00), 5 Dee 2001, Appl. 2,000,110,442. (In Chinese) The petroleum hydrogenation refining process for simultaneously producing kerosine and diesel oil with acceptable quality from sulfurcontaining raw kerosine and diesel oil is developed. The process is characterized in adding a reactor for kerosine hydrogenation refining and high-pressure and low-pressure separators to the existing equipment for diesel oil hydrogenation refining; they share one hydrogen system. Hydrogenation of kerosine is carried at l-4 MPa, LHSV = 2.5-4 he’, ratio of gas to oil 200-300, and 150-300°C; and hydrqgenation of diesel oil carried out at 3-6 MPa, LHSV = 2.5-3.5 h , ratio of gas to oil 250-400, and 300-370°C. The process can lower cost and energy consumption.
03/01650 The origin of crude oils from the ShuguangHuanxillng Buried Hills In the Liaohe Basin, China: evidence from chemical and isotopic compositions Xiong, Y. ef al. Applied Geochemistry, 2003, 18, (3). 445-456. Since the Shu103 well was successfully drilled in 1995, the Buried Hill reservoir is receiving a new exploration emphasis in the Liaohe Basin. China. The Buried Hill oils can be divided into three main types in the Shuguang-Huangxiling area based on their chemical and isotopic compositions. The first type is collected mostly from the Shuguang area. The similarity to the Es4 oils and the Es4 source rock extracts indicates that they were mainly expelled from the fourth member of the Shahejie formation (Es4) in the Chenjia Sag and/or Panshan Sag, deposited in a stratified paleolake system. The second is charactized by a relative high Pr/Ph ratio, low gammacerane content and depletion of “C in individual n-alkanes. These characteristics represent a typical origin from dominantly freshwater paralic lacusrrine sediments. Various biomarker indices of the other Buried Hill oils fall between the former two types. The authors infer that these oils may be derived from the adjacent Qingshui Sag and/or Panshan Sag, and were likely generated from transitional sedimentary facies between well-circulated freshwater paralic lacustrine and relatively closed saline lacustrine.
03101651 petroleum
Total synchronous products
fluorescence
scan spectra of
Patra, D. and Mishra, A. K. Analytical and Bioanu/ytical Chcvnl.stn.. 2002, 373, (4-5), 304-309. Extending the two-dimensional synchronous fluorescence scan to a three-dimensional total synchronous fluorescence scan (TSFS) spectral measurement gives the total synchronous fluorescence characteristics of a multifluorophoric sample at various possible wavelength intervals (ax), which cold help to characterize multifluorophoric systems better. TSFS spectra of petroleum products such as diesel, kerosene, petrol, engine oil, etc., available in the Indian market, are reported. Fluorescence in these samples is due to the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) of various ring sizes. The TSFS contour plot profiles of the neat samples measured at right-angle geometry is a result of various energy-degrading photophysical processes such as inner filter effect, light attenuation, resonance energy transfer. collisional quenching, etc. TSFS plots make it easy to obtain the optimized ax of an unknown sample of analysis interest. TSFS and the excitation-emission matrix (EEM) techniques are similar, but the contour profiles generated are different. The response of the TSFS contour profiles to dilution is different from that in the EEM contour profiles. Thus, TSFS can provide an alternative way of presenting the fluorescence response of concentrated multifluorophoric samples.
03/01652 transient borehole
Understanding chemical-potential-related pore-pressure response to improve real-time (in)stablllty predictions
Tare, U. A. et al. Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technolog.v. 2002. 4 I. (7), 13-16. Chemical potential related borehole (in)stabilities in the field are predominantly time-dependent. With the intention of developing a real-time wellbore (in)stability modelling capability, experimental work was undertaken to study the role of the them. potential of drilling fluids on transient pore pressure and time-dependent rock property alterations of shale formations. The current work presents the concept, and discusses the results of these undertakings. The experiments using a Pore Pressure Transmission Test (PPT) apparatus expose formation (shale) cores under simulated down-hole conditions to various salt solutions and drilling fluids. The uniqueness of this study comes from
290
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
September
2003
the fact that time-dependent alterallon m the pore pressure. acou\tIc’ end rock properties of formations subjected to compressive tri-aria1 stress are recorded during the PPT experiments This eliminates the anisotropy-associated difference5 obtained when different samples al-c used to detect the relation between these characteristic paramctcrs ot shale formations. The main objective of this effort is to translate the results of the PPT tests to actual drilling conditions. At that point, the formation-drilling fluid them. polential horehole instability model would he validated and updated in real-time to Flrcdict borehole (in)atabiliticu.
Transport, refining, quality, storage 03101653 A new method diesel fuel via ultrasound
for obtaining ultra-low sulfur assisted oxldative desulfurization
Mei, H. et a/. Fuel, 2003, 82, (4). 405-414. Due to the requirement of stringent rules for ultra-low sulfur content of diesel fuels, it is necessary to develop alternative methods for desulfurization of fossil fuel derived oil. Using appropriate oxidants and catalysts with the assistance of ultrasound irradiation, model compounds such as dibenzothiophene can he quantitatively oxidized in minutes. For diesel fuels containing various levels of sulfur content. and through the use of catalytic oxidation and ultrasonication followed by solvent extraction, removal efficiency of sulfur-bearing compounds can reach or exceed 99% in a short contact time at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure. This simple approach can he the basis for obtaining ultra-low sulfur-containing diesel oil. GC-PFPD. GC-MS, and GC-SIMDIS were used to monitor the change of organic sulfur compounds and hydrocarbons in diesels during the process.
03/01664 Emergence of the gas-to-liquids review of global GTL developments
industry:
a
Fleisch, T. H. et ctl. Jotrr~zal of Natural Gas Chemi.stq,, 2002. I I. ( I 2). I-14. This paper reviews the status of the gas-to-liquids (GTL) industry including current commercial plants, announced projects and the technologies that probably are implemented in these future projects. Today, only 35 000 B/D of GTL products (0.1% of market) are manufactured from corn. gas-based plants. Advances in technology have lowered the cost of plants to the point where GTL plants can be profitable at crude oil prices of $16/B. The advanced stage of development of several proposed GTL projects and attractive integrated economics, for both the gas field and plant, show that GTL can be a significant alternative for monetizing natural gas in the 21st century. GTL technologies includes more than Fischer-Tropsch technology and extends to other liquid fuels. especially in the oxygenate family (methanol, di-Me ether. etc.).
03/01655 production
Fischer-Tropsch process for a combined of liquid hydrocarbons and oxygenates
Font, F. CI ul. PCT Int. Appl. WO 02 97.009 (Cl. ClOG?;OO), 5 Dee 2002. GB Appl. 2001,‘12.797. A process is disclosed for conversion of synthesis gas to a product containing liquid hydrocarbons and oxygenates (e.g. MeOH). The process involves contacting the synthesis gas at an elevated temperature and pressure with a mixed particulate catalyst containing a mixture of a particulate Fischer-Tropsch catalyst (e.g. Co/ZnO) and a particulate oxygenate synthesis catalyst (e.g. CuiZnO). Preferably, the reaction is performed at 180-280”, S-50 bar, a Hz/CO volume ratio of (O.l-20):1, CO* content in the synthesis gas 5-40 volume%. and Fischer-Tropsch catalyst/oxygenate synthesis catalyst weight ratio ot (l-20):(1-10).
03/01656 Fuel instability and the concentration of organ0 nitrogen compounds in a tar sands derived middle distillate fuel Nassiry,
A. and Mushrush, G. W. Jownal of Umfergrudutrtv C’lrcwi.vtr:,~ 2002, 1, (l), l-3. Instability and incompatibility are terms that denote fuel degradation Today both middle distillate and fuel oils continue to have significant instability problems. Specific chemical reaction pathways that lead to this degradation are difficult to identify. Results from out laboratory indicate that organo-nitrogen compounds are active participants in this sedimentation process. The fuel analysed was a tar-sands derived middle distillate fuel that has been observed to form sediment and thus he unstable.
Research,
03101657 Morphology of paraffin crystals in waxy crude oils cooled in quiescent conditions and under flow Kati,
M.
et rrl.
F~rel. 2003. 82. (2). 117 -135