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01672 The effect of moisture on the liquefaction of some Turkish coals in tetralin with microwave energy
02
Liquid
fuels
(derived
liquid
fuels)
frontier areas for exploration will increase domestic production. If realized, this will reduce dependence on imported oil and reduce OPEC’s ability to affect aggregate oil supply and price. The evidence suggests, however, that this policy will not increase significantly US production of crude oil, will not reduce significantly OPEC’s influence, and it will distort the US macroeconomy. Even if allowed, production from the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge will have a negligible impact on the world oil markets. Further subsidies to the oil industry will divert resources from other more productive investments. Conservation and energy efficiency merit greater emphasis in US energy policy given their ability to reduce the use of cost-effective and environmentally beneficial ways.
03/01667 Short-run, long-run gasoline demand in Brazil
and cross elasticities
of
Alves, D. C. 0. and da Silveira Bueno, R. D. L. Energy Gonomics. 2003, 25, (2). 191.-199. Gasoline is one of the most important of the oil-derived products, Its importance is closely related to its participation in the value of imports of many countries and in a number of cases, it is one of the determinants of their balance of payment deficit, fiscal deficit and economic growth. As opposed to most nations, Brazil has had a gasoline substitute since 1985: alcohol. Many studies have tried to estimate the income and price elasticities of the demand for gasoline in several countries. This paper extends previous studies by estimating the cross-price elasticity between gasoline and alcohol. The findings indicate that alcohol is an imperfect substitute for gasoline even in the long-run. As a consequence, the need for a new fuel substitution must be initiated long before petroleum reserves vanish.
Derived liquid fuels 03/01666 Application of nuclear magnetic resonance technology to the studyfng on coal water slurrles
(NM)
Du, X.-L. et al. Mei Huagong, 2002, 30, (2), 13-15. (In Chinese) The paper introduces the application of NMR to the studying on coal water slurries. Chemical shift, spin-lattice relaxation time, spin-spin relaxation time are the important parameters in NMR. A lot of valuable information, which is difficult for them. researcher to get with other test means, can be achieved by detecting these parameters. It explains theoretically and practically that NMR technology is a effective means for studying the nature and structure of coal water slurries.
03/01669 Direct Ii uefaction of high-sulfur coals: effects of the catalyst, the so9 vent, and the mineral matter Goezmen, B. et al. Energy & Fuels, 2002, 16, (5), 1040-1047. Two low-rank coals with high sulfur contents (Gediz subbituminous coal: 7.6 wt% S:dry basis, Cayirhan lignite: 5.7 wt% S:dry basis) were subjected to hydroliquefaction. Liquefaction conditions included dry or solvent mediated runs under pressurized hydrogen without added catalyst or with the impregnated catalyst precursor ammonium heptamolybdate (AHM). Gediz coal having higher sulfur content gave 90% conversion in the absence of catalyst and solvent. Maximum conversion (98%) and maximum oil + gas yield (70%) from this coal were obtained by impregnating AHM onto coal and carrying out liquefaction in Hz/tetralin system at 450°C for 30 minutes. Under the same conditions, Cayirhan lignite gave 85% conversion and 70.5% oil rt gas yield. The superior hydrodesulfurization effect of impregnated AHM on the oil fraction when used in the absence of solvent (less than 0.1% S in lignite’s oil and less than 1% S in subbituminous coal’s oil following one-stage hydrogenation) is a promising finding of this work. AHM was found to be much more effective in liquefaction of Cayirhan lignite and this has been ascribed to the well-dispersion of AHM throughout this lignite’s structure via a cation-exchange mechanism through oxygen functionalities. Strong evidence for the catalytic effect of clay minerals in coal structure on char-forming reactions during liquefaction was observed by making use of liquefaction reactions of demineralized coal samples. It was also observed that tetralin had a retarding effect on the condensation and subsequent crosslinking reaction.
03/01670 Energy-efficient process for dewaterin -cracking of refinery sludges and petroleum-based wastes Bor hydrocarbon fuel recovery Bronshtein, A. P. ef al. U.S. Pat. 13; ClOGl/OO), 10 Ott 2002, US Petroleum-based waste material organic matter, water, dissolved processed to recover liquid fuels range hydrocarbons) and other 292
Fuel
and
Energy
Abstracts
Appl. Pub]. US 2002 144,928 (Cl. 208Appl. 772,236. and sludges and bottoms, consisting of substances, and solid particles, are (including gasoline-range and gas oilusable fuels, with heat recovery, by
September
2003
using oil shale ash or other suitable ashes from combustion of solid tuel as dewatering additives or as heat-transfer agents. The petroleum sludges are initially heated by contact with the hot oil shale ashes and other ashes, and the remaining water is removed by selective adsorption with the ashes (as dewatering additives). The adsorbed water is evaporated by treating the water-containing ash with additional hot ash. and the dewatered material is skimmed. The remainder of the material is processed by thermal catalytic cracking by using hot oil shale ash as a catalyst and a heat carrier. to produce hot combustible vapours and liquids which are then distilled through a fractional distillation column.
03/01671 Mechanisms of methanol synthesis from hydrogen and carbon oxides at Cu-Zn-containing catalysts in the context of some fundamental problems of heterogeneous catalysis Ostrovskii, V. E. Cutu/~vsi.s T&y. 2002, 77, (3), 141i 160. It is stated that. for deduction of the kinetic equation of a heterogeneous catalytic process proceeding with a rate-determining step (RDS), it is necessary and sufficient to reveal the chemical nature of the RDS, composition of the surface intermediates, and stoichiometric number (SN) of the RDS. On the basis of calorimetric and adsorption methods applied to the Cu-Zn-containing catalysts reduced to a state identical to that occurring during the steady-state methanol synthesis from hydrogen and carbon oxides, three catalytic surfaces (Sr, Sz, and Sa) are specified and the individual steps of the steady-state process are studied. It is stated that CHsOH is produced at Sz (the ZnO-component) from HZ and CO?_ by two routes N, and Nz with RDSs of interaction between gaseous Hz or COz and adsorbed CO2 or Ha, respectively, SN=2 for each RDS, and the adsorbed intermediates are Hz, COz, HCOH, HCOOH, and 02; CO* is produced at Sr (the Cucomponent approximated by Cud.OHz) through the shift-reaction; S, and Sz are homogeneous in their adsorption properties. The causes of the absence of manifestation of the structural heterogeneity of catalysts in their adsorption and catalytic properties are considered.
03101672 The effect of moisture on the liquefaction Turkish coals In tetralin with microwave energy
of some
Simsek, E. H. et ~1. Energy Sources, 2002, 24, (7) 675-684. The effect of the moisture content of coals, solvent/coal ratio, and the heating period by microwave energy on solubilization of Turkish coals (Bolu-Goeoynuek, Beypazart, Mugla-Yatagan, Tuncbilek, Aydin-Yeniceltek lignites, and Zonguldak coal) in tetralin was investigated. The yields of THF (THF) solubles and oils were increased with increasing moisture content of coals. When solvent/coal ratio increased from 211 to 4/l, the yield of oils increased. However, the yields of asphaltenes and preasphaltenes decreased. The yields of THF solubles and oils did not change considerably with reaction time. While the yields of asphaltenes and preasphaltenes decreased with reaction time at the value of 2/l of solvent/coal ratio and increased with reaction time at the value of 4/l of solvent/coal ratio, the yields are lower than at the value of 211 of solvent/coal ratio.
03/01673 Vanadyl-aluminum influence on their structure P-propanol conversion
binary phosphate: AI/V ratio and catalytic behavior in the
Bautista, F. M. et al. Catalysis Toduy, 2003, 78, (l-4), 269~-280. The synthesis of aluminum-vanadium-phosphorus (AlVPO) systems by sol-gel method was carried out with several P/Al/V molar ratios. They were calcined at 450-550°C as previously applied in the synthesis of amorphous AlPOd catalysts. Materials were characterized by chemical analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, UVVis, 31P and “Al MAS NMR, scanning electron microscopy and nitrogen adsorption. The textural properties and morphology of AlVPO materials were influenced by the Al/V ratio and thermal treatment. As the porosity of the solids decreased, both the BET surface areas as well as their primarily amorphous character did as well, while the vanadium content and calcination temperature increased. After calcination, the presence of two pure phosphate phases, AlP04 (o-cristobaiite) and P-VOPOd, was observed. Their catalytic behaviour in the conversion of 2-propanol was studied. Both the activity for 2-propanol conversion and the selectivity values to propene and propanone were also greatly affected by the AlN ratio values. Thus, the activity of the AIVPO systems increased with the aluminium content, whereas the 2-propanone selectivity decreased slightly. On the basis of kinetic study it was concluded that dehydration to propene and dehydrogenation to propanone could proceed via different active sites and mechanisms.
Liquid
fuels
(derived
liquid
fuels)
frontier areas for exploration will increase domestic production. If realized, this will reduce dependence on imported oil and reduce OPEC’s ability to affect aggregate oil supply and price. The evidence suggests, however, that this policy will not increase significantly US production of crude oil, will not reduce significantly OPEC’s influence, and it will distort the US macroeconomy. Even if allowed, production from the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge will have a negligible impact on the world oil markets. Further subsidies to the oil industry will divert resources from other more productive investments. Conservation and energy efficiency merit greater emphasis in US energy policy given their ability to reduce the use of cost-effective and environmentally beneficial ways.
03/01667 Short-run, long-run gasoline demand in Brazil
and cross elasticities
of
Alves, D. C. 0. and da Silveira Bueno, R. D. L. Energy Gonomics. 2003, 25, (2). 191.-199. Gasoline is one of the most important of the oil-derived products, Its importance is closely related to its participation in the value of imports of many countries and in a number of cases, it is one of the determinants of their balance of payment deficit, fiscal deficit and economic growth. As opposed to most nations, Brazil has had a gasoline substitute since 1985: alcohol. Many studies have tried to estimate the income and price elasticities of the demand for gasoline in several countries. This paper extends previous studies by estimating the cross-price elasticity between gasoline and alcohol. The findings indicate that alcohol is an imperfect substitute for gasoline even in the long-run. As a consequence, the need for a new fuel substitution must be initiated long before petroleum reserves vanish.
Derived liquid fuels 03/01666 Application of nuclear magnetic resonance technology to the studyfng on coal water slurrles
(NM)
Du, X.-L. et al. Mei Huagong, 2002, 30, (2), 13-15. (In Chinese) The paper introduces the application of NMR to the studying on coal water slurries. Chemical shift, spin-lattice relaxation time, spin-spin relaxation time are the important parameters in NMR. A lot of valuable information, which is difficult for them. researcher to get with other test means, can be achieved by detecting these parameters. It explains theoretically and practically that NMR technology is a effective means for studying the nature and structure of coal water slurries.
03/01669 Direct Ii uefaction of high-sulfur coals: effects of the catalyst, the so9 vent, and the mineral matter Goezmen, B. et al. Energy & Fuels, 2002, 16, (5), 1040-1047. Two low-rank coals with high sulfur contents (Gediz subbituminous coal: 7.6 wt% S:dry basis, Cayirhan lignite: 5.7 wt% S:dry basis) were subjected to hydroliquefaction. Liquefaction conditions included dry or solvent mediated runs under pressurized hydrogen without added catalyst or with the impregnated catalyst precursor ammonium heptamolybdate (AHM). Gediz coal having higher sulfur content gave 90% conversion in the absence of catalyst and solvent. Maximum conversion (98%) and maximum oil + gas yield (70%) from this coal were obtained by impregnating AHM onto coal and carrying out liquefaction in Hz/tetralin system at 450°C for 30 minutes. Under the same conditions, Cayirhan lignite gave 85% conversion and 70.5% oil rt gas yield. The superior hydrodesulfurization effect of impregnated AHM on the oil fraction when used in the absence of solvent (less than 0.1% S in lignite’s oil and less than 1% S in subbituminous coal’s oil following one-stage hydrogenation) is a promising finding of this work. AHM was found to be much more effective in liquefaction of Cayirhan lignite and this has been ascribed to the well-dispersion of AHM throughout this lignite’s structure via a cation-exchange mechanism through oxygen functionalities. Strong evidence for the catalytic effect of clay minerals in coal structure on char-forming reactions during liquefaction was observed by making use of liquefaction reactions of demineralized coal samples. It was also observed that tetralin had a retarding effect on the condensation and subsequent crosslinking reaction.
03/01670 Energy-efficient process for dewaterin -cracking of refinery sludges and petroleum-based wastes Bor hydrocarbon fuel recovery Bronshtein, A. P. ef al. U.S. Pat. 13; ClOGl/OO), 10 Ott 2002, US Petroleum-based waste material organic matter, water, dissolved processed to recover liquid fuels range hydrocarbons) and other 292
Fuel
and
Energy
Abstracts
Appl. Pub]. US 2002 144,928 (Cl. 208Appl. 772,236. and sludges and bottoms, consisting of substances, and solid particles, are (including gasoline-range and gas oilusable fuels, with heat recovery, by
September
2003
using oil shale ash or other suitable ashes from combustion of solid tuel as dewatering additives or as heat-transfer agents. The petroleum sludges are initially heated by contact with the hot oil shale ashes and other ashes, and the remaining water is removed by selective adsorption with the ashes (as dewatering additives). The adsorbed water is evaporated by treating the water-containing ash with additional hot ash. and the dewatered material is skimmed. The remainder of the material is processed by thermal catalytic cracking by using hot oil shale ash as a catalyst and a heat carrier. to produce hot combustible vapours and liquids which are then distilled through a fractional distillation column.
03/01671 Mechanisms of methanol synthesis from hydrogen and carbon oxides at Cu-Zn-containing catalysts in the context of some fundamental problems of heterogeneous catalysis Ostrovskii, V. E. Cutu/~vsi.s T&y. 2002, 77, (3), 141i 160. It is stated that. for deduction of the kinetic equation of a heterogeneous catalytic process proceeding with a rate-determining step (RDS), it is necessary and sufficient to reveal the chemical nature of the RDS, composition of the surface intermediates, and stoichiometric number (SN) of the RDS. On the basis of calorimetric and adsorption methods applied to the Cu-Zn-containing catalysts reduced to a state identical to that occurring during the steady-state methanol synthesis from hydrogen and carbon oxides, three catalytic surfaces (Sr, Sz, and Sa) are specified and the individual steps of the steady-state process are studied. It is stated that CHsOH is produced at Sz (the ZnO-component) from HZ and CO?_ by two routes N, and Nz with RDSs of interaction between gaseous Hz or COz and adsorbed CO2 or Ha, respectively, SN=2 for each RDS, and the adsorbed intermediates are Hz, COz, HCOH, HCOOH, and 02; CO* is produced at Sr (the Cucomponent approximated by Cud.OHz) through the shift-reaction; S, and Sz are homogeneous in their adsorption properties. The causes of the absence of manifestation of the structural heterogeneity of catalysts in their adsorption and catalytic properties are considered.
03101672 The effect of moisture on the liquefaction Turkish coals In tetralin with microwave energy
of some
Simsek, E. H. et ~1. Energy Sources, 2002, 24, (7) 675-684. The effect of the moisture content of coals, solvent/coal ratio, and the heating period by microwave energy on solubilization of Turkish coals (Bolu-Goeoynuek, Beypazart, Mugla-Yatagan, Tuncbilek, Aydin-Yeniceltek lignites, and Zonguldak coal) in tetralin was investigated. The yields of THF (THF) solubles and oils were increased with increasing moisture content of coals. When solvent/coal ratio increased from 211 to 4/l, the yield of oils increased. However, the yields of asphaltenes and preasphaltenes decreased. The yields of THF solubles and oils did not change considerably with reaction time. While the yields of asphaltenes and preasphaltenes decreased with reaction time at the value of 2/l of solvent/coal ratio and increased with reaction time at the value of 4/l of solvent/coal ratio, the yields are lower than at the value of 211 of solvent/coal ratio.
03/01673 Vanadyl-aluminum influence on their structure P-propanol conversion
binary phosphate: AI/V ratio and catalytic behavior in the
Bautista, F. M. et al. Catalysis Toduy, 2003, 78, (l-4), 269~-280. The synthesis of aluminum-vanadium-phosphorus (AlVPO) systems by sol-gel method was carried out with several P/Al/V molar ratios. They were calcined at 450-550°C as previously applied in the synthesis of amorphous AlPOd catalysts. Materials were characterized by chemical analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, UVVis, 31P and “Al MAS NMR, scanning electron microscopy and nitrogen adsorption. The textural properties and morphology of AlVPO materials were influenced by the Al/V ratio and thermal treatment. As the porosity of the solids decreased, both the BET surface areas as well as their primarily amorphous character did as well, while the vanadium content and calcination temperature increased. After calcination, the presence of two pure phosphate phases, AlP04 (o-cristobaiite) and P-VOPOd, was observed. Their catalytic behaviour in the conversion of 2-propanol was studied. Both the activity for 2-propanol conversion and the selectivity values to propene and propanone were also greatly affected by the AlN ratio values. Thus, the activity of the AIVPO systems increased with the aluminium content, whereas the 2-propanone selectivity decreased slightly. On the basis of kinetic study it was concluded that dehydration to propene and dehydrogenation to propanone could proceed via different active sites and mechanisms.